Assignment on Brain Development
Added on 2021-05-30
9 Pages2290 Words19 Views
Running head: BRAIN DEVELOPMENTAnnotated BibliographyName of the StudentName of the UniversityAuthor Note
1BRAIN DEVELOPMENTWeek 6 readingBaroncelli, L., Braschi, C., Spolidoro, M., Begenisic, T., Sale, A., & Maffei, L. (2010).Nurturing brain plasticity: impact of environmental enrichment.Cell death anddifferentiation,17(7), 1092.In this article the authors examine the impact of environmental enrichment (EE) on theadult brain architecture and the brain plasticity that underlies all neural operations. The role ofenvironmental enrichment in influencing the central nervous system at different anatomical,functional and molecular levels have already been validated and established by other studies. Theauthor’s research focuses on determining the extent to which stimulation of the brain by thesocial and physical surroundings are able to govern the ability of the brain to change throughoutthe life of all individuals. The authors postulated that there is a research gap in this context. Thearticle suggested that EE has the capability to induce marked acceleration in the maturation ofvisual areas since birth. Furthermore, they also provided evidence for the fact that thisenrichment is able to bring about a maturation of the visual system, in absence of adequate visualstimulus. The main ideas expressed in the paper focus on the fact that higher levels of BDNFplay an important role in triggering the maturation of GABAergic system. The authors alsoprovided a strong evidence for correlation of IGF-I molecular factor with a mediation of EEeffects. Furthermore, the authors also provided supporting evidences for the role of EEstimulation in retina development. This was supported by the fact that DR is found to inducealterations in the retinal ganglion cells, in addition to influencing the visual responsivenessdemonstrated by the inner retinal neurons. The authors conducted a thorough investigation of thekey molecular factors and suggested that the levels of both the aforementioned proteins, presentin the retina considerably increased in the retinal ganglion cells of developing EE rats. This
2BRAIN DEVELOPMENThelped the authors to identify BDNF as a potential downstream target of IGNF-I, which in turnwas confirmed by previous studies. The main ideas also illustrated that environmental alterationsare able to exert direct effects on the development of the CNS, since an early age. Hence, theauthors elaborated on the fact that differences in maternal behaviour that exists between non-EEand EE conditions were an integral factor that triggered the early EE effects on development ofthe visual system. They also conducted extensive research to establish correlation between tactilestimulation and promotion of visual development in rats. The findings reported by them furtherindicated the fact that massaging, in combination with gentle stroking was found to be highlyeffective in maturation of visual functions. Consistency of these findings with previous studiesthat demonstrated the role of massage therapy on acceleration of brain development was alsoreported by the authors. These findings were also illustrated with the use of several graphs andlaboratory results that demonstrated higher levels of maternal care as experienced by enrichedpups, in comparison with standard-reared pups. In particular, this article will be useful for myresearch because the data presented in the article will help in gaining a deeper understanding ofthe various underlying environmental stimuli that enhances neuronal and brain development andwill also pave a new avenue in clinical research.Week 7 readingTofade, T., Elsner, J., & Haines, S. T. (2013). Best practice strategies for effective use ofquestions as a teaching tool.American journal of pharmaceutical education,77(7), 155.In this article Tofade and his colleagues review the best practice strategies that can beimplemented in the form of a teaching tool, to enhance a deeper and sound understanding of thesubject matter. The author’s purpose is to investigate the effectiveness of using questions in
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