(Pdf)Assignment on Hypothesis

SPSS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
Results..........................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................2
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................3
Conducting “Reverse Mediation Test” for H2 with Hayes method............................................3
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................4
TASK 5............................................................................................................................................4
Discussion....................................................................................................................................5
TASK 6............................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8
APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................9
1. Hypothesis 1: Oneway ANOVA.............................................................................................9
2 Hypothesis 2...........................................................................................................................10
3. Reverse mediation test for H2...............................................................................................15
4. Hypothesis 3 (a & b)..............................................................................................................20
5. Hypothesis 4..........................................................................................................................24

INTRODUCTION
The main motive behind conducting present study is to assess the impact of cognitive
resource availability on customer decision making in the context of counterfeits products. The
present report is based on data set related to resource availability, intention and justifiability to
purchase counterfeits. In this, report will shed light on the manner in which statistical tools and
techniques help in testing hypothesis and presenting the suitable view of research problem. It
clearly presents how mediators and moderators influence the effect of independent variables on
dependent factor.
METHODOLOGY
In the present study, quantitative research type has been selected for presenting the
suitable view of issue. For doing quantitative investigation appropriately and presenting suitable
solution of issue statistical tools have been used. Different tests such as ANOVA and process
Andrew have been applied for testing concerned hypotheses. ANOVA tool helps in assessing
whether significant difference takes place in the mean value of concerned two variables such as
DV & IV or not. Further, mediation model helps in making estimation about the indirect effect of
independent variable on dependent through including mediator as a variable. Hence, by
undertaking Hayes and Sobel test impact of independent variable on dependent has been
assessed by including mediator such as justifiability to purchase counterfeits. Along with this,
test moderation effect has also been performed with the motive to assess the impact of one
variable on another when moderator is included.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TASK 1
Results
Hypothesis 1: Participants will be more likely to show higher intentions of buying counterfeits
when their cognitive resources are unconstrained than when they are constrained.

Null hypothesis [H0]:
The means for both cognitive resource is unconstrained(M unconstrained) and cognitive
resource are constrained (M constrained) are equal. H0: M unconstrained = M constrained
Alternative hypothesis [Ha]:
The means for both cognitive resource is unconstrained (M unconstrained) and cognitive
resource is constrained (M constrained) are different. Ha: M unconstrained≠ M constrained
Interpretation: Outcome of descriptive statistics show that mean values in the category
simple and complex task implies for 5.24 & 4.78 respectively. Further, ANOVA table shows that
alternative hypothesis cannot be rejected (P<0.05). Hence, referring assessed significance value
it can be presented that difference takes place in the mean values of dependent and independent
variables statistically. Thus, it can be presented that intention pertaining to purchase counterfeits
is affected from the aspects of resource availability.
TASK 2
Hypothesis 2:
Null hypothesis (H0): The effect of H1 will not be mediated by “Justifiability to purchase
counterfeits.”
Alternative hypothesis (H1): The effect of H1 will be mediated by “Justifiability to purchase
counterfeits.”
Interpretation: Under this, for evaluating the concerned hypothesis and presenting the
suitable view of issue Hayes method was used. SPSS macro modules introduced by Hayes were
applied for assessing whether null hypothesis is true or false over the alternative. Three variables
were included in the study for finding optimal solution of issue such as mediator, dependent and
independent variable. Thus, in order to investigate hypothesis that aspect in relation to
justifiability to purchase counterfeits will mediate the effect of resource availability on
purchasing intention Hayes method was undertaken. Through results, it has found that b or r
value accounts for .17 respectively. Further, p<0.05 which in turn indicates that resource

availability is a significant predictor of factor in regarding justifiability in relation to purchasing
counterfeits. Outcome of both direct and indirect assessment clearly shows that p<0.05 which
means null hypothesis is true and other one false. Overall analysis or evaluation shows that effect
of resource availability on intention to purchase counterfeits will be mediated by the aspects of
justifiability (Z = -3.04, p <0.05). Hence, as per data analysis or evaluation Sobel test was
significant.
TASK 3
Conducting “Reverse Mediation Test” for H2 with Hayes method
Interpretation:
For testing hypothesis, mediation analysis has been done by taking into account Preacher
and Hayes method (2008). Hence, with the motive to assess the suitable solution of issue Hayes
SPSS macro module was considered with 5000 bootstrapped samples. In this, independent
variable namely resource availability is denoted as y. Further, variables such as intention to
purchase counterfeits and justifiability to purchase counterfeits presented as y and m. F
Statistical evaluation shows that p<0.05 which in turn presents that alternative hypothesis is true.
In each case, direct, indirect and total effect p value falls below the range of 0.05 significantly.
Referring this, it can be mentioned that alternative hypothesis pertaining to reverse mediation test
is true. Results clearly exhibit that alternative hypothesis is supported empirically.

TASK 4
Hypothesis 3:
Null hypothesis (H0): The level of accountability will not moderate the impact of resource
availability on the intention of buying counterfeits.
Alternative hypothesis (H1): The level of accountability will moderate the impact of resource
availability on the intention of buying counterfeits.
Null hypothesis: no significant moderation effect:
Mhigh accountability, cognitive resources are unconstrained = M high accountability, cognitive resources are constrained
Alternative hypothesis: there is significant moderation effect:
M high accountability, cognitive resources are unconstrained = M high accountability, cognitive resources are constrained is not true
Hypothesis 3a: When participants have a high accountability, they will be more likely to show
higher intentions of buying counterfeits when their cognitive resources are unconstrained than
when they are constrained.
Hypothesis 3b: When participants have a low accountability, they will show higher intentions of
buying counterfeits regardless of their cognitive resources availability.
Interpretation: In this, for assessing results syntax tool has been applied. On the basis of
this, by running program results have been generated through undertaking two way ANOVA
tool. By doing statistical evaluation, it has assessed that, in the context of moderator such as
high accountability, mean value of easy and difficult task implies for 5.1 & 3.8 respectively. On
the other, under the category of low accountability average value of simple and complex e task
accounts for 5.39 & 5.94 significantly. By taking into account the output of Two Way ANOVA
it can be presented that null hypothesis is accepted. Moreover, in the context of variables such as
moderator and IV*moderator p>0.05 so alternative hypothesis cannot be accepted. However,
only in the case of independent variable significant difference was assessed because p<0.05.

TASK 5
H4. The effect of H3 will be mediated by “Justifiability to purchase counterfeits.”
Interpretation: Hayes method was employed by the scholar for evaluating the concerned
hypothesis. In this, macro SPSS presented by Hayes applied to ascertain the effect of
independent variables on dependent when both mediators and moderators are considered. Hence,
for testing the concerned hypothesis four factors were considered such as IV (resource
availability), DV (intention to purchase counterfeits), mediator (justifiability to purchase
counterfeits) and moderator (level of accountability). From statistical evaluation, it has assessed
that p value accounts for 0.00. Hence, it clearly presents that assessed value falls below the range
of 0.05 respectively. Thus, by taking into account all such aspects it can be mentioned that
alternative hypothesis is true over null. Hence, it can be entailed that the effect of H3 will be
mediated by justifiability in relation to purchasing counterfeits.
Discussion
Mediation affects the buying decision
The intention to purchase a commodity by workers will be effected in relation with
managing the business operations. Therefore, factors which affect their decision in terms with
purchasing a commodity are mainly associated with the costs as well as available resources for
operations. Moreover, here consumers are very price conscious as they make their decision
accordingly counterfeits. Accountability in between resources and costs which will mainly affect
the buying decisions of the consumers. Designing of products and services will also affect their
moods and decisions accordingly. Thus, implicating such changes will have adequate control
over operational practices as well as management of operations. Mediator defines the mid value
of the observation which comprised with the adequate analysis as well as various operational
control over the outcomes. Buying behaviour of buyers will be adequate as per monitoring cost
efficiencies and designing of products meet the satisfactory level of firm. Company produces the
goods and material which is based on the availability of sources to have adequate control over
the operational practices as well as brings suitable revenue. However, the availability of the
resources brings reduction in costs which will also be effective as the prices levied on such
products will be cheap and easily affordable by consumers.

TASK 6
According to Kim, J. & et.al., (2018), Mediation analysis is a Hypothesized casual chain
which in turn affects Two variables that will later affect the third variable. Whereas, “M” is a
mediator which act a median or mediates the relationship among predictor and outcomes.
However, there has been determination of techniques which in turn helpful for resolving the four
issues that will affect the statistical outcomes. To analyse outcomes from mediation techniques
with assists the favourable outcomes. Good things behind implicating their technique is that it is
totally inexpensive as it can be performed and used by any managerial professionals in terms
with analysing the outcomes. Promptness in bringing the suitable outcomes in a most simplified
manner. Therefore, these will be effective in terms of bringing the suitable returns and gains to
business. It has assessed that, mediation analysis does not always reflect the best outcomes to
settle any agreement. However, it comprises with various steps and a technique to analyse the
outcomes on which the 1st step is consists of determining the causal variable is correlated with
results. Thus, on which Y will be determined as Criterion variable and X as predictor. Thus, it
impacts and establishes the effects which may be mediated.
In the 2nd step here the causal variable will be correlated with mediators on which it can
be treated as the outcomes from the mediators. Similarly, in relation with analysing further the 3rd
step comprised of factors that the mediator will affect outcomes variables. Therefore, it insists
that the causal variable must be executed in establishing effectors of mediation on derived
outcomes. In addition to ascertaining the impacts of “M” which will be adequate and helpful as
per determining the relation in between X & Y variables. As per the views of Kim, J. & et.al.,
(2018), Implication of mediation techniques will be assistive in terms with defining the relation
between X and Y variables. Thus, it can be aids that if all four steps were meet in outcomes
which reflect that the data set is consistent with a hypothesis and variable to completely mediate
the X-Y relationship. Moreover, it can be said that, usefulness of this technique is that will bring
suitable analysis over outcomes and defines the relationship between two variables to predict the
third variable.