Assignment on Cooling Water System || Plant Utilities
Added on 2022-02-09
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PLANT UTILITIES
(BTK3223)
Semester II 2020/2021
Title of Experiment : COOLING WATER SYSTEM
Date of Experiment : 11/12/2021
Instructor’s Name : DR. ARMAN BIN ABDULLAH
TITLE
Name ID
1. CHOO CAI YUN KH19024
2. RAVIN RAJ A/L SIVANANDA KH19031
3. SEMBERATHI A/P SATHIA BALA KH18077
4. WAN NUR MURSYIDAH BINTI WAN ZAFRI KH19054
Group No. : 1
Section : 01G
Marks :
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND PROCESS ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
Please keep for student reference.
Received by;
( )
Submitted by;
CAIYUN
(CHOO CAI YUN KH19024)CHOO CAI YUN KH19024 Date Submitted: 1/1/2022
(BTK3223)
Semester II 2020/2021
Title of Experiment : COOLING WATER SYSTEM
Date of Experiment : 11/12/2021
Instructor’s Name : DR. ARMAN BIN ABDULLAH
TITLE
Name ID
1. CHOO CAI YUN KH19024
2. RAVIN RAJ A/L SIVANANDA KH19031
3. SEMBERATHI A/P SATHIA BALA KH18077
4. WAN NUR MURSYIDAH BINTI WAN ZAFRI KH19054
Group No. : 1
Section : 01G
Marks :
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND PROCESS ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
Please keep for student reference.
Received by;
( )
Submitted by;
CAIYUN
(CHOO CAI YUN KH19024)CHOO CAI YUN KH19024 Date Submitted: 1/1/2022
ABSTRACT
A cooling tower is a specialized heat exchanger in which the air and water are being brought
into direct contact with each other to reduce the water’s temperature. A small volume of water
will be evaporated as this happens. Thus, reducing the temperature of the water being circulated
through the tower. This experiment is used to investigate the effect of colling load on ‘Wet
Bulb Approach’ and to operate the colling water system. Firstly, the cooling tower was started
by setting the temperature of the controller. The heater is then switched on and the water is
then heated up until the set temperature. Next, the reading of the system was set up, where the
reading of water flow rate and air flow was started. Lastly, after the system stabilizes, the
reading of air inlet dry bulb and wet bulb temperature, water outlet temperature, orifice
differential pressure, water flow rate and heater power were recorded. The mean value for the
calculation and analysis was obtained. The results obtained from this experiment is based on
0kW, 0.5kW, 1.0kW and 1.5kW respectively. However, result for 0kW was not used in the
report as this is just for recorded purpose and does not involve in any of the calculations. For
the air inlet dry bulb, T1, the results were 30.4°C, 30.6°C and 31°C respectively. For the air
inlet wet bulb, T2, the results were 30.2°C, 30.6°C and 31°C respectively. For the water inlet
temperature, T5, the results were 31.2°C, 35.4°C and 38.8°C respectively. For the water outlet
temperature, T6, the results were26.7°C, 28.4°C and 30.2°C respectively. The water flow rate,
FT 2 is 1.5 for 0.5kW, 1.0kW and 1.5kW respectively. For the heater power, Q1, the results
were 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 respectively. The total cooling load ranges from 1.3kW to 2.3kW. The
approach to wet bulb ranges from 1°C to 3.5°C. the cooling tower efficiency has the values of
from 56.25%, 76.08% and 89.79%. From the result, the higher the cooling load, the higher the
range. Also, the efficiency is directly proportional to the range and inversely proportional to
the approach. In short, the cold water temperature should theoretically be the same as the wet
bulb temperature, but this is impossible because it requires a very large cooling tower. The
efficiency of the cooling tower varies from 70% to 75% in reality. This may be because the
blades of the fans overcome the system resistance, which is called pressure loss, to move the
air, or the nozzle are slightly blocked or old.
A cooling tower is a specialized heat exchanger in which the air and water are being brought
into direct contact with each other to reduce the water’s temperature. A small volume of water
will be evaporated as this happens. Thus, reducing the temperature of the water being circulated
through the tower. This experiment is used to investigate the effect of colling load on ‘Wet
Bulb Approach’ and to operate the colling water system. Firstly, the cooling tower was started
by setting the temperature of the controller. The heater is then switched on and the water is
then heated up until the set temperature. Next, the reading of the system was set up, where the
reading of water flow rate and air flow was started. Lastly, after the system stabilizes, the
reading of air inlet dry bulb and wet bulb temperature, water outlet temperature, orifice
differential pressure, water flow rate and heater power were recorded. The mean value for the
calculation and analysis was obtained. The results obtained from this experiment is based on
0kW, 0.5kW, 1.0kW and 1.5kW respectively. However, result for 0kW was not used in the
report as this is just for recorded purpose and does not involve in any of the calculations. For
the air inlet dry bulb, T1, the results were 30.4°C, 30.6°C and 31°C respectively. For the air
inlet wet bulb, T2, the results were 30.2°C, 30.6°C and 31°C respectively. For the water inlet
temperature, T5, the results were 31.2°C, 35.4°C and 38.8°C respectively. For the water outlet
temperature, T6, the results were26.7°C, 28.4°C and 30.2°C respectively. The water flow rate,
FT 2 is 1.5 for 0.5kW, 1.0kW and 1.5kW respectively. For the heater power, Q1, the results
were 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 respectively. The total cooling load ranges from 1.3kW to 2.3kW. The
approach to wet bulb ranges from 1°C to 3.5°C. the cooling tower efficiency has the values of
from 56.25%, 76.08% and 89.79%. From the result, the higher the cooling load, the higher the
range. Also, the efficiency is directly proportional to the range and inversely proportional to
the approach. In short, the cold water temperature should theoretically be the same as the wet
bulb temperature, but this is impossible because it requires a very large cooling tower. The
efficiency of the cooling tower varies from 70% to 75% in reality. This may be because the
blades of the fans overcome the system resistance, which is called pressure loss, to move the
air, or the nozzle are slightly blocked or old.
INTRODUCTION
SOLTEQ Basic Cooling Tower Unit (Model: HE152) is used in the experiment to
investigate the relationship between cooling load and cooling range. This cooling tower is
designed to demonstrate the structure, design and operation characteristics of a modern cooling
system to students (Yumpu.com, n.d.). This unit is similar to a full-scale forced draft cooling
tower, and is actually an "open system ‘, through which two fluid (in this case, air and water)
pass, and in which the mass of one fluid is transferred to the other ("HMT cooling T p.4-1,"
n.d.). This unit is self-contained, equipped with a heating load and a circulating pump.
Figure 1: Parts Identification for SOLTEQ Basic Cooling Tower Unit (Model: HE152)
A cooling tower is a kind of heat removal device. It is a special heat exchanger, which
discharges the building heat into the atmosphere, where the water and air are in close contact
to reduce the water temperature. The form of heat removal is called "evaporation" because it
evaporates a small part of the cooled water into a flowing air flow, thus providing significant
cooling for the remaining water flow, and when this happens, it lowers the temperature of the
water circulating through the tower (Delta Cooling Towers. Inc., 2020).
In cooling system by cooling tower, water heated in an industrial process or an air-
conditioning condenser is pumped to the cooling tower through a pipe. Water is sprayed on the
material pile called "filler" through nozzles which reduces the water flow through the cooling
tower and exposes as much water surface area as possible to ensure a larger evaporation
surface, so as to have the best interaction with air-water. When the water flows through the
1 Orifice
2 Water Distributor
3 Packed Column
4 Flowmeter
5 Receiver Tank
6 Air Blower
7 Differential Pressure
Transmitter
8 Make-up Tank
9 Control Panel
10 Load Tank
SOLTEQ Basic Cooling Tower Unit (Model: HE152) is used in the experiment to
investigate the relationship between cooling load and cooling range. This cooling tower is
designed to demonstrate the structure, design and operation characteristics of a modern cooling
system to students (Yumpu.com, n.d.). This unit is similar to a full-scale forced draft cooling
tower, and is actually an "open system ‘, through which two fluid (in this case, air and water)
pass, and in which the mass of one fluid is transferred to the other ("HMT cooling T p.4-1,"
n.d.). This unit is self-contained, equipped with a heating load and a circulating pump.
Figure 1: Parts Identification for SOLTEQ Basic Cooling Tower Unit (Model: HE152)
A cooling tower is a kind of heat removal device. It is a special heat exchanger, which
discharges the building heat into the atmosphere, where the water and air are in close contact
to reduce the water temperature. The form of heat removal is called "evaporation" because it
evaporates a small part of the cooled water into a flowing air flow, thus providing significant
cooling for the remaining water flow, and when this happens, it lowers the temperature of the
water circulating through the tower (Delta Cooling Towers. Inc., 2020).
In cooling system by cooling tower, water heated in an industrial process or an air-
conditioning condenser is pumped to the cooling tower through a pipe. Water is sprayed on the
material pile called "filler" through nozzles which reduces the water flow through the cooling
tower and exposes as much water surface area as possible to ensure a larger evaporation
surface, so as to have the best interaction with air-water. When the water flows through the
1 Orifice
2 Water Distributor
3 Packed Column
4 Flowmeter
5 Receiver Tank
6 Air Blower
7 Differential Pressure
Transmitter
8 Make-up Tank
9 Control Panel
10 Load Tank
cooling tower, air is exposed to it which is drawn by the electric motor-driven fan through the
tower. When water comes into contact with air, a small amount of water evaporates, which
leads to cooling effect. The cooled water is pumped back to a condenser or process equipment,
where it absorbs heat. Once it cools, it will be pumped back to the cooling tower (Sutton, I.,
2017).
Figure 2: Cooling Tower Mechanism
The typical applications of cooling towers are to provide cooling water for air
conditioning, production and power generation. A cooling tower is a key component of many
refrigeration systems, which can be used in industries requiring process cooling, such as power
plants, chemical production, steel mills and many manufacturing companies (Cheremisinoff &
Rosenfeld, 2009). Cooling towers may also be used to provide comfortable cooling for large
commercial buildings (such as airports, schools, hospitals or hotels). The smallest cooling
towers is built to deal with the water flow with only a few gallons of water per minute, which
is delivered in small pipes, such as those that may be used in a home, while the largest cooling
tower is delivered through pipes with a diameter of up to 15 feet (about 5 meters), delivering
several hundred thousand gallons of water per minute ("Cooling tower," 2004). As far as the
floor area is concerned, the cooling tower is one of the larger equipment that must be placed
on a site plan. These are some factors that affect the location of cooling towers, except for the
convenience of water supply and return, such as prevailing winds, noise and passage. The small
side of the cooling tower should face the prevailing wind, because it provides equal fresh air
intake for the two long side. In addition, noise levels of larger cooling towers can be quite high.
If the cooling tower are too close to the working areas, such as offices and control buildings,
the noise level may be offensive (Botermans, R., & Smith, P., 2008).
tower. When water comes into contact with air, a small amount of water evaporates, which
leads to cooling effect. The cooled water is pumped back to a condenser or process equipment,
where it absorbs heat. Once it cools, it will be pumped back to the cooling tower (Sutton, I.,
2017).
Figure 2: Cooling Tower Mechanism
The typical applications of cooling towers are to provide cooling water for air
conditioning, production and power generation. A cooling tower is a key component of many
refrigeration systems, which can be used in industries requiring process cooling, such as power
plants, chemical production, steel mills and many manufacturing companies (Cheremisinoff &
Rosenfeld, 2009). Cooling towers may also be used to provide comfortable cooling for large
commercial buildings (such as airports, schools, hospitals or hotels). The smallest cooling
towers is built to deal with the water flow with only a few gallons of water per minute, which
is delivered in small pipes, such as those that may be used in a home, while the largest cooling
tower is delivered through pipes with a diameter of up to 15 feet (about 5 meters), delivering
several hundred thousand gallons of water per minute ("Cooling tower," 2004). As far as the
floor area is concerned, the cooling tower is one of the larger equipment that must be placed
on a site plan. These are some factors that affect the location of cooling towers, except for the
convenience of water supply and return, such as prevailing winds, noise and passage. The small
side of the cooling tower should face the prevailing wind, because it provides equal fresh air
intake for the two long side. In addition, noise levels of larger cooling towers can be quite high.
If the cooling tower are too close to the working areas, such as offices and control buildings,
the noise level may be offensive (Botermans, R., & Smith, P., 2008).
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