Impact of Bicycles on Urban Planning

This assignment examines the significant role bicycles play in shaping modern urban planning. It delves into various aspects such as bicycle-related laws and regulations, the impact of cycling infrastructure on urban design, and the influence of bicycles on public health and the environment. The analysis draws upon research studies and real-world examples to illustrate the multifaceted relationship between bicycles and sustainable urban development.

Running head: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Public Administration
Name of the student
University name
Author’s note

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Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................1
Aim..................................................................................................................................................2
Objectives........................................................................................................................................2
Research questions...........................................................................................................................2
Literature review:.........................................................................................................................2
Analysis of the current situation......................................................................................................2
Background......................................................................................................................................4
Problem situations...........................................................................................................................4
Reviewing jurisdictional policies....................................................................................................5
Risk assessment...............................................................................................................................7
Gaps in government’s policy framework........................................................................................8
Financial considerations..................................................................................................................8
Gaps in government policies......................................................................................................10
Optional analysis........................................................................................................................10
Policy recommendation..............................................................................................................11
References..................................................................................................................................13
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................15
Appendix....................................................................................................................................20
BICYCLE LAWS IN NOVA SCOTIA.........................................................................................20

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Introduction
It is a research project which discusses the collaboration between the Dalhousie
University and the Halifax regional municipality for incorporation of protected bike lanes along
the north and south sides of University Avenue from Robie Street to Le Merchant Street. The
goal of the initiative is to incorporate active transportation within the community.
Aim
To promote and make bicycle riding same across Halifax
Objectives
“Testing best practices in cycling infrastructure, enhance the safety standards of a separate bike
lane and to encourage people from all age group to ride cycles”
Research questions
 What are the best practices in cycling infrastructure?
 What measures could be taken to enhance the safety standards of separate bicycle lanes?
 How could people from all age groups be encouraged to ride cycles?
Literature review:
Current situation analysis
The outcomes enlisted in full details can help in the clarification of the objectives. In the
past, such similar ideas had been implemented by Holland and have received huge success.

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Therefore, the ideas had been taken up as a model for implementation of similar infrastructure
within the country. The implementation of the bicycle lanes would help in reducing the pressure
on non-renewable resources such as petrol, diesel (Damant-Sirois & El-Geneidy, 2015).
Additionally, such initiatives have been profoundly favoured by the environmentalist or health
activist in general. However, every new plan has its share of loopholes; nevertheless the same
had been found with the implementation of the bicycle lanes.
However, a complexity which has been faced with the current situation is the
development of bicycle lanes only four blocks long. The cabinet has earlier mentioned that the
narrow lanes are there for accommodating sufficient parking space for the bigger vehicles. This
accounts for the problem of overcrowding and unnecessary cramping. The problem is
specifically perceptive during the working hours, where the roads are filled with too many cycles
moving down the same pavement leading to a collision and unnecessary accidents (Krenn, Oja &
Titze, 2014). In this regard, another shortcoming is observed right at the intersection between
two lanes. The billboards are ending almost 15 minutes before the next intersection point
appears, increases the risk for accidents at the sharp turnings and accounts for the majority of the
accidental cases (Aristigueta et al., 2015). Additionally, owing to the rampant snowing during
the winter season there could be a risk of bicycle skits and falls. Therefore, sufficient
government plans need to be in place for accommodating any such mew implementation
strategies.
The current study aims to evaluate the different possible options which need to be
weighed for the successful implementation of the bicycle lanes. In this regard, sufficient support
is required from the federal and local level governments. The policy board in this regard has
conducted sufficient research for eliminating the risks of falling by planting billboard throughout

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the lengths of the roads. This could help in reducing the risk of collision at the sudden
intermittent turns. In this regard, an online survey could be in initiated for collecting a majority
review regarding the pros and cons of the implementation method. The data collected could be
drafted into a report and the same could be forwarded to the regional council who will further
decide upon the implementation patterns and timing. In this regard, lack of evidence-based
planning and sufficient fund allocations on the part of the government have stalled the project
success.
Background
In order to achieve the successful implementation of the pilot project a number of issues
are encountered which hinders further growth and success. The barriers are faced across a
number of channels such as getting sufficient support from the local and federal governments
along with different stakeholders. From planning to the implementation of the project through
support is required from major stakeholders. As commented by Riarh & Roy (2014), on time
approval and sufficient funding from the government agencies can help in meeting the project
requirements. In this respect, the media can play an effective role by inviting sufficient
expression of interest from the government and the parallel public works department. The media
investigations can give further support to the project by educating people about the benefits
contributed by implementation of the project and also help in highlighting the loopholes
(Aristigueta et al., 2015). One of the major assessments which need to be conducted in this
regard is analysis of the risk factors which has a potential of hampering the success rates of the
pilot project.

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Problem Situations
The overcrowding of the cycles in the narrow pavements of Halifax has led to an overall
increase in the permitted noise levels. The constant distraction from increased level of noises can
have profound consequences on the health of people (Lanzendorf & Busch-Geertsema, 2014).
This has been particularly observed in case old age people especially the ones suffering from
cardiovascular symptoms. Though cycling is one of the most eco –friendly transportation
methods, however, there are loopholes pertaining to the safety standards. As per the annual
reports submitted to the cabinet of Halifax at least, 10 fatalities take place per hours over the
roads of the Nova Scotia region. According to the ministry of road transport and highway Data
2016 report, collisions due to inadequate bicycle lanterns make up to utmost 26.3 percent of the
fatalities (Lusk et al., 2013). As per the statement of mandate submitted by the Government of
Nova Scotia road safety department is partnering with various national and international
engineering companies to make the roads safer and enjoyable for the cyclists and the public in
general.
The implementation of unidirectional on-road bicycle lanes adjacent to the vehicular
traffic lane can help in addressing the cramping issue of the Halifax roads (Lydon et al., 2015).
Additionally, advanced bicycle boxes could be provided which helps in placing the bicycles at
the front of the queue. This provides a clear vision to the motorist about the positioning of the
bicycles and consecutively reduces the chances of accidents.
In Australia, separate bicycle and shared paths are maintained where the bicycles are run
beside the main road in dedicated bicycle paths. Here, at least three-aspect bicycle lanterns are
used to control the traffic (Wang, Akar & Guldmann, 2015). Additionally, stop line detectors

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are incorporated for ensuring that the bicycles have to wait longer for the traffic signal sequence
before reaching the bicycle phase.
Reviewing jurisdictional policies
In this respect, a jurisdictional review helps in the further planning of the infrastructure
with respect to the loopholes or barriers which might affect the due course for pilot project
implementation. In the current assignment initiative for the establishment of bicycle lanes within
the Halifax province of the Nova Scotia region of Canada had been taken into attribute.
However, a number of hindrances are faced in the implementation of the current plan. As
commented by Nielson (2015), the government is not able to provide sufficient space for the
accommodation of the bigger vehicles along with making space for smaller vehicles such as
bicycles. In this respect, a number of issues are faced due to the lanes being narrow. This results
in collision between vehicles and perpetuates into a large number of accidents annually.
In its annual review, the Halifax local municipality submitted the reports focussing upon
the importance of wide intersections for the bicycle lanes. As commented by Macmillan et al.,
(2014), the incorporation of wide intersections can prevent the head-on collisions at the sharp
turns. However, the annual reports submitted by Halifax and the Toronto public works
department shave emphasized upon the clearing of the bicycle lanes of the snow accumulated
during the winter months on major priority basis. As per the report submitted around 20,000
riders have been found riding across the wide bicycle lanes of the Toronto city on per day basis.
Therefore, one of the major challenges placed in front of the government is to make the ride safer
for the cyclists. Some of the major roads identified across the Toronto city are – Harbord, college
Shaw and St. George. The pilot project was estimated to cost between $250, 000 and $300, 000

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for the winter (Xao et al., 2015). The jurisdictional review also aimed to inform more and more
people about the cleaning prospects, so that they could cooperate in the process of cleaning and
avoid these roads during the process (Wall et al., 2016). As commented by Lefebvre, Vasquez &
Laugier (2014), cascading the important information through billboards running throughout the
length of the roads could help control the rate of accidents. The data submitted as per the annual
governmental review would cost $650, 000 in the Halifax region itself (Veeriah, Zhuang & Qi,
2015).
Risk assessment
In this respect, a number of realistic options had to be taken into consideration, which
could have profound effect on pilot project implementation. Some of the factors could be
enlisted over here such as the timing of the planning of the project, fiancés available, adequate
support from the government. One of the major risks for bicycle lane implementation is the
safety standards associated with the same. There are risk factors pertaining to the blocking of the
roads due to the winter snow. The risk of traffic collisions due to inadequate implementation of
specific bicycle lanterns could be a contributing factor (Diani & Kousis, 2014). In this respect,
the government needs to be sufficiently employed with the efforts for mitigation of the several
risk factors which may emerge in the process of the pilot project implementation.
In this respect, collaborative efforts are needed from state governments and local
municipality for the implementation of the safety standards. Additionally, the traffic signals need
to be managed well. The parallel running of the bicycle lanes beside the heavy vehicular lanes
often results in the mismanagement of traffic due to missing signals at the intersection points

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(Lydon et al., 2015). This results in a huge number of casualties claiming a large number of lives
annually.
The incorporation of the project was, by and large, an initiative on the part of the government to
contribute towards a sustainable environment alongside promoting global health. As commented
by Woodcock et al., (2014), cycling activities have been seen to reduce the occurrence of
cardiovascular illnesses among people. The promotion of cycling activities helps in the reduction
of harmful emission and also reduces the pressure on non-renewable resources such as petrol,
diesel among the few. In this respect, for the analysis of the risk factor in the implementation of
the bicycle lanes a risk assessment was conducted.
The risk issues were identified as winter snow and collision with heavy vehicles on the
adjacent roads. Therefore, for coming up with the issues implementation of wider intersections
were needed along with specific bicycle lanterns. The maintenance of specific lanterns helps in
diverting the heavy traffic from the narrow lanes. This further prevents collision among the
adjacent bicycles riding in the same lane. Another risk factor which could be highlighted was the
accumulation of winter snow. Therefore, the government also needs to mitigate the snow
clearing activities on a regular basis.
Gaps in government’s policy framework
A number of factors need to be taken into consideration for successful implementation of
the bicycle lanes, which includes the timing of the establishment of the project. During the
winter months, another issue that is faced is the accumulation of winter snow. In this respect,
sufficient support and participation from the government are required in terms of infrastructure
and finances. It is required to focus on the outcomes of the possible intervention methods. Some

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of these are implementation of wider intersections for the prevention of accidents at the sharp
turning points. As per reports and estimates road maintenance and implementation of safety
networks adds up to 55 million annually and needs sufficient financial support from the
government("Consultation | Government of Nova Scotia", 2017). Thus, the proposal needs
positive and sufficient approval from the government. Thus, full plans and detailed reports have
to be submitted to the government outlining the cost and benefits of the intervention methods.
Financial considerations
The establishment of additional parking stations was placed in order to accommodate the
epidemic of bicycles over other public transports. The adjustments were also done to promote
bicycle riding as one of the best health practices and options. A Midland avenue multi-use trail
was also supposed to be built worth $4,500,000 ("Consultation | Government of Nova Scotia",
2017). This would help in controlling the additional traffic in the streets and maintain a balance
between bicycle tracks and heavy vehicular tracks.
For the successful implementation of the pilot project, additional capital funding is
required. The capital funds are provided by both lenders and equity holders for a business. In
this respect, the federal government is both the lender and the equity holders in the business.
Thus, the government needs to divide the plan into immediate and foreseeable actions. Active
transportation programs (ATP) are initiatives undertaken by the California state legislative
assembly and federal government, which contribute a significant part of the state funding
towards separate walking and bicycling lanes. In this respect, $120 million is spent per year on
the bicycle lanes which represents one percent of the state's annual transportation budget
(Fishman, Washington & Haworth, 2013).

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For the successful implementation of a project, a wide consultation network needs to be
set up where a joint agreement is signed with more than one concerned department. In this
respect, the planning and implementation of wider intersections across the bicycle lanes call for
sufficient prevention measures to be undertaken for not destroying or hampering the water pipes
laid down below. In winter months the settlement of the accumulated ice from the adjacent or
elevated bicycle lanes can lead to conditions of water logging in the low lying areas. Therefore,
permission needs to be undertaken from the Nova Scotia regional water commission.
Gaps in government policies
The involvement of the federal government is important for the purpose of reinforcement
of the law along with meeting with the infrastructural and funding requirements. As commented
by Rowe et al., (2013), the urban grids should accommodate more varied forms of transportation.
The federal congress has stressed upon the requirements for integration of bicycle lanes in all
new road projects. Despite a number of initiatives taken by the government, the development of
bike lanes has often been challenged due to lack of validation (Diani & Kousis, 2014). The
integration of the bicycle lanes within the existing infrastructure has been challenged as a
violation of the Fifth Amendment’s takings clause.
In this respect, consultation with the intergovernmental departments plays a crucial role
in getting some of the important sanctions done. For the present context, the state water
commission also needs to be consulted for the establishment of the wider intersections. Thus, for
clearing of the snow, the roads could be provided with upgraded water outlets for draining off
the excess water. In this respect, sufficient amount of consultation needs to be done with
different stakeholders such as the federal and state level governments along with various

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intergovernmental departments where full draft plan detailing the cost and infrastructure needs to
be submitted to them.
Optional analysis
The bicycle lanes contribute to keeping the population active and healthy and should be
taken up by the government on a compulsory basis. However, a number of challenges are faced
owing to space deficits, inadequate policing and timing constraints. The implementation of the
narrow bicycle lanes has recently resulted in larger number of accidents within the Halifax
region. Additionally, the accumulation of the winter snow could also result in inadvertent
accidents leading to injuries of the bicycle riders.
However, the implementation of the project may face a number of hindrances from the
owners and merchandise of four wheelers. The idea of encouraging more number of bicycles on
the road compared to the big vehicles can have strong influence upon the marketing and business
gimmicks of giant four wheeler merchandises (Mitra et al., 2017). However, one of the main
problem situation faced by Halifax is the overcrowding of the pavements, leaving little or no
space for walking or free movements. The lanes are rather narrow leading to crammed situations
from the running of so many bicycles.
Policy recommendation
Though several attempts had been taken earlier by the Dalhousie University and local
municipalities to discuss the matter. However, due to lack of time and funds sufficient research
could not be done regarding the alternate options.
The problem which had been encountered within the Halifax province is the billboards
are not placed throughout the length of the road (Martin et al., 2016). Therefore, the sudden

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sharp runs may cause injuries to people. This calls for implementation of strict traffic control
measures where emphasis had been placed upon separate bicycle lanterns. Therefore, the entire
pilot project calls for greater amount of funds to be vested along with proper collaboration
between a number of government department and channels. In this respect, the goal of the
project was to achieve the sustainable objectives and also ensure that the safety of the riders is
maintained. However, for achieving optimal level of success further research and analysis is
required. The lack of time, funds and sufficient support from the concerned channels have
limited the scope of our research. Thus, any further study and investigation would be most
welcome in finding out further research loopholes and gaps.

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References
Damant-Sirois, G., & El-Geneidy, A. M. (2015). Who cycles more? Determining cycling
frequency through a segmentation approach in Montreal, Canada. Transportation
Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 77, 113-125.
Fishman, E., Washington, S., Haworth, N., & Watson, A. (2015). Factors influencing bike share
membership: An analysis of Melbourne and Brisbane. Transportation research part A:
policy and practice, 71, 17-30.
Krenn, P. J., Oja, P., & Titze, S. (2014). Route choices of transport bicyclists: a comparison of
actually used and shortest routes. International journal of behavioural nutrition and
physical activity, 11(1), 31.
Lusk, A. C., Morency, P., Miranda-Moreno, L. F., Willett, W. C., & Dennerlein, J. T. (2013).
Bicycle guidelines and crash rates on cycle tracks in the United States. American journal
of public health, 103(7), 1240-1248.
Lydon, M., Woolley, J., Small, M., Harrison, J., Bailey, T., & Searson, D. (2015). Review of the
national road safety strategy(No. AP-R477/15). Report No AP-R477-15. Sydney:
Austroads.
Macmillan, A., Connor, J., Witten, K., Kearns, R., Rees, D., & Woodward, A. (2014). The
societal costs and benefits of commuter bicycling: simulating the effects of specific
policies using system dynamics modeling. Environmental health perspectives, 122(4),
335.

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Martin, E., Cohen, A., Botha, J. L., & Shaheen, S. (2016). Bikesharing and Bicycle Safety,
pp.15-25.
Nielson, C. (2015). Engineering interim design and tactical urbanism: From cost-effective, quick
improvements to powerful public outreach tools. Institute of Transportation Engineers.
ITE Journal, 85(4), 18.
Veeriah, V., Zhuang, N., & Qi, G. J. (2015). Differential recurrent neural networks for action
recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer
Vision (pp. 4041-4049).
Wang, C. H., Akar, G., & Guldmann, J. M. (2015). Do your neighbors affect your bicycling
choice? A spatial probit model for bicycling to The Ohio State University. Journal of
transport geography, 42, 122-130.
Woodcock, J., Tainio, M., Cheshire, J., O’Brien, O., & Goodman, A. (2014). Health effects of
the London bicycle sharing system: health impact modelling study. Bmj, 348, g425.
Xia, T., Nitschke, M., Zhang, Y., Shah, P., Crabb, S., & Hansen, A. (2015). Traffic-related air
pollution and health co-benefits of alternative transport in Adelaide, South
Australia. Environment international, 74, 281-290.
Zhao, P. (2014). The impact of the built environment on bicycle commuting: Evidence from
Beijing. Urban Studies, 51(5), 1019-1037.

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Appendix
BICYCLE LAWS IN NOVA SCOTIA
Bicycles must follow the same rules as other vehicles with the addition of the following:
 Helmets are required to be worn and properly secured.
 Lights or reflectors are required on the bicycle.

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