Managing Side Effects in Cancer Patients: A Holistic Approach
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This assignment content discusses various aspects related to cancer treatment. It highlights the importance of reducing physical and psychological effects associated with cancer treatment, such as anemia, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. The role of primary family caregivers is also emphasized in this context. Additionally, the article touches upon the diagnosis and staging of cancer, including screening tests, lab tests, and procedures like biopsy. Finally, it concludes that there are significant methods to reduce physical and psychological effects associated with cancer treatment.
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Assignment 1
Name:
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Introduction
The symptoms for cancer need to be closely examined to determine cancer. The doctor can well
guide and tell based on the symptoms and signs in case the same are being associated to cancer.
The crucial diagnosis and staging can aid in learning while giving the understanding linked to the
complications that can arise for patients undergoing cancer treatment (Mottet, N. et al., 2017, pp.
620; Navani, N. et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). There are various methods that can aid
in the reduction of physical and psychological effects being linked to cancer. The significance
lies in the comprehension of treatment and the side effects too.
Diagnosis & Staging of Cancer
The cause for cancer is attributed to various symptoms. It can also be the case that the symptoms
are not a result of cancer, rather other benign tumors that can form the cause. The diagnosis for
cancer is based on the screening tests that are conducted. There would be certain symptoms that
are indicative of cancer too.
The lab tests, procedures and tests done can point out towards the diagnosis. It’s crucial to
consider the lab tests pertain to body fluids, urine and blood. The same is helpful for the doctors
to well diagnose. Based on the various lab tests and imaging procedures encompassing the CT
scan, Ultrasound, MRI and Nuclear scan, the diagnosis can be done for cancer (Mottet, N. et al.,
2017, pp. 620; Navani, N. et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). The various imaging
procedures can be helpful. Basis the CT scan, the detailed images pertaining to the body are
taken and highlighting the areas in the body can be well done with the use of dye.
The symptoms for cancer need to be closely examined to determine cancer. The doctor can well
guide and tell based on the symptoms and signs in case the same are being associated to cancer.
The crucial diagnosis and staging can aid in learning while giving the understanding linked to the
complications that can arise for patients undergoing cancer treatment (Mottet, N. et al., 2017, pp.
620; Navani, N. et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). There are various methods that can aid
in the reduction of physical and psychological effects being linked to cancer. The significance
lies in the comprehension of treatment and the side effects too.
Diagnosis & Staging of Cancer
The cause for cancer is attributed to various symptoms. It can also be the case that the symptoms
are not a result of cancer, rather other benign tumors that can form the cause. The diagnosis for
cancer is based on the screening tests that are conducted. There would be certain symptoms that
are indicative of cancer too.
The lab tests, procedures and tests done can point out towards the diagnosis. It’s crucial to
consider the lab tests pertain to body fluids, urine and blood. The same is helpful for the doctors
to well diagnose. Based on the various lab tests and imaging procedures encompassing the CT
scan, Ultrasound, MRI and Nuclear scan, the diagnosis can be done for cancer (Mottet, N. et al.,
2017, pp. 620; Navani, N. et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). The various imaging
procedures can be helpful. Basis the CT scan, the detailed images pertaining to the body are
taken and highlighting the areas in the body can be well done with the use of dye.
The PET scan also aids in the diagnosis for cancer. The machine assists in the 3-dimensional
pictures which clearly show the tracer collects being in the body. The functioning of the organs
and tissues and the manner they are functioning can be well determined with the PET scan
(Mottet, N. et al., 2017, pp. 620; Navani, N. et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). The
biopsy is helpful in diagnosis too. The procedure involves the removal of sample of tissue.
A pathologist is able to determine the presence of cancerous cells in the tissue through a
microscopic view of the same. The biopsy can be performed through the needle or with the help
of surgery or endoscopy being conducted.
Staging is a manner in which the size of cancer or to the extent it has spread can be well
determined. In the diagnosis with the screening procedures or through the aids of biopsy
conducted, doctors are able to determine the spread (Mottet, N. et al., 2017, pp. 620; Navani, N.
et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). The system of TNM tends to be effective in the
analysis.
While the abbreviation denotes Tumour, Node and Metastasis, the staging number from 1-4 are
indicative in cancer. The stage one signifies the extent to a smaller region and relatively smaller
size. The stage two is bigger in size and extent as compared to stage one (Mottet, N. et al., 2017,
pp. 620; Navani, N. et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). The stage two also remarks that
the cancer cells have been spread into the various lymph nodes which are closer to tumor.
A larger size is denoted from the stage three and this is when the spread takes place in the
adjoining tissue (Mottet, N. et al., 2017, pp. 620; Navani, N. et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al.,
2014). The last stage or stage four does indicate that another body organ has been impacted due
to cancer and the stage is also remarked as metastatic cancer or being secondary in nature.
pictures which clearly show the tracer collects being in the body. The functioning of the organs
and tissues and the manner they are functioning can be well determined with the PET scan
(Mottet, N. et al., 2017, pp. 620; Navani, N. et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). The
biopsy is helpful in diagnosis too. The procedure involves the removal of sample of tissue.
A pathologist is able to determine the presence of cancerous cells in the tissue through a
microscopic view of the same. The biopsy can be performed through the needle or with the help
of surgery or endoscopy being conducted.
Staging is a manner in which the size of cancer or to the extent it has spread can be well
determined. In the diagnosis with the screening procedures or through the aids of biopsy
conducted, doctors are able to determine the spread (Mottet, N. et al., 2017, pp. 620; Navani, N.
et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). The system of TNM tends to be effective in the
analysis.
While the abbreviation denotes Tumour, Node and Metastasis, the staging number from 1-4 are
indicative in cancer. The stage one signifies the extent to a smaller region and relatively smaller
size. The stage two is bigger in size and extent as compared to stage one (Mottet, N. et al., 2017,
pp. 620; Navani, N. et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). The stage two also remarks that
the cancer cells have been spread into the various lymph nodes which are closer to tumor.
A larger size is denoted from the stage three and this is when the spread takes place in the
adjoining tissue (Mottet, N. et al., 2017, pp. 620; Navani, N. et al., 2015; Heidenreich, A. et al.,
2014). The last stage or stage four does indicate that another body organ has been impacted due
to cancer and the stage is also remarked as metastatic cancer or being secondary in nature.
Complication in Cancer
There are various complications that can arise in cancer. The significant second neoplasm can
take place amongst patients. The abnormal growth in the tissue tends to be complicated (Gong,
E. J. et al., 2016; Chung, C. S. et al., 2016; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014; Guérin, A. et al., 2014).
This class of cancerous tumor can be offshoot from a primary form of tumor or a tumor that is
unrelated and tends to increase the frequency with the linked treatment of chemotherapies and
radiotherapies.
The PTSD or post traumatic stress disorder is a significant complication witnessed amongst
cancer patients. The clinical interviews and the researches well support that the stress worsens
with the initial diagnosis (Gong, E. J. et al., 2016; Chung, C. S. et al., 2016; Heidenreich, A. et
al., 2014; Guérin, A. et al., 2014). The weakened immune system is a result of chemotherapy and
other treatments being carried out. This leads to rise in the infection and can lead to sepsis too.
Side Effects of Treatment
The side effects being the problems associated with the treatment of cancer are associated to
anemia condition that results in shortening of breath amongst patients and feeling lightheaded
(Savard, J. et al., 2015; Miller, K. D. et al., 2016; Ahmadzadehfar, H. et al., 2015; Gong, E. J. et
al., 2016; Chung, C. S. et al., 2016).
The fatigue and tiredness tends to increase too in case of cancer patients undergoing treatments.
The loss of appetite is also associated as a significant effect based on the treatment that takes
There are various complications that can arise in cancer. The significant second neoplasm can
take place amongst patients. The abnormal growth in the tissue tends to be complicated (Gong,
E. J. et al., 2016; Chung, C. S. et al., 2016; Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014; Guérin, A. et al., 2014).
This class of cancerous tumor can be offshoot from a primary form of tumor or a tumor that is
unrelated and tends to increase the frequency with the linked treatment of chemotherapies and
radiotherapies.
The PTSD or post traumatic stress disorder is a significant complication witnessed amongst
cancer patients. The clinical interviews and the researches well support that the stress worsens
with the initial diagnosis (Gong, E. J. et al., 2016; Chung, C. S. et al., 2016; Heidenreich, A. et
al., 2014; Guérin, A. et al., 2014). The weakened immune system is a result of chemotherapy and
other treatments being carried out. This leads to rise in the infection and can lead to sepsis too.
Side Effects of Treatment
The side effects being the problems associated with the treatment of cancer are associated to
anemia condition that results in shortening of breath amongst patients and feeling lightheaded
(Savard, J. et al., 2015; Miller, K. D. et al., 2016; Ahmadzadehfar, H. et al., 2015; Gong, E. J. et
al., 2016; Chung, C. S. et al., 2016).
The fatigue and tiredness tends to increase too in case of cancer patients undergoing treatments.
The loss of appetite is also associated as a significant effect based on the treatment that takes
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place in case of cancer. It is difficult to eat and swallowing is also difficult for the patients
(Savard, J. et al., 2015; Miller, K. D. et al., 2016; Ahmadzadehfar, H. et al., 2015; Gong, E. J. et
al., 2016; Chung, C. S. et al., 2016). As a side effect of nausea and vomiting condition, which is
difficult to subdue, the loss in appetite enhances the weakness in body.
Methods To Lessen Physical and Psychological Effects
It is crucial that the physical effects based on the cancer treatments are being reduced amongst
the patients suffering from cancer (Savard, J. et al., 2015; Miller, K. D. et al., 2016;
Ahmadzadehfar, H. et al., 2015; Gong, E. J. et al., 2016; Chung, C. S. et al., 2016). It is essential
that the side effects in case of cancer case to case is being well determined by the practitioner
and nurses to aid in reducing the effect (Mottet, N. et al., 2017, pp. 620; Navani, N. et al., 2015;
Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). The primary family caregivers play a significant role too in
reducing the physical and psychological effects. With the consideration of alternative medicine
too, the psychological effects can be considerably reduced.
Conclusion
There are significant methods which can aid in the reduction of physical and psychological
effects being associated to cancer. The diagnosis for cancer lies on the screening tests which are
being conducted. With respect to the symptoms that are indicative of cancer, the lab tests along
with procedures and tests done can indicate towards the diagnosis. It’s important to consider the
lab tests related to body fluids, urine and blood. Staging is considered to be an effective way in
(Savard, J. et al., 2015; Miller, K. D. et al., 2016; Ahmadzadehfar, H. et al., 2015; Gong, E. J. et
al., 2016; Chung, C. S. et al., 2016). As a side effect of nausea and vomiting condition, which is
difficult to subdue, the loss in appetite enhances the weakness in body.
Methods To Lessen Physical and Psychological Effects
It is crucial that the physical effects based on the cancer treatments are being reduced amongst
the patients suffering from cancer (Savard, J. et al., 2015; Miller, K. D. et al., 2016;
Ahmadzadehfar, H. et al., 2015; Gong, E. J. et al., 2016; Chung, C. S. et al., 2016). It is essential
that the side effects in case of cancer case to case is being well determined by the practitioner
and nurses to aid in reducing the effect (Mottet, N. et al., 2017, pp. 620; Navani, N. et al., 2015;
Heidenreich, A. et al., 2014). The primary family caregivers play a significant role too in
reducing the physical and psychological effects. With the consideration of alternative medicine
too, the psychological effects can be considerably reduced.
Conclusion
There are significant methods which can aid in the reduction of physical and psychological
effects being associated to cancer. The diagnosis for cancer lies on the screening tests which are
being conducted. With respect to the symptoms that are indicative of cancer, the lab tests along
with procedures and tests done can indicate towards the diagnosis. It’s important to consider the
lab tests related to body fluids, urine and blood. Staging is considered to be an effective way in
which the size of cancer and to the extent it has spread can be known. With the screening
procedures and the biopsy conducted, doctors can determine the spread. The abnormal growth in
the tissue can create complications. This class of cancerous tumor is the offshoot from a primary
form of tumor. It can also be the tumor that is unrelated. This does tend to enhance the frequency
with the linked treatment of chemotherapies and radiotherapies. The role of primary family
caregivers aids in reducing the physical and psychological effects.
procedures and the biopsy conducted, doctors can determine the spread. The abnormal growth in
the tissue can create complications. This class of cancerous tumor is the offshoot from a primary
form of tumor. It can also be the tumor that is unrelated. This does tend to enhance the frequency
with the linked treatment of chemotherapies and radiotherapies. The role of primary family
caregivers aids in reducing the physical and psychological effects.
References
Ahmadzadehfar, H., Rahbar, K., Kürpig, S., Bögemann, M., Claesener, M., Eppard, E., ... &
Essler, M. (2015). Early side effects and first results of radioligand therapy with 177 Lu-DKFZ-
617 PSMA of castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer: a two-centre study. EJNMMI
research, 5(1), 36.
Chung, C. S., Lo, W. C., Lee, Y. C., Wu, M. S., Wang, H. P., & Liao, L. J. (2016). Image‐
enhanced endoscopy for detection of second primary neoplasm in patients with esophageal and
head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Head & neck, 38(S1), E2343-
E2349.
Gong, E. J., Kim, D. H., Ahn, J. Y., Choi, K. S., Jung, K. W., Lee, J. H., ... & Kim, J. H. (2016).
Routine endoscopic screening for synchronous esophageal neoplasm in patients with head and
neck squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective study. Diseases of the Esophagus, 29(7), 752-759.
Guérin, A., Mody, R., Fok, B., Lasch, K. L., Zhou, Z., Wu, E. Q., ... & Talley, N. J. (2014). Risk
of developing colorectal cancer and benign colorectal neoplasm in patients with chronic
constipation. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 40(1), 83-92.
Heidenreich, A., Bastian, P. J., Bellmunt, J., Bolla, M., Joniau, S., van der Kwast, T., ... &
Mottet, N. (2014). EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local
treatment with curative intent—update 2013. European urology, 65(1), 124-137.
Miller, K. D., Siegel, R. L., Lin, C. C., Mariotto, A. B., Kramer, J. L., Rowland, J. H., ... &
Jemal, A. (2016). Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016. CA: a cancer journal for
clinicians, 66(4), 271-289.
Mottet, N., Bellmunt, J., Bolla, M., Briers, E., Cumberbatch, M. G., De Santis, M., ... & Lam, T.
B. (2017). EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and
local treatment with curative intent. European urology, 71(4), 618-629.
Ahmadzadehfar, H., Rahbar, K., Kürpig, S., Bögemann, M., Claesener, M., Eppard, E., ... &
Essler, M. (2015). Early side effects and first results of radioligand therapy with 177 Lu-DKFZ-
617 PSMA of castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer: a two-centre study. EJNMMI
research, 5(1), 36.
Chung, C. S., Lo, W. C., Lee, Y. C., Wu, M. S., Wang, H. P., & Liao, L. J. (2016). Image‐
enhanced endoscopy for detection of second primary neoplasm in patients with esophageal and
head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Head & neck, 38(S1), E2343-
E2349.
Gong, E. J., Kim, D. H., Ahn, J. Y., Choi, K. S., Jung, K. W., Lee, J. H., ... & Kim, J. H. (2016).
Routine endoscopic screening for synchronous esophageal neoplasm in patients with head and
neck squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective study. Diseases of the Esophagus, 29(7), 752-759.
Guérin, A., Mody, R., Fok, B., Lasch, K. L., Zhou, Z., Wu, E. Q., ... & Talley, N. J. (2014). Risk
of developing colorectal cancer and benign colorectal neoplasm in patients with chronic
constipation. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 40(1), 83-92.
Heidenreich, A., Bastian, P. J., Bellmunt, J., Bolla, M., Joniau, S., van der Kwast, T., ... &
Mottet, N. (2014). EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local
treatment with curative intent—update 2013. European urology, 65(1), 124-137.
Miller, K. D., Siegel, R. L., Lin, C. C., Mariotto, A. B., Kramer, J. L., Rowland, J. H., ... &
Jemal, A. (2016). Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016. CA: a cancer journal for
clinicians, 66(4), 271-289.
Mottet, N., Bellmunt, J., Bolla, M., Briers, E., Cumberbatch, M. G., De Santis, M., ... & Lam, T.
B. (2017). EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and
local treatment with curative intent. European urology, 71(4), 618-629.
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Navani, N., Nankivell, M., Lawrence, D. R., Lock, S., Makker, H., Baldwin, D. R., ... & Janes, S.
M. (2015). Lung cancer diagnosis and staging with endobronchial ultrasound-guided
transbronchial needle aspiration compared with conventional approaches: an open-label,
pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 3(4), 282-289.
Savard, J., Ivers, H., Savard, M. H., & Morin, C. M. (2015). Cancer treatments and their side
effects are associated with aggravation of insomnia: results of a longitudinal
study. Cancer, 121(10), 1703-1711.
M. (2015). Lung cancer diagnosis and staging with endobronchial ultrasound-guided
transbronchial needle aspiration compared with conventional approaches: an open-label,
pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 3(4), 282-289.
Savard, J., Ivers, H., Savard, M. H., & Morin, C. M. (2015). Cancer treatments and their side
effects are associated with aggravation of insomnia: results of a longitudinal
study. Cancer, 121(10), 1703-1711.
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