Landscape Architecture in the 21st Century

This assignment delves into contemporary landscape architecture, exploring its practical applications, urban conservation strategies, and integration of science and design. It analyzes the challenges and opportunities presented by increasingly complex ecosystems and discusses the importance of planning and designing ecological networks within urban areas. The paper also reflects on the evolving role of landscape architecture in the 21st century, emphasizing its contribution to sustainable development.

Running Head: LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Landscape Architecture
Name
Institutional affiliation

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Landscape Architecture
This paper summary paper discusses the following subtopics practical applications, urban
conservation, messy ecosystem, design in science, landscape and urban planning, planning and
design of ecological networks in urban areas, and reflection of landscape architecture in the 21st
century.
Practical application
A myriad complex and seemingly decisions that are of related occurs in the planning of
land use and professions of the landscape architecture. The variety of the factors are considered
simultaneously during the analysis of the project phase are social, legal, topographic,
demography, microclimate and other specific site information. In this section, the schematic or
the hypothetical applications and actual case, in brief, are presented. Also, there explains how
landscape architects and planners of the land use can incorporate the landscape ecological
principles in their work. Also, the types of the projects and scale ranges are illustrated (Andre
Viljoen, 2014).
A prototypical type of the landscape with the mix of suburban, forested area and
agriculture is used in this section. Elements of landscape ecology like stream corridors, roads,
corridors for wildlife movement, habitat patches, boundaries, natural edges, power line and the
edge is illustrated. This type of the landscape that is heterogeneous and representation methods is
widespread in many parts of US, South American, Europe, and Russia. Development and the
changes that are induced by human are planned and occur frequently worldwide. This principle
applied r to agricultural suburban and forested area are as valid as in desert, coastal, and
mountainous areas. Land planners and designers have incorporated changes in nature which is

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generalizable and what matters are the consequences of the design or the change (Annemarie van
Paassen, 2013).
Six schematic applications that illustrate ecological principles are:
 Regional or micro scale: a regional park of wildlife conservation and a new project of
suburban development
 Landscape or mesoscale: an urban park and a new road
 A site of micro scale: a corridor of wildlife movement and cluster of the backyard garden
Other disciplines are absorbing the landscape ecology principles and this is an opportunity to
landscape architecture and land planners to capture the principles and grab the future. Some view
land as the source of wealth, an investment, a living system of dynamic, a habitat containing
animals and plants and a site of culture, history aesthetics and inspirations (Architects, 2016).
Urban conservation: green, sociable and affordable
Our ways of the metropolitan can hold back or advance national and regional goals for
a sustainable world. It is appropriate that landscape ecologists are turning their attention to issues
of management and design of suburban and urban areas. All neighborhood and communities
were infused with regulations made by banking standard and municipal law that incorporate
fashions and ideas that are accepted worldly to create the escalating regulatory climate.
Professional that are concerned with building cities have started to consider how to improve the
environment through the methods of alternative building (Bank, 2011). To conserve the urban
and enhance the green economy the following areas must be put into consideration:
Density: when considering the possibility of property building, the developers and landscape
ecologists made the decision on density. municipal regulations for the developer is to determine
the cast in terms of dwelling unit per acre, for packing areas, water supply, street width and
management of wastes that all depends on the density. Hence concentration on the population

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create possibilities of long-term in the city for forests, meadow, lake preservers and wetlands that
are important for resource management, environmental restoration and preservation of species
(Bojie Fu, 2014).
The automobile: the automobile dominates the metropolis environment like the highway, the
network of street, roads, if the developer fits the auto network effectively, all utilities like gas,
telephone, electricity, water, sewages van be tailored to fit. it the attention that through scattering
jobs, houses, and locations of retail will reduce the congestion and traffic jams in the urban also
ecologists wishes to create space for the green storm, retention of water, wildlife corridor and
purification of runoff. These regulations and street fashions gave effect on the socioeconomic
pattern on metropolis (Daniel Czechowski, 2016).
Community: this is how people relate to their surroundings. The developer should build a
multifamily housing provide the opportunities for the community. Other factors that should be
considered are shared opportunities and public attitudes, landscape ecology and new urbanism,
problems of politics and opportunities for convergence between the landscape ecology and
development (Engineers, 2010)
Messy ecosystem, orderly frames
Ecological functions, cultural perception
Ecological quality looks messy and possesses problems for those who imagined and
established new landscapes to enhance the quality of the landscape. Designers may be
submissive that nature will speak for itself. Some might see culture as the barrier that is not
necessary between the science and public attitude that are increasingly green. When talking
about the landscape, and changes that take place in it and how to improve them, fear, rejection

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and anger are encountered. Wetland and swamps can be maintained to acts as the basis for
settling pollution. People may care about improving quality of ecology but not at the expense of
the good appearance of their landscape (James L. Jr Wescoat, 2015).
Proper appearance, neatness and ecological functions: Aldo Leopold powerfully expressed that
social identification of the owner of the land with the look of the land.
The firm's landscape portrait the owner: the landscape of the homes, city dwellers etc. are the
public portrait of themselves. The culture of North America that is dominant reads that orderly
and neat landscape that enhance the functions of the landscape ecology is a sigh of hard work
and pride.
Care and neatness: nature is the concept that is mistaken often as the indication of the quality of
the ecology. indigenous ecosystems depends on the on the human management and protection
such as water and canopy trees.in the urban and countryside, people perceive the landscape that
exhibits biodiversity ad weedy, messy or unkept the problem in introduction of biodiversity in to
landscape of urban is that the characteristics tend to be mistaken for lack of care (K, 2010).
Cues to care: show that intention of human can be used to frame more novel ecosystem like,
flowing tree and plants, wildlife houses and feeders, bold plateaus, shrubs that are trimmed,
fences, painting ornaments, and foundation planting.
Design in science: extending the ecology paradigm
Landscape ecology has identified human as intrinsic to the understanding of concepts of
ecosystem and landscape dynamics. Environmental benefits have been in intent part design in the
architecture of landscape and planning since the 19th century. It is urged that link between the
landscape design and landscape science is needed to achieve societal needs like biogeochemical

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and ecological processes. The gap between practice and knowledge is poignant for the ecology
of the landscape since the landscape patterns perception can affect volition of the human.
Landscape ecology can be described as an ecosystem of the heterogeneous mosaic that is adapted
by human constantly to increases its perceived value (Martine, 2013).
Landscape ecology is placed to contribute sustainability science from its definition where the
human is integral. Shedding light technology and science can be employed to protect the support
system of the earth within the societal complex system. It was concluded that in societal decision
making the effectiveness of scientific information is related to three properties of science,
credibility, saliency and legitimacy. To examine the relationship between the landscape science
and design, innovation of knowledge is used.
The conceptual basis for the design in landscape ecology paradigm: paradigm needs the parts:
pattern, design and process. If the landscape design is included as the creation of scientific
knowledge, the common link will be present between the practice and science of landscape. The
problems that can interfere with the design link as a science and practice are knowledge tool, the
process of communication, scientific discipline and feedback to science from practice (Nassauer,
2012).
Landscape and urban planning
Landscape urbanism: the main premise of the landscape urbanism says that landscape should be
the fundamental block of the building for the design in the city. In traditions urbanism, road,
building or wall led the development and cultural and natural processes help the designer to
organize the urban. Urban ecology evolved from the theory of design within the landscape
architecture. It melds high design of the styles and ecology. More ecological design of traditions

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are known as Messier and for the third reason few appealing to the design of international
design. Hence landscape urbanism is theoretical and more visible in actual projects (Nassauer,
2012).
Urban ecology: ecology id the discipline with the focus on urban region and landscape. They
describe the landscape as the unit of ecology with functions and structures are composed of
patches in the matrix. The major integrative landscape characteristics are the line, strip and
stream corridors. The Baltimore aim in understanding the regions of the metropolitan as systems
of ecology, their research explores the interaction of natural and built environment with social,
economic, ecological and hydrological processes. Urban ecology is a field that emphasizes on
the approach of interdisciplinary to understand patterns, processes, drivers and outcome of
urbanization landscape (Press, 2014).
Landscape and ecological urbanization: new design in the city planning and design are because
of the urbanization that affects the environment. As the people increases, the percentage in the
city increases, and this increases the use of energy and production of greenhouse gasses, waste
and pollution become higher and crime and poverty increases. Urban ecology indicates how
people should interact with themselves, other species, built and natural environment. By doing
this the ecosystem services that are benefits received from nature are increased. Regulatory
services are carbon sequestration, purification of water regulation of climate, support services are
nutrient cycling and cultural services are the recreational and spiritual inspiration (S.T.A. Pickett,
2012).
Planning and design of ecological networks in urban areas
Ecological networks in the urban are border concept in the ecological network. Network relates
to the cascading the loss of biodiversity within the trophic structures and food web. Landscape

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ecology has contributed to the corridor notion and generic connectivity. From the viewpoint of
the landscape, ecology ecological network is important because they provide connectivity and
corridor for wildlife movement and also linkages between patches or stepping stones. Ecological
network in the urban, from the angle of urban design and planning, establish visual, physical, and
ecological connectivity between built area and green spaces and natural areas (Daniel
Czechowski, 2016).
Green areas have been important components in town planning over last century and have
justified on the social and ecological services like improved hygiene, climate, aesthetics, and
opportunities for recreations, protection of environment and biodiversity. They also meet the
physiological and social needs of the population in urban and timber and food supply (K, 2010).
The evolution of the urban ecological network are:
Historical aspect; in the beginning there were clusters of dwelling and the urban settlement was
constrained by natural features than today's. With the rise in technologies and population, the
industrial revolution was swept aside. Urban built, commercial and industrial became the matrix
as green space was reduced to threads that are connected. In the early urban, they were known as
improvements. In 16th to 18th-century function was greenway was known for beautification and
improvement of the public sanitation and urban spaces.
In most parks, trees were planted and became the nodes of ecology or spatial. The science
of urban planning was solving the problems related to water, disposal and sewage supply to
accommodate the circulation of the pedestrian. Greenway is known as the development of
ecological networks in urban and together with green spaces and green belt enhance green
infrastructure (Bank, 2011).

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Reflection of landscape architecture in 21st century
MCHARG’S thought: the design with nature of Mchargs gives the metaphysical purpose and
methods that are practical where the reasons of human can reach the rapprochement between
natural and modernity system. The cultural climate of the postmodernity that dominated school
design in the last 20ty century frowned upon the methods of planning. Postmodern saw it as
diminishing the art of liberty and also the perpetuation of the dangers and myths of the aim
knowledge and its application instrumentally that had characterized modernity from the
revolution of science since the 16th century.
PARAGODY AT PENN: by mid of the 1880s, at schools and Upenn around the world, the
Mchargian planning and application had become mechanistic and increasingly nor able to yield
something other than prescriptive and large-scale land use maps that are static. Ann Whiston
Spirn noted that there was need to connect scales of planning and design and along with them,
different spheres of science and arts tear the holistic theory of landscape architecture apart
(Architects, 2016).
Design and planning: the cost of tension between design and planning was a discipline split. On
the designer argue that aesthetic of environmentalism are very important. Richard formats
seminal contribution to the understanding of landscape ecology extends the Mchargs visions of
the measuring the consequences of the ecology of different urban growth forms systematically.
His work of latest on urban ecology links the scales of the ecology of the landscape to the design
of urban and gives the comprehensive set of the methods and principles that improve the urban
environment and ecological health. Global; the population is expected to increase. The
population will be stable because of the urbanization (Engineers, 2010).

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Conclusion
This paper summary paper discusses the following subtopics practical applications, urban
conservation, messy ecosystem, design in science, landscape and urban planning, planning and
design of ecological networks in urban areas, and reflection of landscape architecture in the 21st
century.

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