Assignment on Renal Physiology
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Added on 2021-05-30
Assignment on Renal Physiology
Added on 2021-05-30
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Running head: RENAL PHYSIOLOGYRenal PhysiologyName of student:Name of university:Author note:
1RENAL PHYSIOLOGY1.Na/K ATPase (sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphate) is an enzyme found in theplasma membrane of all animal cells and has a key role in performing varied functions in cellphysiology. The enzyme is a solute pump pumping sodium out of cells and potassium into thecells, against the concentration gradient. Na/K ATPase is found in large volume in the kidneythat acts as a major source for the purification of the enzyme. In the kidney, the enzyme islocated on the basolateral aspect of tubule cells, and has a significant role in the activetranslocation of K and Na across the membrane. Further, the enzyme has an active role in thesecondary active transport of other solutes as well. The activity of this enzyme in the renalsystem changes in parallel with changes in the transport of K and Na, implying that the enzymehas a role in the chronic adaptation of the renal system to altered Na reabsorption or K secretoryload. The concentrations of the Na-K pump sites and metabolic energy is integral to thedetermination of the capacity of transcellular transport. The direction and nature of the solutetransport in different segments are dependent on the membrane conductances and Na+-coupledcarriers. It is to be noted that the Na-K pump supplies a strong driving force to ensuresignificantly different active transport processes in different nephron segments. The notedvariation in the processes of transport does not exist in within the pump as such. It is noteworthythat the function of the pump is similar in the different segments of the nephron for maintainingelectrochemical gradients for Na (Xie et al., 2015).
2RENAL PHYSIOLOGY2.The different mechanisms that are responsible for maintaining appropriate blood pressurein the human body can be classified into short-term mechanisms (baroreceptor reflexes),intermediate-term mechanisms (stress-relaxation and capillary fluid shift mechanism) and long-term mechanisms (pressure diuresis/natriuresis and Tenin-angiotensin mechanism).Baroreceptor reflex is supposed to prevent erratic fluctuations noticed in blood pressure.In case of rapid change in blood pressure, the baroreceptor reflex is responsible for bringingabout a negative feedback that corrects the initial change in the blood pressure. In case there isno reflex, there would be wild fluctuations in the blood pressure at the time of postural changesor emotional changes. The baroreceptor reflex cannot function if the change in the bloodpressure is sustained and gradual. This is due to the fact that baroreceptor resetting occurs,adjusting itself to the resting blood pressure. The reset reflex then attempts to maintain bloodpressure at the new resting pressure. Due to such resetting the reflex is not useful for the longterm regulation. The capillary fluid shift mechanism is supposed to regulate the blood pressurethrough filtering of more fluid into the interstitial spaces in case of rise in blood pressure. On aconverse manner, in case the blood pressure falls, the fluid moves into the capillaries. The stress-relaxation mechanism relies on the plasticity of smooth muscle in the vascular system. In case ofslow increase in blood pressure, the arteriolar smooth muscle leads to dilation of the vessels. Theresult is the fall in blood pressure. In case of increase of blood pressure, it is noticed that there is an increased output of saltand water in the urine. The reduction in the body fluid is known to restore the blood pressure tonormal. The sympathetic discharge activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism. The sympathetic
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