Data Analysis for Business Organizations

The provided assignment is a data analysis report that analyzes the average number of passengers coming to and going out of Dunton Green, England over 10 years. The report includes calculations for mean, standard deviation, and forecasting station usage using given formulas and data. It provides insights into the train station's usage patterns, with the highest number of passengers in the year 2011-12 and the lowest in the year 2009-10.

Numeracy and Data Analysis

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................2
MAIN BODY.......................................................................................................................................3
1. Arranging data in a table form.....................................................................................................3
2. Presenting data in chart form.......................................................................................................3
Interpretation: ..................................................................................................................................4
3. Steps for calculating the values of following methods................................................................5
4. Calculation...................................................................................................................................6
1. Steps for calculating “m value”...................................................................................................6
2. Steps for calculating “c value”.....................................................................................................6
3. Forecasting of station usage for 12 and 15 years.........................................................................6
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Data analysis is a process of examining the data with the help of use of proper data and statistical
tools. For every business organisation, gathering of numerical and statistical data for preparation of
financial statement and report is a very important process. Data gathered has to be interpreted in a
correct and accurate manner so that it be used by the company as well as investors for making
crucial decision related to investment or any other purpose. The present report is based on
interpretation of data related to a Train station of Dunton Green, England i.e. data of last 10
consecutive years related to the total number of passengers entered or exited from the train station.
For the completion of this project report, Dunton Green, England train station is selected. The report
will disclose how the data has been analysed and interpreted with the help of chart. At last it will
define steps which are necessary to be followed for calculating Mean, Median, Mode, Range and
Standard Deviation. Also, it will define step required to calculate the linear forecasting model i.e.
the value of m and c in y = mx + c equation.
MAIN BODY
1. Arranging data in a table form.
Year Total usage of Train Station (in
000)
2009-10 3
2010-11 432
2011-12 589
2012-13 6
2013-14 227
2014-15 246
2015-16 253
2016-17 11
2017-18 27
2018-19 33
Interpretation:
The present data is related to the city of Dunton Green, England. The data has been gathered
for last 10 years related to the train station usage by the passengers. It has defined the total number
of passengers which has been coming and going out of the station during the period of last 10 years.
It can be interpreted from the above table that in the year 2009 – 10, the entry and exit from station
is lowest i.e. 3 as compared to other years. On the other hand, in year 2011 – 12 maximum entries
and exit i.e. 589 has been made by the passengers.

2. Presenting data in chart form.
Column graph - It is considered as one of the simplest form of Bar graph which makes use of the
vertical bars for defining the values of given data set.
Line graph - Also known by the term line chart. It is a type of chart which is used for monitoring
the value of a given data set over a period.
Interpretation:
From the above graph it can be interpreted that over the time period of last 10 years, 3 is the
minimum number of passengers which has made entry and exit from the Dunton Green Train
station in the year 2009 – 10. Also, the total number of passengers who have uses the train station of
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Total usage of Train Station (in
000)
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Total usage of Train Station (in
000)

Dunton Green, England in the year 2011– 12 is maximum i.e. 589 during the last 10 years.
3. Steps for calculating the values of following methods.
For determining the value of given statistical tools, following steps has to be followed in
correct manner:
1. Mean - First the set of values which has to be average has to determined. These values of data set
can be either of small or big number. Then, all the values of given data set has to be added together.
After adding up all the values in a given data set, it has to be divided by the number of values in
question.
Year Total usage of train station
2009-10 3
2010-11 432
2011-12 589
2012-13 6
2013-14 227
2014-15 246
2015-16 253
2016-17 11
2017-18 27
2018-19 33
Total 1827
Mean = ∑X ÷ N
N = 10
∑X = 1827 / 10
= 182.7
2. Median – First step is to arrange all the data value or numbers given in ascending order or
starting from least to the greatest number. Find the mean of two numbers falling in the middle. It is
median value for question.
Firstly arranging data set in an ascending order
Year
Train
usage
data set

1 3
2 6
3 11
4 27
5 33
6 227
7 246
8 253
9 432
10 589
Median = (N + 1) / 2
= (10 + 1)/2
= 11 / 2
= 5.5 item
In this case:
(Value of 5th item + value of 6th item) / 2
= (33 + 227) / 2
= 130
3. Mode – Note down all the number of the given data set. Order the number from smallest to
largest as per the series or in ascending order. Count the number of time each number is repeating or
coming. The value which is coming most of the time has to be identified and that will be value of
mode. In the given data set no one number is repeating so mode accounts for #N/A.
4. Range – For calculating range value, all the numbers of the given data set has to be list down.
Arrangement of these numbers has to be done so that the highest and lowest value number can be
identified. After ascertaining the lowest and highest value number from the given data set,
subtraction is done (Powell and et.al., 2018). The smallest value of data set is subtracted from the
largest value. The value determined is the range value.
Minimum value is dataset = 589
Maximum value = 3
Range = maximum – minimum value
= 589 – 3
= 586
5. Standard Deviation – For determining standard deviation value, first mean has to be determined
from the given data set. After ascertaining the mean value, subtract each number from mean and
square out the number obtains. After that mean of squared differences has to be calculated. Make

square root of number evaluated that will be the standard deviation value.
Year X X^2
2009-10 3 9
2010-11 432 186624
2011-12 589 346921
2012-13 6 36
2013-14 227 51529
2014-15 246 60516
2015-16 253 64009
2016-17 11 121
2017-18 27 729
2018-19 33 1089
Total 1827 711583
Standard deviation= SQRT of ∑x^2 / N – (∑x/n)^2
= SQRT of (711583 / 10) – (1827 / 10) ^ 2
= SQRT 71158.3 – 3379.29
= SQRT of 37779.01
= 194.37

4. Calculation.
1. Steps for calculating “m value”.
The value of m is calculated with the help of following formula: m = NΣxy – Σx Σy / NΣ
x^2 – (Σx)^2. Steps foe determining value are as follows:
1. Multiply given value of x with y value. Sum up the value obtain and again multiply it with
the value of number of set given. Nσxy is determined.
2. Add all the value of x and y individually so as to ascertain the total value of x and y i.e. Σx
& Σy. After adding individually multiply total value of x with total value of y.
3. Calculate square of x value and make total of it. Multiply it with the value of number of set
given i.e. NΣ x^2.
4. Square x value after summing it up i.e. (Σx)^2.
5. Subtract total value of step 2 by step 1.

6. Total value of step 4 by step 3 should be subtracted.
7. Divide the value obtain from step 4 and step 5.
2. Steps for calculating “c value”.
For calculating the value of c, formula used is c = Σy - mΣx / N.
Steps are as follows:
1. Sum up value of y
2. Multiply the added value of x obtained with m value determined.
3. Subtract step 2 from step 1 (Savin, 2017).
4. Divide value obtain in step 3 from the number in given data set.
3. Forecasting of station usage for 12 and 15 years.
Forecasting is a method with the help of which prediction and estimation can be made for
the near future so as to improve the performance level, increase profitability and cost expenses can
be minimised. Train station usage of Dunton Green, England has been forecasted for next 12 and 15
years in the following manner
Year Number of
year (X)
Train
Station
Usage (Y)
XY X^2
2009-10 1 3 3 1
2010-11 2 432 864 4
2011-12 3 589 1767 9
2012-13 4 6 24 16
2013-14 5 227 1135 25
2014-15 6 246 1476 36
2015-16 7 253 1771 49
2016-17 8 11 88 64
2017-18 9 27 243 81
2018-19 10 33 330 100
55 1827 7701 385
1. For calculating the value of m
Formula: m = NΣxy – Σx Σy / NΣ x^2 – (Σx)^2
m = 10 (7701) - (55 * 1827) / (10 * 385) – (55)^2
m = (77010 – 100485) / (3850 – 3025)
m = −23475 / 825
m = −28.45
2. For calculating the value of c
Formula: c = Σy - mΣx / N

c = 1827 – (−28.45 * 55) / 10
c = (1827 + 1564.75) / 10
c =3391.75 /10
c = 339.175
Forecasting station usage Y = mX + c
12
Here x = 12 Years
Y = −28.45 (12) + 339.175
Y = −341.4 +339.175
Y = −2.23
15
Here x = 15 Years
Y = −28.45 (15) + 339.175
Y = −426.75 + 339.175
Y = −87.58
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that data analysis is considered as one of the most
important aspect for every business organisation for preparation of financial statements. The report
has defined the average number of passengers which has been coming to and going out of Dunton
Green, England from the last 10 years. Report has disclosed that in the year 2009 – 10, the train
station usage is minimum by the passengers and for the year 2011 – 12 it is highest with 589.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Gupta, K. R. and Gupta, M. P., 2017. Business statistics. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.
Johnson, R. A. and Bhattacharyya, G. K., 2018. Statistics: principles and methods. Wiley.
Nemati, H. and et.al., 2015. Mean statistics of a heated turbulent pipe flow at supercritical pressure.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 83. pp.741-752.
Powell, C. J. and et.al., 2018. Calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths. XII. Data for 42
inorganic compounds over the 50 eV to 200 keV range with the full Penn algorithm. Surface
and Interface Analysis. 51(Surface and Interface Analysis).
Salkind, N. J., 2016. Statistics for people who (think they) hate statistics. Sage publications.
Savin, D. V., 2017. Statistics of a simple transmission mode on a lossy chaotic background. arXiv
preprint arXiv:1709.10479.
Online
Mean step calculation. 2019. [Online]. Available through: <https://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-
the-Mean>.
Standard deviation step calculation. 2019. [Online]. Available through:
<https://explorable.com/calculate-standard-deviation>.