Political Science Reforming Liberalism Question Answer 2022

Sociology 1
Title: Political Science
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Sociology 2
Q1. How is reform conservatism closer to reform liberalism? Explain this by analyzing the
characteristics of classical and modern conservatism and liberalism. How do you observe
this closeness from the centrists in the conservative party and center rights in the liberal
party of Canada especially from the events leading to 2018 elections in Ontario?
Liberalism is a term used to describe a political philosophy or Worldview founded on the
basis of ideas of liberty and equality. Classical liberalism can be defined as an ideology belongs
to liberalism and emphasize on securing freedom of an individual by limiting the power of the
government whereas modern liberalism is combining social liberalism with support of social
justice and mixed economy (Nussbaum, 2011). Economic liberalism, egotistical individualism,
maximize utility, negative freedom, individual responsibility, Free-market economy, etc. are
falling under classical liberalism while modern liberalism covers social liberalism, personal
growth, positive freedom, social responsibility, enabling state, managed economy, etc. In reform
liberalism, it is believed that it is a legitimate function of the state to ensure that all citizens are
provided with a set of rights and services along with an opportunity to maximize their potentials.
Conservatism can be considered as, “Seek to preserve things as they are emphasizing
stability and continuity. If classical conservatism is asked, then it is an ideology that highlights
the representation of the past as well as the well-being of the present by following the
hierarchical system, a limited local government and humanitarian leaders for a stable society
(Villeneuve, 2014). People are responsible for their own actions and laws are made to benefit
society as a whole are the common view carried by the government under conservatism. Modern
conservatism is based on four elements, liberty, conservative philosophy of tradition and order,
rule of law and belief in God.

Sociology 3
There are different approaches of conservatism are based on tradition and social stability,
stressing established institutions and preferring gradual development to abrupt changes, whereas
liberalism follows the essential goodness of the human race, the autonomy of the individual and
standing for the protection of political and civil liberties. Conservatism has ideas of
implementing changes gradually and increasing or maintaining church power and Liberalism
support public education, sharing political power amongst the president, legislature and judiciary
and decreased the church power.
In the economic realm, there is a need for privatizing, deregulating and empowering an
individual citizen to get communism, socialism, fascism and the welfare state. With the reform
conservatism, there is a formation of enemies resulting in fights and some hard issues is always
ducking deeper. It is better to find and recruit some new true believer in reform conservatives
(Béland & Waddan, 2019). The Canadian Conservative Party can be taken as Republican Party
because it has typically followed a reactionary system of British “Tory” rather than individualist
and liberal.
Q2. What are the fundamental differences between a party and a pressure group? Explain
the features of a single-party system, bi-party system, multi-party system, a two-plus party
system from your book. Is Canada a two-plus party system or clear multi-party system
country?
When a group of people comes together with a similar political ideology, it is known as
the political party. A pressure group or interest group can be defined as a group of individuals
who promotes and defends common interest and opinion to achieve a common objective. In
common, words, political parties are responsible to the people and formal in nature, whereas

Sociology 4
pressure groups are not always accountable to the people and informal in nature. The difference
found between political parties and pressure groups are based on size, organization, related to
function, aims or objectives, and applied respect of the method. In a political party, any person
can join or leave the party of their choice while pressure groups are only limited to workers
(Pruysers, 2016).
In single-party system, the power is given to only one party and an individual is
nominated by the voters with only two choices of not to vote at all or write “yes” or “no” to the
candidate. North Korea, Cuba like countries are an example of a Single-party system. In a two-
party system or a bi-party system, the power to rule on the nation is divided between two
dominant parties through which strong decisions can be taken and implemented easily. In this bi-
party system, there are fewer chances of corruption and more chances of development (Béland &
Waddan, 2019). For example, Unites the States of America and the British Parliament. The
Multi-party system is one of the common political party systems followed in Australia, India,
United Kingdom, and Norway like countries (Gaylord & Rennó, 2015). In this party system,
there are three or more parties work together in the country. This party system does not allow
any single party to gain power or control of the government alone and it is difficult to keep all
the parties happy related to power. Finally, it can lead to political instability in the country. There
are two major parties controlling the government, but one or more parties do have the ability to
win seats, but no power or control is given to them and it is called as two-plus party system
(Nicholson et al., 2018).
Canada is a country that follows a multi-party system because of the influence of the
New Democratic Party or Bloc Québécois parties. Previously, there were only two parties during
the first half-century of Confederation and it had represented the fragmentation of Canadian