Assignment on Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence
ITS63804
Project 2
Project 2 (30%)
A world where technology helps solve the
toughest problems
ITS61403 / ITS 63804
Artificial Intelligence (AI) -
Instructions to students: Complete this cover sheet and attach it to your project – this
should be your first page.

Artificial Intelligence
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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction .....................................................................................................................5
2.0 Vision and Mission............................................................................................................6
2.1 Vision......................................................................................................................................6
2.2 Mission...................................................................................................................................6
3.0 Problems..........................................................................................................................7
3.1 Misplacement of Car Key Fob..................................................................................................8
3.2 Elimination of the Car Key Fob................................................................................................9
3.3 Security Issues with Current Car Key Fobs.............................................................................10
3.4 Accidental Locking of Car Key Fob in the Vehicle...................................................................11
3.5 issues with Current Generation of Car Key Fobs....................................................................12
4.0 Application of Key-Less ..................................................................................................13
4.1 Solution to Key-Less..............................................................................................................14
4.2 Technology of Key-Less Solution...........................................................................................15
5.0 Impact of Key-Less..........................................................................................................16
5.1 How Key-Less Works.............................................................................................................17
6.0 Key-Less technically and Economically Viable................................................................18
6.1 Key-Less for the Future.........................................................................................................19
7.0 Key-Less as a realistic application for Commercial Purposes..........................................20
7.1 Future Evolution of Key-Less.................................................................................................21
7.2 Key-Less as a Potential to Solve an Underlying Problems......................................................22
8.0 Architectural overview...................................................................................................23
8.1 Evolution of Key-Less............................................................................................................24
8.2 Interfaces Enabling Extensions (SDKs and APIs)....................................................................25
9.0 Technology and Resource Used to Develop the Solution ...............................................26
9.1 Platforms Key-Less Will Be Deployed On...............................................................................27
10.0 Key-Less is the Future of the Automotive Industry ......................................................28
11.0 Key-Less Prototype.......................................................................................................29
12.0 Bibliography.................................................................................................................31
.................................................................................................................................................
..................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
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·1.0 Introduction
In this era of globalization, technology as we know it has been advancing at very a high pace.
Nowadays, companies in all sorts of industries can make use of these technologies to their
advantage to conduct their businesses from training purposes to enhancing their own
products with the use of technology. But the main manufacturing industry that we are
focusing on, is a combination of the automotive and computing industry with the help or
Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) and Machine Learning (M.L.).
Car manufacturers nowadays are implementing the use of technology in its vehicles to
enhance the user’s experience. Such technologies include Infotainment Systems with built-in
Global Positioning System (G.P.S.) and selected route navigation systems, Parking Assist,
Blind Spot Monitoring, Personal Assistance Safety Services, Advanced Keyless Entry
Systems and many more.
The topic that we are focusing on is more towards Advanced Keyless Entry Systems for
vehicles. We feel that the technology with Advanced Keyless Entry System is still flawed
and can be improved on greatly. We also feel that this technology has not reached its full
potential yet and can be greatly improved on. Hence, we have created our company, Key-
Less. Key-Less is more of a software rather than an application. We will be able to improve
Advanced Keyless Entry Systems by incorporating the use of Near Field Communications
(N.F.C.) with the help of AI algorithms.
NFC is a set of communication protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is
usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establish communication by bringing them
close to each other. NFC in our point of view is very underrated and can be used extensively
to improve on the use of Advanced Keyless Entry for vehicles. NFC-enabled devices can act
as the electronic key fob for the vehicle.
The main objective of Key-Less is to be able to transform any NFC-enabled smartphones
into the vehicle’s key fob. By doing this, we are able to eliminate the use of the smart key
fob and just replace it with an NFC-enabled smartphone that almost everyone in the world
has access to. This is also made possible as most smartphones these days have some sort or
Artificial Intelligence Algorithm integrated into the Operating System of these smartphones.
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·2.0 Vision and Mission
l壱2.1 Vision
At Key-Less, our vision is to make the everyday lives for drivers simpler and more
convenient. This can be achieved by the use of an already existing technology (NFC) in most
smartphones and be able to eliminate the vehicle’s key fob altogether.
l壱2.2 Mission
Key-Less aims to be able to eliminate another device that was purposed just for drivers to be
able to lock/unlock and starting a vehicle. Key-Less is able to do this by integrating the
technology of the key fob directly into an NFC-enabled smartphone, thus eliminating the
need for a physical key fob.
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·3.0 Problems
Advanced Keyless Entry Systems is no doubt a more convenient and easy way for drivers to
gain access to their vehicle, but this system is quite flawed and is actually very easy for
hackers to be able to bypass all layers of security and be able to gain access to the vehicle
they are targeting. Advanced Keyless Entry Systems was first developed by Siemens in 1995
and introduced by German luxury automobile manufacturer, Mercedes-Benz, under the name
of “key-less Go” in the year 1998 in their flagship W220 S-Class model. And ever since
then, even after almost 20 years, the technology for this Advanced Keyless Entry Systems
remains mostly unchanged in terms of the amount of security and technology the key fob
offers. Advanced Keyless Entry Systems in this time and age, it also has a lot of
disadvantages to using it. This is one of the main problems that Key-Less plans to solve in
the near future.
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l壱3.1 Misplacement of Car Key Fob
One of the issues Key-Less aims to solve is the with the misplacement of the car key fob. On
most luxury vehicles, out in the market today, they mostly come equipped with Advanced
Keyless Entry Systems. How this works is, in that in the vehicle itself, and electronic lock
that is present that controls the access to the vehicle without using a traditional mechanical
key. In order for the Keyless entry to work, usually the driver has to be in a certain range
(usually 5 meters – 20 meters) from the car for the keyless entry system to be able to unlock
the vehicle and grant access to the driver. But if the driver has misplaced the key fob, then
the driver would not be able to gain access to the vehicle. Their only option is to either call a
bonded locksmith, which would cost them a lot of money or to go home to get their spare car
key fob. This itself is a real disadvantage of the current technology for the Advanced Keyless
Entry Systems. It will also pose as an inconvenience to the driver and will leave the driver
and potential passengers stranded. And if the driver wants to replace that misplaced car key
fob, they would have to either go back to the car dealer or a bonded locksmith to have them
reprogram another key fob for the vehicle which can be very costly.
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l壱3.2 Elimination of the Car Key Fob
Another issue that Key-Less aims to solve is to be able to eliminate the car key fob all
together. These key fobs that are designed by all car manufacturer only serve the purpose to
lock, unlock and start the vehicle. We at Key-Less think that these car key fobs should be a
thing of the past. If we think about it, it is a little redundant for the need of the car key fob
anyways as it only serves a very limited purpose. Key-Less plans to eliminate the key fob
altogether so make the drivers life more convenient. Also, we would be able to eliminate the
risk factor of the driver ever losing the car key fob.
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l壱3.3 Security Issues with Current Car Key Fobs
The next issue that Key-Less hope to solve is with the hackings of the smart key fob. For
years, vehicle owners have with this Advanced Keyless Entry System installed on their
vehicles have reported witnessing thieves approaching their vehicles with a mysterious
electronic device and effortlessly disarming the alarm and allows for the thieves to gain entry
to the vehicle. When in range, these thieves with their mysterious electronic device are able
to amplify the signal from the car key fob from wherever the driver is. For instance, the
owner of the vehicle is in the house while their car is parked in front of their house in the
driveway. Granted that the car key fob is not in operational range for the vehicle to detect the
key fob and unlock the doors, but these thieves are able to amplify the signal of the car key
fob, thus being able to trick the vehicle to thinking that the car key fob is within range and
unlocks the vehicle to allow for access by these thieves. The radio connections between the
car key fob and the vehicle can be easily extended over several hundred meters, regardless of
whether the original car key fob is, for example, at home or in the pockets of the vehicle’s
owner. These means of amplification attacks have been reported as early as the year 2011.
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l壱3.4 Accidental Locking of Car Key Fob in the Vehicle
Another problem that Key-Less aims to solve is the accidental locking of the vehicle with the
car key fob still within the vehicle. This is actually a major problem that most drivers have
faced where they have locked themselves out of their own vehicle. This will render the driver
stranded and is a big hassle to the driver. The only solution for the driver here is to either call
a bonded locksmith to unlock the car doors which will take, time and won’t be cheap. The
second option for the driver is to go home to get their spare keys to be able to open the
vehicle’s door. Key-Less is well aware of some vehicles that will sense that the car key fob is
in the vehicle and won’t lock itself. But Key-Less still considers this a problem because this
security feature is only present on high end luxury vehicles. Key-Less will be able to bring
this as a standard feature to any vehicle no matter the price gap.
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l壱3.5 issues with Current Generation of Car Key Fobs
Another problem that Key-Less plans to solve is with the current technology that is offered
to some vehicles nowadays via online, such as remote unlocking from mobile devices and
such. But this technology still requires the use of a mobile data service and has to be online
for it to work. Key-Less will be able to improve on an existing idea by allowing the user to
control the vehicle even without cellular data services, thus offline remote control of the
vehicle. By going offline, security will not be so easily compromised.
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·4.0 Application of Key-Less
Key-Less is a software that is designed to improve on an existing technology that is used
widely by all automotive makers and aims to look at an existing problem in a new way to be
able to make it better. Also, Key-Less feels that NFC in most smartphones nowadays are
very underrated and not used to its fullest potential. These days, NFC is becoming pretty
common thanks to the growth of online payment systems like Apple Pay, Samsung Pay,
Google Pay and lastly Android Pay. NFC is a very common feature on most smartphones on
the market, especially when it comes to high-end devices and even many mid-rangers. But
Key-Less plans to make use of NFC as its primary communication method between an NFC-
enabled smartphone and an NFC-enabled vehicle for the purposes of 100% keyless
experience for drivers to interact with their vehicle for the means of locking and unlocking,
remote starting of the vehicle, remote climate control and even be able to change the vehicles
settings all through a smartphone. Passive NFC devices include tags, and other small
transmitters, that can send information to other NFC devices without the need for a power
source of their own. However, they don’t really process any information sent from other
sources, and can’t connect to other passive components. This will ensure that Key-Less is
secure and the odds of Key-Less being hacked is very low. This in turn will have the owner
of the vehicle to have a peace of mind knowing that their vehicle is as secure as can be.
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l壱4.1 Solution to Key-Less
Key-Less is an open source software that is designed to make the daily lives of drivers and
car owners better and more convenient. Key-Less will be relying on an existing concept
which is the current generation of Advanced Keyless Entry Systems in vehicles these days.
The problem with these Advanced Keyless Entry Systems is that their technology is very
dated and has many security flaws in the world today. Key-Less aims to get rid of all of these
problems with the use of Near Field Communication (NFC). NFC is actually present in most
modern smartphones these days. And the perks of using this integration of NFC-enabled
smartphones to be the key fob to the vehicle is that almost everyone owns a smartphone.
NFC is a very underrated feature on smartphones. These days, NFC is only used to pair with
Bluetooth and make payments. But Key-Less will be able to take NFC technology and push
it to its fullest potential.
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l壱4.2 Technology of Key-Less Solution
Near Field Communication (N.F.C.)
The main technology that Key-Less will be using is Near Field Communication (NFC). NFC
is a set of communication protocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is
usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establish communication by bringing
them close to each other. NFC in our point of view is very underrated and can be used
extensively to improve on the use of Advanced Keyless Entry for vehicles. NFC-enabled
devices can act as the electronic key fob for the vehicle.
Smartphones
Another crucial device that makes Key-Less unique is with the use of a smartphone. Almost
everyone owns a type of smartphone either one kind or another. And most of these
smartphones already come equipped with NFC capabilities. Key-Less will make use of these
NFC chips built in to smartphones to be a substitute for the physical car key fob that all
drivers have to carry with them everywhere they go.
Artificial Intelligence (A.I.)
One of the main reasons for the existence of Key-Less is with the advanced technology and
algorithms of Artificial Intelligence. AI can detect and predict what the user is going to do
next and will be able to do the task with more precision and more efficiently.
Machine Learning (M.L.)
Combined with Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning will allow the program and
algorithm will develop and grow by learning and predicting all the possible outcomes as the
user uses it more and more. It will become smarter the more the user uses the system of Key-
Less.
Smart Vehicles
Smart Vehicles these days usually roll out of the showroom fully equipped with Advanced
Keyless Entry, usually as a standard feature on luxury vehicles. But these Advanced Keyless
Entry technologies are very flawed and have many problems to it. Key-Less aims to solve
these problems by eliminating the car key fob all together. By doing this, Key-Less aims to
use the smartphone to be the car key fob to the vehicle.
Non-Smart Vehicles
There are still plenty of non-smart vehicles out there on the road. The owners of these non-
smart vehicle should not need to feel left out as they too can make their old cars feel new
again. Owners of these older vehicles can purchase a small electronic NFC-enabled device
that can be then plugged into the vehicle’s On-board diagnostics (OBD2) port. By doing this,
drivers of these older vehicles are able to enjoy the benefits of Key-Less.
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·5.0 Impact of Key-Less
Key-Less will become successful as it will completely revolutionize the automotive industry.
It will also change the perspective of how drivers are able to interact with their vehicles with
the help of Key-Less. The impact of Key-Less will be great as it will be able to decrease the
crime rate of stolen vehicles as Key-Less will bring enhanced security compared to the
current generation of car key fobs. Additionally, drivers and owners of their vehicles will be
able to enter or exit their vehicle with ease and convenience. Gone are the days where the
driver has to stand in an empty parking lot fumbling for their car key fob. Although some
vehicles do have Advanced Keyless Entry technologies, but the risk of the car key fob getting
hacked is very high. With Key-Less, security of the vehicle will be top notch and should not
be easily hacked. Another thing that Key-Less will impact the automotive world is for drivers
and owners of older non-smart vehicles. Drivers and owners of vehicle do not need to feel
left out of the keyless automotive industry. They can join the keyless industry by purchasing
a small electronically NFC-enabled device that they can plug into their vehicle’s On-board
Diagnostics (OBD2) port which allows the vehicle to be NFC-enabled.
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l壱5.1 How Key-Less Works
For the current generation of technology in car key fobs, driver still have to have the car key
fob present with then in order for them to lock, unlock and start their vehicle. But for Key-
Less, the only thing that drivers need is a NFC-enabled smartphone to be used as the car key
fob. Almost everyone these days have a smartphone with them these days. The NFC-enabled
smartphone will act as the car’s key fob. When the smartphone is in range, the car will
automatically unlock and grants the driver access to the vehicle. How this works is that when
the smartphone is in range with the vehicle, the NFC-enabled smartphone will act as the key
fob for the vehicle. This concept is similar to current generation of Advanced Keyless Entry
technologies. But Key-Less will be mire secured as the rolling codes that enable for the start
of the vehicle is encrypted end-to-end. This will make the hacking of Key-Less virtually
impossible with the implementation of AI and ML, it will become smarter as time goes by.
As for older non-smart vehicles, owners can purchase a small electronically NFC-enabled
device that can be then plugged directly into the vehicle’s On-board Diagnostics (OBD2)
port. This will make these older vehicles compatible to be used with Key-Less. Vehicles
manufactures from the year 1994 onwards have this OBD2 port as standard.
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·6.0 Key-Less technically and Economically Viable
Technically Viable
Key-Less will be very technically viable. This is because Key-Less is using an existing
technology but is just improving on a current problem. Key-Less is using an existing
technology to solve an existing problem in another point of view.
Economically Viable
Key-Less will be very economically viable. This is because Key-Less is just a software. Key-
Less plans to be open source to all car manufacturers. This way, when car manufacturers
make use of this open source software, there will be a global standard for how Advanced
Keyless Entry Systems will be manufactured. Also, Key-Less will be free for anyone who
want to reinvent the way they interact with their vehicles. This will be a good thig as Key-
Less will be able to improve as more and more users make use of this software and Key-less
will able to improve on its service.
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l壱6.1 Key-Less for the Future
Key less is an entry system in the form of electronic lock that enhance the control of access
to a vehicles and buildings without utilizing traditional mechanical key. Key-Less will be
future proof as it is using technology that has not reached its fullest potential yet and is still
being developed. In the future, Key-Less will be solution to all the problems being faced by
drivers and vehicle owners these days. Key-Less will become more intelligent in the future
and also able to revolutionise the car industry.
This is the changing future of car driver that bring a significant change in the future
of driving. Key-Less will eliminate the need for a car key fob which has very dated
technology and is easily hacked. These days, NFC is only used to pair with Bluetooth and
make payments. NFC stated for Near Field communication that enabled smartphones or cards
provide a secure and convenient way to access vehicles. But Key-Less will be able to take
NFC technology and push it to its fullest potential. NFC is a something that Key-Less will be
using as it has not reached its fullest potential in terms of technology yet. Key-less
intelligence system also improve or replace the weak link in security of cars. Key-Less is
effective system that will use in the future make use of NFC as its primary communication
method between an NFC-enabled smartphone and an NFC-enabled vehicle. Passive NFC
devices include tags, and other small transmitters, that can send information to other NFC
devices without the need for a power source of their own. However, they don’t really process
any information sent from other sources, and can’t connect to other passive components. This
will ensure that Key-Less is secure and the odds of Key-Less being hacked is very low.
There aren't many systems on the market that can interact with users through NFC. Many
manufacturers have introduced such technology into their products, but they have limited it
to expensive car series as the system development and maintainance is quite expensive that
companies with Mid-range cars do not have this capability because the technology used to
implement these functions is expensive. This product range is very wide, as most cars are
compatible with this technology. It turns out that the system helps in the following situations;
such; car key fob issue, security issue in both mobile phone and automobiles. Along with it,
it changes the future of driving car and enable the driver to drive with ease and also change
the technolofical advancement level.
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·7.0 Key-Less as a realistic application for Commercial Purposes
Key-Less will be able to become a realistic application for commercial purposes in the near
future. Key-Less hopes to be a global standard for how Advanced Keyless Entry Systems are
being manufactured in this current generation.
Automotive manufacturers are encouraged to make use of the Key-Less open source
software. By doing this, car manufacturers from all over the world will be able to adapt to a
globally standard software for Advanced Keyless Entry Systems implemented to vehicles.
Key-Less is the way of the future. Key-Less will be making a current generation technology
that is flawed into something of the past. Key-Less using an existing technology to improve
on a current problem that is faced by drivers and vehicle owners all over the world.
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l壱7.1 Future Evolution of Key-Less
Key-Less was built for the purpose of reinventing the way driver are able to interact with
their vehicles. With current generation technology, the driver must still carry a physical car
key fob around with them wherever they go in order for them to be able to lock, unlock and
be able to start their vehicle. Key-Less aims to be able to eliminate the car key fob
completely and make for a better and more convenient way on how drivers interact with their
vehicles.
In the future, Key-Less might become more intelligent and be able to revolutionise the
automotive industry. But for current age, technology has limited Key-Less only to this
potential. In the near future, where technology becomes more advanced, Key-Less will be
able to adapt to that technology and allow for another revolutionary turn of events for drivers
of the future. Evolution of Key-Less is currently unable due to the limitations of technology.
But Key-Less will be able to adapt to other future evolutions in technology.
Cost effective alternative to technology prevalent in today's time, NFC is known for its cost-
effectiveness. It is popular used with Android, which is an open source operating system for
mobile devices, and the developer API is available for free on the Internet. NFC does not rely
on pairing devices first to start communication. Device authentication can be done at the
receiver end before performing any requested operations. The pairing mechanism is the
process where the devices involved in a communication exchange their identity information
to establish trust and get the encryption keys ready for future data exchange. In addition,
these systems can also be provided as upgrade packages for previously installed systems in
an old car. Presently there is no such technology on the market that can provide such a
function and can be installed in an old car.
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l壱7.2 Key-Less as a Potential to Solve an Underlying Problems
For the current generation of technology in car key fobs, driver still have to have the car key
fob present with then in order for them to lock, unlock and start their vehicle. But for Key-
Less, the only thing that drivers need is a NFC-enabled smartphone to be used as the car key
fob. As it all depends on the mobile phone and NFC.
Almost everyone these days have a smartphone with them these days. The NFC-enabled
smartphone will act as the car’s key fob. When the smartphone is in range, the car will
automatically unlock and grants the driver access to the vehicle. How this works is that when
the smartphone is in range with the vehicle, the NFC-enabled smartphone will act as the key
fob for the vehicle. This concept is similar to current generation of Advanced Keyless Entry
technologies. But Key-Less will be mire secured as the rolling codes that enable for the start
of the vehicle is encrypted end-to-end. This will make the hacking of Key-Less virtually
impossible. But to work this effectively it is essential to being the car and mobile in the
range.
The main objective of Key-Less is to be able to transform any NFC-enabled smartphones
into the vehicle’s key fob. By doing this, we are able to eliminate the use of the smart key
fob and just replace it with a NFC-enabled smartphone that almost everyone in the world has
access to. The communication between the car and key fob are intended to take place when
the fob is near the vehicles that is the biggest limitation of this artificial intelligence. It makes
the process of driving easy by enabling the smartphone as a key fob. It enables the driver to
have full control over the car and activity regarding opening of the cars. It makes the stole of
auto-mobile nearly impossible as without NFC car door will not open and no other person
will able to do that so.
Key-less also resolve the problem of crime rate of stolen vehicles by decreasing the chance of
stole. It improvises the security of the auto mobiles that solve this underlying this potential
problem. Another issue that Key-Less aims to solve is to be able to eliminate the car key fob
all together. Key-less system is effective to solve this underlying issue. In the corporate
context security and privacy is essential and that made with the use of the key-less system.
With the NFC enables key-less and mobile application have simple and elegant system that
make the process easy to manage the access from anywhere and anytime. It also reduces the
need of car key fob that is less secure in compare to NFC key-less. The only limitation in this
new system is that it provided by only the high luxurious or leisure car providers.
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·8.0 Architectural overview
The system (Key-Less) resides on any smartphone with NFC integration and will replace the
use of the key fob in vehicles. The key fob which is used to lock, unlock and start the
vehicle. This technology is an architecture which works on a similar way with key fob but
the difference is that it uses an automated software. The software is an integration of other
software like the Near Field Communication so that it makes it possible to function according
to the customers’ requirements. In Key-Less, a software application will be installed on the
mobile phone and can communicate wirelessly with Near Field Communication enabled
devices. Therefore, the system is broken down into logical chunks and modules which are
integrated together in a seamless manner.
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l壱8.1 Evolution of Key-Less
This system is based on install-able software for the automations of Key-Less. With software
and the help of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) and Machine Learning (M.L.), Key-Less is open
for some kind of evolution in some kind of scalability of its nature. Programmer can add
more features to Key-Less, which can automate and improve more its functionality which
will greatly enhance the idea of being able to replace the use of car key fobs entirely. In this
modern technology era, almost all innovation allows for its improvements or upgrades by
just adding more compatible features onto the software itself.
Therefore, Key-Less system of the future is open to evolution and transformation into a more
improved and future proof system. This may be in terms of interfacing and the speed of its
functionality to ensure its reliability.
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l壱8.2 Interfaces Enabling Extensions (SDKs and APIs)
Key-Less is a software program which can be integrated together with existing systems to
work seamlessly together. The architectural design of this application is for these systems to
be integrated with other hardware such as Near Field Communication. It uses wireless
technologies to communicate with the vehicle and be able to start the engine of the vehicle
like any other regular car key fobs. Therefore, the system is not a monolithic program, but it
is written in various modules which were integrated together to work with various functions.
In fact, Key-Less has an interface application extension through which more functionalities
can be added in the near future as it grows and expands. SDKs and APIs can be used in
tandem together with this system to integrated it with other systems such as the Global
Positioning System (G.P.S.), and many other applications. This is because Key-Less relies on
the its ability to learn and act like a human-being with the help of Artificial Intelligence
(A.I.) and Machine Learning (M.L.).
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·9.0 Technology and Resource Used to Develop the
Solution
Key-Less aims to make the driving world a better and more convenient place for everyone.
The main technology Key-Less will be using is Near-field communication (NFC). NFC may
sound complicated, but it’s actually relatively simple to understand. NFC is an evolution of
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, an NFC chip operates as one part of a
wireless link. Once it's activated by another chip, small amounts of data between the two
devices can be transferred when in close proximity range between the transponder and the
receiver. Most smartphones nowadays come equipped with this NFC technology, but is
rarely or never utilised. We feel that NFC is not being utilised to its fullest potential and if
used more extensively, can make the current technology in car key fob a thing of the past.
We are convinced that NFC is the way forward towards the future of all technology. The
aims of Key-Less is to integrate the current existing car key fob into any NFC-enabled
smartphones in the world. This a possibility with the help of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) and
Machine Learning (M.L.) which will enable Key-Less to have endless possibilities and be
future proof as AI is ever developing and can only get better as it advances into the future.
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l壱9.1 Platforms Key-Less Will Be Deployed On
Key-Less will be focused mainly for smart mobile devices. Key-Less will require the need of
a NFC-enabled smartphone and also a smart vehicle with built in NFC. Alternatively, non-
smart vehicles can also make use of this software by purchasing an aftermarket NFC device
that can be plugged into the vehicles On Board Diagnostics 2 (OBD2) Port. This is a standard
feature on all vehicles manufactured after the year 1994. This will enable for the wireless
transfer of the vehicles system settings via the use of NFC to any NFC-enabled smartphone
to be used as how would be used on a vehicle with a built in NFC transmitter.
For smartphones, Key-Less will initially be launched for Apple’s IOS mobile developing
software. X-Code will be used for the development of Key-Less for IOS devices. These IOS
devices will have to be running IOS 10 and above. This move is to ensure that maximum
security can be achieved by using the latest of Apple’s IOS mobile software.
In the near future, Key-Less will also be coming to Android users. Key-Less for Google’s
Android will be built using Android Studio. Key-Less for Android will require the minimum
requirements of an Android smartphone running Android 6.0 Marshmallow or later. Key-
Less for Android will be the second phase and will be rolling out to the Google Play Store
soon.
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·10.0 Key-Less is the Future of the Automotive Industry
Key-Less will be future of Advanced Keyless Entry Systems manufactured for vehicles.
Key-Less will become successful as it will completely revolutionize the automotive industry.
It will also change the perspective of how drivers are able to interact with their vehicles with
the help of Key-Less. The impact of Key-Less will be great as it will be able to decrease the
crime rate of stolen vehicles as Key-Less will bring enhanced security compared to the
current generation of car key fobs. Additionally, drivers and owners of their vehicles will be
able to enter or exit their vehicle with ease and convenience. Gone are the days where the
driver has to stand in an empty parking lot fumbling for their car key fob. Key-Less plans to
make use of NFC as its primary communication method between an NFC-enabled
smartphone and an NFC-enabled vehicle for the purposes of 100% keyless experience for
drivers to interact with their vehicle for the means of locking and unlocking, remote starting
of the vehicle, remote climate control and even be able to change the vehicles settings all
through a smartphone. Passive NFC devices include tags, and other small transmitters, that
can send information to other NFC devices without the need for a power source of their own.
However, they don’t really process any information sent from other sources, and can’t
connect to other passive components. This will ensure that Key-Less is secure and the odds
of Key-Less being hacked is very low. This in turn will have the owner of the vehicle to have
a peace of mind knowing that their vehicle is as secure as can be. With the help of Artificial
Intelligence (A.I.) and Machine Learning (M.L.), Key-Less will have endless possibilities
and be future proof for decades to come as AI is endlessly developing an algorithm and can
only get better with time as it advances into the future of the computing and automotive
industry.
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·11.0 Key-Less Prototype
Image 11.1: Remote Screen of Key-Less Image 11.2: Vehicle Status Screen of Key-
Less
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Image 11.3: Consumption Screen of Key-Less Image 11.4: Vehicle Location Screen
of Key-Less
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·12.0 Bibliography
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http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/obd-ii-port-used/. [Accessed 10 Sept 2018].
[3] D. Jeff, “Viper,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.viper.com/car/keylessentry/.
[Accessed 8 Sept 2018].
[4] Kreindler & Kreindler, “Kreindler & Kreindler,” 2015. [Online]. Available:
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Keyless-Push-Button-Ignitions-on-Automobiles.shtml. [Accessed 10 Nov 2018].
[5] M. Saarinen, “Auto Express,” 18 March 2016. [Online]. Available:
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security-risk-to-keyless-cars. [Accessed 14 Nov 2018].
[6] J. Steinberg, “Forbes,” 12 May 2015. [Online]. Available:
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entry-systems-allows-anyone-to-open-and-steal-your-car/#9cd86f2442ba. [Accessed 6 Oct
2018].
[7] Unknown, “AnandTech,” 2007. [Online]. Available:
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[8] P. Valdes-Dapena, “CNN Money,” 27 August 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://money.cnn.com/2015/08/26/autos/keyless-ignition-lawsuit/. [Accessed 14 Nov 2018].
[9] Andriod Developers, “Android Developers,” 20 December 2016. [Online]. Available:
https://developer.android.com/training/basics/firstapp/index.html. [Accessed 15 Oct 2018].
[10] Global Industry Analytics, Inc., “Markert Research of Keyless Entry Vehicles,” 30 March
2015. [Online]. Available:
http://www.strategyr.com/MarketResearch/Keyless_Vehicle_Access_Control_Systems_Mar
ket_Trends.asp. [Accessed 16 Oct 2018].[11] C. Faulkner, “What is NFC? Everything You
Need to Know.,” 10 May 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.techradar.com/news/what-
is-nfc. [Accessed 16 Oct 2018].
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[12] C. Li, “Is Near Field Communication (NFC) Finally Coming to Cars?,” 26 February 2016.
[Online]. Available: http://blog.ihs.com/is-near-field-communication-nfc-finally-coming-to-
cars. [Accessed 3 Oct 2018].
[13] T. Costlow, “NFC Looks to Score Big in Cars,” 6 March 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://articles.sae.org/13944/. [Accessed 13 Nov 2018].
[14] W. S. Courtney, “Five Automakers Adding NFC Tech to Car Door Handles,” 27 February
2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.thedrive.com/tech/7923/five-automakers-adding-nfc-
tech-to-car-door-handles. [Accessed 4 Sept 2018].
[15] E. Cresci, “Millions of Cars at Risk as Keyless Entry Systems can be Hacked,” 12 August
2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/aug/12/cars-risk-
keyless-entry-system-hacked-volkswagen. [Accessed 11 Sept 2018].
[16] N. Bomey, “This Device May Allow A Thief to Steal Your Car,” 7 December 2016.
[Online]. Available: https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2016/12/07/car-theft-
remote-entry-national-insurance-crime-bureau/95085746/. [Accessed 4 Nov 2018].
[17] N. Bilton, “Keeping Your Car Safe From Electronic Thieves,” 15 April 2015. [Online].
Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/style/keeping-your-car-safe-from-
electronic-thieves.html?_r=0. [Accessed 16 Sept 2018].
[18] J. Torchinsky, “What's The Secret Device Thieves In California Are Using To Break Into
Cars?,” 4 Septembr 2013. [Online]. Available: http://jalopnik.com/whats-the-secret-device-
thieves-in-california-are-using-471782175. [Accessed 10 Oct 2018].
[19] A. Greenberg, “Radio Attack Lets Hackers Steal 24 Different Car Models,” 21 March
2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.com/2016/03/study-finds-24-car-models-open-
unlocking-ignition-hack/. [Accessed 12 Sept 2018].
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