ABOUT PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CASE STUDY 2022

ASSIGNMENT (1- TO 2-PAGE CASE STUDY ANALYSIS) A 42-year-old man presents to ED with 2-day history of dysuria, low back pain, inability to fully empty his bladder, severe perineal pain along with fevers and chills. He says the pain is worse when he stands up and is somewhat relieved when he lies down. Vital signs T 104.0 F, pulse 138, respirations 24. PaO2 96% on room air. Digital rectal exam (DRE) reveals the prostate to be enlarged, extremely tender, swollen, and warm to touch. INSTRUCTIONS Requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. advanced pathophysiology course so you must address the content at the cellular level. This is a requirement in this course. Make sure that all your work is submitted in APA format Review proper quotes, paraphrasing You MUST avoid plagiarism and be sure that you are giving credit to those who provided you the information. If it’s a quote then quote it!!

Running head: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CASE STUDY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CASE STUDY
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author Note:

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Introduction:
The paper aims to analyse a case study involving 42-year-old male patient, who was
experiencing various symptoms, such as dysuria, severe perineal pain, fever and chills. There
were also several signs that were indicative of prostitis condition in him. The paper will be
discussing the factors, which affect fertility in STD, the pathophysiology of inflammation in
PID or STD and also for prostitis. After that, the discussion will involve the rationale for
splenectomy and also about different kinds of anaemia.
Discussion:
There are many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as gonorrhoea,
mycoplasma, HIV, herpes, and even chlamydia sometimes are responsible for causing
infertility in men (Fode et al., 2016). The mycoplasma, chlamydia, HIV and gonorrhoea
cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which in turn cause damage to the epididymis and
urethra in men. This event lowers fertility in men (Kushwaha & Gupta, 2017). Herpes can
also be associated with reduced sperm production and thus with reduced fertility in men. The
mechanism of how the virus causes reduced sperm production in male has not been
understood yet, but the virus has been found inside the sperm cells (Fode et al., 2016).
The WBC count, C-reactive protein (CRP) and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate are
known as inflammatory markers. The white blood cells and the CRP are important
components of the immune system, and they are responsible for triggering the inflammation
event at the site of microbial infection on the body (Lee et al., 2016). PID or pelvic
inflammatory disease is mostly a resulting event of the STD, where virus or bacteria enters
the body through the genital route and cause infection near the pelvic region of the body (Lee
et al., 2016). This event triggers the immune system of the body, which recruits the

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inflammatory markers mentioned above for neutralising the infection (Jennings & Krywko,
2019).
An STD results from a bacterial or viral infection in the body through the genital
pathway (Mwatelah et al., 2019). The microbial infection mainly affects the pelvic area of the
body at first. The leakage of the bacteria to the prostate gland causes infection in the area,
which triggers the immune system of the body. As a result, an inflammation reaction gets
initiated at the area. The inflammation of the prostate is known as prostatitis (Coker &
Dierfeldt, 2016). The leakage of bacteria from the urethra is the main reason for this systemic
reaction.
ITP or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is a medical condition, which is
associated with the immune system of the body to recognise the blood platelets as foreign
compounds and destroy them (Zainal, Salama & Alweis, 2019). The spleen is an important
organ for the immune system in the body. The function of the spleen includes storage and
recycling of the blood cells. Thus in ITP condition, spleen removes the damaged platelets
from the body. Hence, the removal of the spleen by splenectomy ensures the presence of a
higher number of platelets in the blood (Chaturvedi, Arnold & McCrae, 2018).
Anaemia is a medical condition, which involves a reduced number of functional red
blood cells. The pathogenesis of the condition involves the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity
of blood and reduced oxygen supply to every organ (Turner & Badireddy, 2019). The
anaemia can be resulting from a wide variety of event, including iron deficiency, folate
deficiency or simply additional to some other disease condition (Badireddy & Baradhi, 2019).
The microcytic anaemia is mainly a resulting event of iron deficiency (Turner & Badireddy,
2019). It is associated with unusually smaller red blood cells, while macrocytic anaemia, on

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the other hand, is associated with unusually larger red blood cells. Macrocytic anaemia
results from a deficiency in folate, mainly (Turner & Badireddy, 2019).
Conclusion:
Hence, it can be decided that the patient had encountered an STD and he was also
experiencing PID and prostitis condition resulting from that. If his condition progress to ITP
condition, splenectomy can be considered as a treatment choice.

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References:
Badireddy, M., & Baradhi, K. M. (2019). Chronic Anemia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534803/
Chaturvedi, S., Arnold, D. M., & McCrae, K. R. (2018). Splenectomy for immune
thrombocytopenia: down but not out. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of
Hematology, 131(11), 1172-1182. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-09-742353
Coker, T. J., & Dierfeldt, D. M. (2016). Acute bacterial prostatitis: diagnosis and
management. American family physician, 93(2), 114-120.
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/0115/p114.html
Fode, M., Fusco, F., Lipshultz, L., & Weidner, W. (2016). Sexually transmitted disease and
male infertility: a systematic review. European urology focus, 2(4), 383-393. doi:
10.1016/j.euf.2016.08.002
Jennings, L. K., & Krywko, D. M. (2019). Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499959/
Kushwaha, B., & Gupta, G. (2017). Sexually Transmitted Infections and Male Infertility: Old
Enigma, New Insights. In Male Infertility: Understanding, Causes and Treatment (pp.
183-212). Springer, Singapore. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-
4017-7_12
Lee, S. W., Rhim, C. C., Kim, J. H., Lee, S. J., Yoo, S. H., Kim, S. Y., ... & Yoon, J. H.
(2016). Predictive markers of Tubo-Ovarian abscess in pelvic inflammatory
disease. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation, 81(2), 97-104.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000381772

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Mwatelah, R., McKinnon, L. R., Baxter, C., Abdool Karim, Q., & Abdool Karim, S. S.
(2019). Mechanisms of sexually transmitted infection‐induced inflammation in
women: implications for HIV risk. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 22,
e25346. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjia2.25346
Turner, J., & Badireddy, M. (2019). Anemia. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/
Zainal, A., Salama, A., & Alweis, R. (2019). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Journal of
community hospital internal medicine perspectives, 9(1), 59-61.
https://doi.org/10.1080/20009666.2019.1565884