The impact of cognitive and social development in children age between 2-5 years

Case Study

Topic: Drawing a relevant nursing, midwiferies and social science literature.
Cognitive development refers to the study of psychology development of children. On
the other hand, social development is based on the emotional development (Adane, Mishra and
Tooth, 2016). It is essential for nurses and midwiferies to consider the impact of cognitive and
social development in child age between 2-5 years. The present essay is based on the case study
of 3 years Jack who is unable to express their feeling through language. This essay is consist of
two development stage approaches such as Piaget and Erikson, it helps in developing
understanding of nurser and midwiferies for handling children effectively.
2. Describing examples of cognitive development
Cognitive development refers to study of psychology and neuroscience. In this process
growth of child is monitored based on several factors such as information processing time,
language learning and understanding skill and other factors (Bavelier, Green and Seidenberg,
2013). Some examples of cognitive development are like increasing memory, thinking and
understanding skills, analysis, etc. On the basis of these comparison growth of individual is
analysed. In the present scenario, a 3 years child Jack is not able to master the toilet skills. On the
other hand children of their age group had acquired that ability. While discussing Jack's issue
with nurse, his mother come to know that with the help of informal environment Jack can get
trained in language development and speaking.
On the basis of Piaget cognitive development theory it is identified that there are series
of stages are considered for development of the child. This research is mainly focused on the
development of the children based on their learning and development rate (Bockting and
Coleman 2016). Following are the four stages:
 sensorimotor (0 to 2 years)
 pre operational (2 to 7 years)
 concrete operational (7 to 12 years)
 formal operational (12 onwards)
In the given case study age of Jack is between 2 to 7 years (Calero and et.al., 2015). Therefore,
for measuring their growth language and mental considered. It refers that physical development
of Jack is influenced by the external environment due to which his learning and thinking
affected.
3. Describing examples of social development
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Social development includes ways through which interaction of child in society and
groups take place and the type of norms that facilitates such interactions. Through social aspect,
development is possible for example, when child is able to overcome the fear that he/she has for
interacting with others (Friesen and et.al., Besley 2013). Further, by growing awareness for
social values and expectations, child is able to sense of social roles and who they are.
In accordance with the case, there are issues faced by Jack in which he has not developed
speech which is troubling his mother as other children’s of same age have mastered this skill.
There are certain set of skills that individuals develop, some may learn it quickly and some may
take time. As per The child and family health nurse, assures that Jack will be able to develop the
skill in his own time.
As per Erikson’s psychosocial theory, it focuses on development that impact on external
factors. It covers from childhood to adulthood (Hunter, O’Hara and Logan,2017). There are eight
stages through which every person pass through.
As per the case, Jack is in second stage. This is the stage were support of highly
important as child develops self-esteem and autonomy. Child may feel shame or low esteem
when they are not able to learn any type of skill. The third stage can also be considered and that
is Preschooler. The child desires to copy adults, mainly parents (Newman and Newman 2017). It
is important that proper care should be taken by parents so that Jack does not feel low esteem and
with time the issue faced can be solved effectively.
4 Factors that influence social and cognitive development
Cognitive Development: The factors that influence cognitive development in infants are
environmental stress, nutrition, genetics and stimuli (Poelker and et.al., 2016). For example, as
per scenario Jack wasn't able to master the toilet skill while other children of his age had
acquired that ability efficiently. It implies that Jack suffered with environmental stress due to
poor housing and parenting. Environmental enrichment can strongly affect a child's cognitive
development. Parents who communicate with their child frequently, tend to develop vocabulary
skills and speaking skills, For example, Jack was unable to speak efficiently because his mother
could not find enough time to communicate with Jack. Thus, parents who want to develop their
children's intellectual capacities should provide them with various toys and stimulus that aid in
increase children understanding and assist in cognitive development (Votruba-Drzal and et.al.,
2013).
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