Women Education and Empowerment in India

The assignment analyzes the complex issues surrounding women's education in rural India. It delves into the barriers that prevent girls from receiving adequate education, highlighting societal norms and economic constraints. The document further explores the positive effects of education on women's empowerment, including increased economic opportunities and improved health outcomes. Additionally, it examines the role of media in promoting women's literacy and encouraging educational pursuits in rural communities.

Literature Review
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Empowering women through education: raising literacy levels through media in rural India
Links between education and women’s empowerment
Women empowerment is an outline as an increasing and improving of social, political,
economic and legal strengths of women by ensuring enough to claim for their rights. The other factors
includes have complete control of their life at both the workplace and home, to make their own choices
and decisions, get equal opportunity for the education and get equal employment possibilities without
any gender bias etc. Primary education is now a fundamental right where woman is ensured of her
rights in the society at large is assured of its sustainability. India is very popular country which is
known for its culture, traditions, heritages, religion and geographical features from the ancient period.
On the other hand, it is also a male dominant nation. The women are limited to the house chores only
and kept unaware about their rights and education. Women in India are unaware about the knowledge
of basic education. Empowering the women will help in growing the literacy rates as well as bring
many changes in the male dominant society (Arnove, Torres, Franz, 2012). Though the female literacy
rate in the urban areas of India is increasing gradually but in rural India girls continue to be less
educated than boys. Women empowerment will helps them to be equally competent, talented and
intelligent which will encouraged the women to show their talents that will benefit them as well as to
the whole society. It will also lead to more economic benefits and to become independent. Women
empowerment will also leads to reduction in domestic violence and decrease in poverty and this is due
to additional income of women helps the family to overcome with their poverty.
The government had undertaken lots of schemes and literacy programs to spread and encourage
female education (Klein and et. al., 2014). Education plays a significant role in women's life because it
is a basic amenity for the women empowerment. It helps in economic development and prosperity as
well as only education will help the female to get economic empowerment. On the other hand,
UNESCO has argued that the education will only help the women to know their rights and try to tackle
their problems (UNESCO, 2015). In case of any injustice, women can stand for their rights which will
in results reduce their instances of violence and injustice against gender inequalities. Women education
is a pre requisite to alleviate poverty which will help to know their educational rights. The gap between
men and women are severe and which are widening in the rural areas. The literacy facts in rural areas
of females are less as compared to the urban area's women. The literacy rates of female in urban areas
are 79.1% while in rural areas, it is of 57.9%. This is because the illiterate women of rural areas do not
know their rights and not able to speak up against these norms. India's Constitutional Amendment Act,
2002, has taking major step towards the growth of the education, especially for women. According to
this act, primary education is fundamental rights for children between the ages of 6 and 14.
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The government also took the initiatives that the education should be free of cost for those who
can't afford the school fees as well as it is compulsory for all children in this age group. This
undertaking is famously known as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA). After SSA, there come many
schemes which help in fostering the growth of female education. These are created for exclusive
growth of Indian education. Firstly, Mahila Samakhya Programme which was created for the
empowerment of women from rural areas especially socially and economically marginalized groups
(Nair and Vohra, 2011). Secondly, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidhayalaya Scheme (KGBV) which is
providing education to girls at primary level. It is mainly for the underprivileged and rural areas where
literacy level for females is very low. Thirdly, National Programme for Education of Girls at
Elementary Level (NPEGEL) was an incentive scope to the girls who are not able to reach out to the
other schemes. As per the view of “The World Factbook”, the literacy rate of women is lower than men
in which literacy rate for female is 60.6% whereas, males is 81.3% and this percentage rates is
between the individual which aged 15 or older (The World Factbook, 2015).
For example, if women are not educated or they have less education then it might be possible
that they will not treat properly or equally at their workplace. Their promotions will slow down as
compared to others and reasons can be gender related barriers which involves career progression,
unequal pay etc. Women empowerment can be measured through the Gender Empowerment Measure
(GEM) which evaluates women's participation in a given country both economically and politically
(Carson, Chung and Day, 2012). There are still uneducated and poor rural areas' women are financially
dependent on the male family members because they are restricted to the house chores only (Thiel,
2013). However, the female has capabilities as well as hard working towards their work and have the
abilities to remain financially self- dependent. When women are illiterate, this will affect the health and
well-being of their children (O'Dwyer, and Boomsma, 2015). For instance, in one of survey it has been
found that infant mortality is reciprocally related to the mother's educational level. India is a
developing country but its literacy rates are quite low or same as compared to the other developing
countries.
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As per socio- political rights like right to education for women were completely restricted by
the male members of the society (Sperandio, 2010). However, these issues can be tackle through giving
rights to the women and give confidence that they can handle gender inequalities. However,
government has taken the initiatives to provide free education to the girls but in that also some are
unable to take these types of facilities. In contrast to this, the reservation of higher education places had
little impact because of the low level of education (Roberts and Chittooran, 2016). If the literacy rate
of the female will be low then the opportunity for women will be also low. In contrast to this, female
education in the southern states of the India is highly educated as compared to others. But in case of
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Illustration 1: A statistical profile of India Dehati women

rich states like Haryana and Punjab has lower literacy rates as compared to the Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
This is due to the success of the government's initiatives to co-operate with the society and educate the
women without any gender in equalities. Socialization of the girl child in India has a certain norms in
which she has been trapped by the cultures of the patriarchy and hierarchy. Education is the key aspect
for the females which in India is still lagging behind their male counterpart. As per the data, girl drop-
out ratio is increasing because with the extension of in the level of education.
Parents of girls think that investing money in the schooling of girls will not benefit them
because this broadly social in nature and these leads gender differentials (Niswade, 2015). In contrast
to this,in rural areas, there is a problem that school is situated at a long distance and for that the girls
have to travel from place to another for long time. Due to this, parents don't allow their daughter to
travel long distance from one place to another because of their safety. The socio-cultural factors plays
an important role because it influence the parent’s choice due to that they choose the schools where
only girls are admitted or where only women teachers are employed. In rural areas, girls are married at
small age which restricted from the educational facilities and after marriage they look after their
families. On the other hand, families put home chores burden on the girls at very small age through
which they are unable to attend the school. There is no safety measures been taken by the government
so that girls are able to take education despite of free education is available by the government (Kumar,
Basavaraja and Gagendra, 2014). The constitution of India grant the equality to women in the society
just like male but the backward society can't take help from them. Empowering women should be the
crucial motto for the development of the country but India has been unable to reveal that significance.
However, it can be critically assessed that women need to be empowered rather than treated as a
helpless victim of male chauvinism. The nation should provide respect and value to the women and
they should aware of their rights. India needs to take some crucial step to improve women position in
society by getting higher education (The Global Gender Gap Index).
The real meaning of the women empowerment is to make them well educated and leave them
independent by which they will be able to take decisions on their own (Prakash, 2011). Gender
discrimination in the country is bringing cultural, social, educational, economical differences which
will decrease the country's development. In many backward areas, there is a trend of early marriage
and childbirth because of the poverty, insecurity and illiteracy of the parents. In order to empower
women, various steps have been taken by the government to prevent violence, gender discrimination
and abuse against women. Various mass campaign need to be organize in the rural areas which will
make them aware of the values of women and all the facilities which are available by the government.
Women empowerment should take the high speed in India to equalize the women and men. Women
empowerment has the power which can change the society norms and values (Narang, 2011). They are
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fully able to tackle the economic conditions of the family and country through proper education
qualifications. In the recent years, several constitutional and legal rights have been enforced by the
government of India in order to reduced ill practices and gender discrimination against women.
Modern societies are bringing awareness through print and electronic media to reach out to people
which are helping the female literacy in India. This results in the increasing of the various self-help
groups , NGOs etc. which are working in the women direction. In order to bring women empowerment
in the Indian society, it needs to understand and reduce the main cause of the ill practices against
women which are patriarchal and male dominated system of the society (Das and Shah, 2014). It needs
to be open-minded and change the old mind set against women together with the law and other legal
provisions.
Factors by which women excluded from basic education in India
India is taking severe steps towards women's status and education. There are some acts which
are created by the country to improve the quality of education. The main reason for not allowing
women for education is the gender inequality through this discrimination; women are subjected to the
educational differences (Goli and Pou, 2014). The chief barriers to female education in India are
inadequate school facilities such as sanitary facilities, shortage of female teachers and gender bias in
the curriculum. Gender bias, here, meant as the female characters being depicted as weak helpless.
Despite of this, women constitute half power of the nation and have the rights to change the
inequalities in the society (Roy and Tisdell, 2002). There are various challenges by which women are
excluded from the basic education in India. One of the challenges is poverty in the rural India due to
that the family can't afford the school fees through which some girls are unable to take education. The
foremost reason can be the way parents perceive the female education. For instance, if a family has to
choose between educating a son or a daughter because of financial limitation then surely the son will
be selected. This is because negative parental attitudes towards educating daughters can also be a
barrier to a girl’s education. One of the reasons can be caste which old age discrimination in which rich
people or upper class can only take education because they are capable of it which is false (Joseph,
2013). The lack of the infrastructure in the schools can also be the reason for the women to not take
any education.
Due to poverty which barricades the female to stop taking education in rural India which is
happening through continuing the debt loans taking from the money lenders. In India, males have
thinking that women are born only to care of the family and house chores. Due to this discrimination
women are not allowed to take up education. This mentality is carried out generation by generation that
are degrading the position of women in the society. The rural area's women are not taking any major
step against this, through which men of the rural society is neglecting their importance. The overall
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reason for this issue is gender inequalities which are making the situation worse and if any women take
any measures against it then they are treated badly by their family and society (Chhokar, 2010). This is
because they have set some unethical norms for the women to be not educated and remain limited to
the house only. Government has now created some programmes to improve education and economic
opportunities for women which will provide more equitable development which will results in better
economy situation in the country.
Role of Media in promoting women literacy in rural India
There are various studies that reveal that there is broad gender difference in the literacy rate in
India. The females of the country are not provided proper basic as well as higher education. The
statistics disclose that, India is presently having the highest number of illiterate population. As per the
data generated through Census 2011, total literacy rate in India is 73.0% consisting of 64.6% females
and 80.9% males (Literacy rate in India, 2015). However, the literacy rate in rural areas is much lower
than that of urban areas. The recent survey conducted by NSSO (National sample survey office) it has
been identified that literacy rate is 71% in rural parts of India in contrast to 86% in urban parts for the
age group of 7 years and above. Furthermore, the adult literacy rate which comprises of age group of
15 years and above is also low in rural areas. The report states that only 64% of adults are literate in
rural areas in comparison to 84% in urban parts (Report of NSSO, 2015). The major reason of lack of
education among females in rural areas is due to gender based equality. In addition to this, majority of
the rural population is living life of stereotype that believes that women are for handling domestic
chores. Thereafter, social discrimination and economic exploitation are also some reason that are
responsible for poor female literacy rate.
Rural India is signatory to the NFLS (Nairobi Forward Looking Strategy) and CEDAW (Convention
on Elimination of Discrimination Against women) 1995 in which top priority is provided to the female
literacy through the communication media (Carilli and Campbell, 2012). In present era, mass media is
playing vital role in developing environmental awareness and information in rural India. Due to cost
effectiveness and appeal factor mass media is used globally in order to disseminate information. Mass
media can ensure participation of rural women in economic, social and political processes. In this
aspect states that the mass media has the potential for providing information, inspiration, and
instruction for rural women through which they can get aware about their rights and responsibilities
(Ames, Burcon, 2011)
In the rural India, TV & radio had assisted in the social transformation through promotion of
empowerment by the efforts of both government and non-government organisations. The regional
language media is powerful and pervasive through women can think different from their rural life
(Anca and Gabaldon, 2014). Furthermore, they can avail opportunities provided by the government and
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legislation in order to lead a better life. As per the study, each rural area is present has resources of TV
antenna and radio on which telecast of local community centred program is done to get attention of
captive audience mainly of women (Welch and Ruelas, 2015). In such programs, information related to
the fundamental rights and opportunities is provided by which women can find solution of issues
occurred in their daily life.
In accordance with the Swami Vivekananda, there is no possibility of welfare there will be no
improvement in the condition of women (Arnove, Torres and Franz, 2012). It is because; bird cannot
fly with one wing. Similarly, women are required to provide equal contribution in the development of
economy. According to the study 31% of adolescent girls in the rural state are married and becoming
mothers at a very early stage of their lives because of the lack of education and their rights (Acharya,
Khanal, Gautam, 2015),. Thus, government provides information of the educational and health
program through mass media. With such awareness, female are standing up for their fundamental rights
and making positive changes in rural statistics. In this aspect was stated that media enables women for
setting their own priorities by seeking information and knowledge (Pettersson and Agardh, (2014).
Furthermore, they are able to make their own decisions without getting influenced and getting
pressurized by their surroundings. In addition to this, verbal and visual documentaries shown on media
motivates them do better with their life. According to the study in comparison to previous statistics
female in rural India are more concerned towards their education and rights. In addition to this, they
are providing financial contribution in their family and standing against the social evils (Khandeparkar,
Roy and Motiani, 2015). By considering this continuous positive change media factors are getting
more strong and influential through literacy program are executed by government and non-government
entities in a better manner.
On the basis of the aforementioned data, it can be stated that it is very much important for
country to focus on education level of rural areas. This will also help in the overall development of the
nation. In this respect, India use large numbers of media campaigns that help in encouraging the
empowerment among females so that they can frame their own priorities, attain learning and
knowledge to provide their informed choices. As per the views media plays an influential role in
encouraging the population to take up the basic as well as higher education (Rodrigues, Ranganatha
2014). Therefore, media can be used as essential educational tool. It further helps in imparting the
significance of education among women and girls in developing the society. Also, the success of other
campaigns of government like, family planning, stabilizing the beaming population in the country can
be assured to large extent if females are educated. According to the Integrated Women empowerment
program, also recognize the significance of literacy in improving the position of women in society
(Ramanjaneyulu, 2015). It further aims at building entrepreneurship among women by using education
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as important tool.
In addition to this aspect, it will also help in reducing poverty as educated women can help in
generating income through employment. Thereafter, child mortality, gender inequality, dowry system
or domestic violence are some issues that can be resolved easily if women is educated. The literate
women have sound knowledge about the rights and privileges made available by the government so
that she can raise her voice against them. Therefore, media can be used as effective tool for spreading
awareness in rural India regarding need of education among women (Tarique, 2013). The major tools
that can be used in this respect will be advertisement on television, radio broadcast, awareness
campaigns, hoardings etc. The media highlights that educating a girl child can lead to better life for the
entire family as she will bring virtues etc, this can be understood with the campaign like, “padhegi
likhegi, naam roshan karegi” etc. Further, there are various other campaigns like, “Ladli'' that are
initiated by government to promote education among girls Graham, (2012). To support the success of
campaigns in rural areas, government use tactics like, free scholarship, free bicycle, nominal monetary
rewards for scoring good percentile or clearing exams, motivation to get employment etc. With the
help of media channels the initiatives taken by government are highlighted time and again. They
further help in reaching maximum number of both rural and urban population at low cost. According to
the words of Winthrop and Sperling, the condition of world cannot be improved until and unless the
state of women is improved in the society (Sethi, 2013). Also, there is famous saying that by educating
a man only one individual life is improved but by educating a woman entire family is educated. In
addition to this aspect, literate women understand the need and significance of education and further
ensure her kids also receive an education. Hence, it can be considered that investment in women
educations is kind of investment in nation. Therefore, by transmitting the knowledge among women
and educating them their position can be intensified (Pasque and Nicholson, 2012).
Communication is very important factor in ensuring women empowerment and development
(O'Dwyer and Boomsma, 2015). Media plays an important role in bringing new and positive change in
the society on a big level by enforcing favourable educational behaviours among individuals. It also
helps in discouraging the cultural taboos like, girls do not go school etc (Sehoole and Knight 2013).
The media journalists take interview of government officials and repetitively ask them what they are
doing in field of education in rural areas. These further forces the political parties to come up with new
schemes and projects. Such as illiteracy rate among females in rural Bihar is maximum with 67.9%
(Literacy rate in India. 2015). Therefore, media propaganda has stimulated government to encourage
females to take up education. To support this campaign, government also provided free laptops (up to
50,000) to meritorious girl students. Also, in some parts two wheeler and digital tablets were
distributed to meritorious girl students (Mete, 2012). Likewise, another campaign “SelfiesforSchool”
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was started to boost girl’s education in various parts of country. With this campaign the youths in cities
were asked to click their picture and post the same on social networking sites with hash-tag
“selfiesforschool”. The main purpose of this campaign was to send 10 girls residing in rural areas to
primary school for each selfie. These campaigns were further highlighted in newspapers and news
media (Government campaigns in India, 2015). Further, media entities can also use radio to spread
awareness about education as it is competent of reaching ample number of individuals while holding
up a powerful impact. Majority of the rural areas of India are still suffering from the lack of electricity,
therefore, radio is effective option as it can be operated with battery. Therefore, educational messages
transmitted via radio are most cost advantageous as it help in reaching individuals in their home,
workplace (like farms, proprietary shop in rural areas) etc (Carilli,Campbell,2012). According to the
survey radio listeners have good ability to remember the information transmitted in broadcast.
Therefore, it is important method that is used in spreading awareness regrading education
(Subrahmanyam, Smahel,2010)
Furthermore, advertisement media also play a significant role in assuring the growth of
education among rural feminine population at fast pace. There are various television programs that
show that educated women are excelling in various fields like, military, entrepreneurship, navy, sports
etc. The news channels also show how the renowned women like, Kiran Bedi (IPS officer), Indira
Gandhi (only female Prime Minister of India till date), Kalpna Chawla (Astronaut), Sania Nehwal
(Badminton player), Chanda Kocher (MD of ICICI bank) etc have brought laurels to the nation. This
further encourages the parents of girl child in rural areas to give proper education. The renowned
corporations of the country have also realized the significance of women literacy and therefore, they
also take part in spreading the awareness among rural population (Bakken and et.al., 2010). In this
respect, Procter and Gambel (P&G) company have initiated a campaign named “Shiksha” where some
part from the profits from the sale of products will be donated towards offering free education.
Therefore, brand highlights the tag line in its television commercial, “Padhega India tabhi Badhega
India” (Women Empowerment, 2015). Therefore, individuals in rural areas are inspired towards
education through such influential tag lines. Similarly, Scooty Pep's advertisement tag line state “Why
should boys have all the fun” which help in overcoming the issues of gender inequality by showcasing
the need of women empowerment in society by zestful subliminal messaging (Moorthi and Raheem,
2012). Likewise, Vogue brand also take various initiatives like, “Boys don't Cry” for influencing
individuals to understand the need of women empowerment. Therefore, advertisement media help in
highlighting the education and empowerment needs.
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Examples are there of successful NGO-led programmes with this focus
Overview
Women empowerment refers to development of environment for females where they can make
their own decisions for their individual welfare and ensure goodness for the society. It further refers to
methods of enhancing and amending the legal, socio-economic, political, power in the hands of
women, in order to assure equivalent privileges to females as compared to males (Nair, Vohra, 2011).
The main aim of women empowerment is to boost the morale and confidence of women so that they
can demand the rights available to them like, to live a carefree live with a feeling of self-respect,
esteem and value (Narang, 2011). By women empowerment, females can be given equal social position
in the community, equal possibilities for gaining education, socio-economic justice, employment etc.
Women empowerment in India is important because it will help in the overall development of the
society by eradicating the social evils like, child marriage, domestic violence, dowry system,
corruption etc (Gross, Davies, Diab, 2012).Educated women are well informed about the rights and
privileges accessible to her and therefore, can raise the voice against the erroneous activities taking
place in the society (Women and Media, 2011). Women empowerment ensure active participation of
females in the national development process by making India proud by their prominent performance in
each and every area like, medical science, technology, sports etc (Kumar, Basavaraja and Gagendra,
2014). Therefore, to encourage empowerment of women in society, there are various organizations that
are working in this direction. This can be further understood with the example of leading NGO, CARE.
CARE is a renowned organization that is working in India from past 65 years in the direction of
welfare of the society. The organization came into existence in India in year 1946 with an agreement
by co-founder, Lincoln Clark with government of India. The main focus of this NGO is to remove
poverty, educational difference and social unfairness. In this respect, it develop effective plans and
objectives in the field of education, health etc. The overall objective of entity is to assure women
empowerment from poor, rural and backward communities resulting into improvement in their living
standard etc. The women are specifically targeted by this NGO because it is the segment that is
disproportionately impacted by the gender difference, poor education, poverty etc (Prakash, 2011). The
objective of CARE is to promote a way of life to women that permits them to relish, to the maximum
extent, their rights and privileges as an individual human being. It also ensures that women get the
level of dignity, respect, independence, security, civil and legal rights that are deserved by them. The
key achievement of CARE India is reflected in terms of its accomplishment of its objective by working
with 50 million individuals to fulfil their education, health and livelihood entitlements. Main focus of
this organization is on preventing factors such as poverty and social injustice. For this purpose, they
plan and execute well planned and comprehensive programmes by considering issues such related to
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education, health and livelihoods. They work for rural women in order to support them for leading a
better life (Roberts and Chittooran, 2016). They provide opportunities through which they can get
independent and contribute to their family. They are working against issue of malnutrition and
empowerment of women. For this purpose they provide consultation services along with the financial
and non-financial resources. They motivate wealthy people, organization and community to contribute
in the development of female of rural India. For this aspect, they run charity programmes in which
individual and business entities are invited for the donations. Along with such program, they motivate
females for bringing change in the society by taking initiatives in various area (Sperandio, 2010).
For the attainment of aims and objectives of the organization they had developed various
innovative programs such as online contribution and collaboration with the successful companies.
Collected funds from such programs are used for the development of female of rural India. They had
also provided help line number on which individuals can discuss their issues and volunteers of the Care
India org assist them in resolving their problem in both financial and non-financial manner (Carson,
Chung and Day, 2012). They are connected with the various small care associations in order to support
them for their purpose. This organization has also provided significant contribution to the victims of
the natural disaster through which various individuals were able to start their new life (Thiel, 2013).
The programmes of CARE create innovative projects which are developing by the organization.
CARE deals with the government schools and government related agencies which are connected to the
education. The works of the organization focused at girls' education in which the entity wants primary
education for the young girls. CARE (2014) has asserted that the organization also provides on-the-
spot- site academic support which is improving the quality of the teaching as well as improvise the
leadership skills among girls (CARE, 2014). The past works of the organization includes “Udaan”
which is localized for the Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha and Haryana. The word Udaan means 'Flight'
which represents the education for girls of marginalised groups. CARE India has taken the help of the
local NGOs to manage the Udaan project in these location. The organization has taken the initiatives
from the corporate partner that is SRF Foundation in Haryana. This is the opportunities for the girls
who have dropped out from the school from the various reasons.
CARE (2014) explained that these are aged between 11- 14 years which neither see the school
nor go for the higher education (CARE, 2014). The other past works includes Girls Leadership
Initiatives (GLI), Early Childhood Development (ECD), Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidhayalaya (KGBV)
and Adolescent Girls' Learning Centre (AGLC). The organization has also taken the initiatives in
certain events like Shelter in emergencies. The company has taken the initiatives in Cyclone Hudhud
which come in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, also helps in JK flood crisis and the Tsunami. The
company's future work includes giving vehicles facilities to those who has long distance school and
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will try to create more schemes in building good education system in rural areas. The organization will
support the government initiative which is promoting girls education.
According to official website of CARE India, the organization is carrying out its functioning in
different rural part of India. The company mainly works with the grassroots initiatives, state and
district governments, communities and individual from around the country (CARE, 2014). Presently
the firm is conducting its services in 14 states of India and is headquartered at Delhi the capital city of
the nation. As per the valued of organization the firm is working in this country for more than 60 years
and their main focus is on ending the poverty and social justice. Basically CARE India is a part of
CARE International Confederation which is working in 87 countries of the world. On the other hand,
functioning of this organization is carried out in a most effective manner. It is necessary empower the
women according to the changing dynamics of a world (McCray, 2011). Further, to remove the evil of
social injustice women empowerment and education is must. In a similar manner, the organization
values of CARE India explains that they focus on the development of potential of women and girls in
order to drive long lasting equitable changes. Further, the company also emphasize on the removal of
narrow mind-sets of rural people who thinks that women should not be empowered. The objectives of
the organization states that, the company carry out its functioning of empowering women by providing
education to the rural women and men so that evil of injustice could be removed (CARE. 2014). They
organize the education programmes in various rural areas of India and then they educate and train
people about the mitigation of inequality and wide scope in the world. Along with that, they also
organize heath camps in order to check the health of women in order to make them fit. Moreover, the
company also manage the livelihood programmes where women are provided jobs in order to make
them self-confident and self-dependent. This way, CARE India conducts its functioning for the women
empowerment.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
In the present research study the role of methodology is significant in terms that it offers
appropriate direction to the the researcher regarding how to conduct the whole investigation in order to
make generation of desired outcomes in an effective manner. However after carrying out literature
review it is important for the researcher to offer appropriate direction to the study that is offered with
the assistance of methodology (Definition of Research, 2013). The major aim beside research
methodology is that it acts as an aid in highlighting all the tools as well as methods that are existing for
the researcher which can be utilized towards execution of the present investigation. There are various
elements of methodology that plays imperative role. This includes research design, philosophy,
approach, types, sampling, data collection, application of right tools and techniques that are critical in
terms of generation of desired targets. In the present investigation the relation between Empowering
women and education would be tested. Further role of media in empowering women is alos being
examined in the present research. The research methodology of the present study has been enumerated
in the manner stated as under:
Research philosophy
In general terms research philosophy is regarded as the tool that assist in development of the
particular background for the investigation. This to a significant level depends on the nature of the
investigation. Further it offers platform regarding the development of theoretical base on the particular
topic. There is presence of several kinds of philosophies. This is comprised of interpretivism, ontology,
subjectivism, positivism, epistemology as well as subjectivism. The positivism philosophy of the
investigation can be referred to as the structured technique or amalgamation of the deduction made in
logical manner with several experiential statements. The major objective beside making use of such
philosophy is that it acts as an aid in making control as well as prediction of several activities or tasks
of the whole investigation (Creswell, 2013). In contrast to this interpretivism philosophy keep
emphasis on the real approaches that is comprised of interview as well as observation. Several
researcher makes use of such kind of philosophy as it acts as an aid in collecting accurate as well as
information that us valuable in nature for the whole research. Apart from this subjectivism philosophy
makes demonstration of the data or knowledge that is being collecting by the means mind other than
reference of reality. Under this the focus of researcher is on data collection with the assistance of
introspection. In situation of objectivism philosophy, its investigators presents that this philosophy is
for the people residing on earth (Crowther and Lancaster, 2012). This is due to the reason that it is on
the basis of demonstrating the need of human beings as well as happiness. However ontology
philosophy is referred to as the nature of the study in relation to becoming, existing or reality. At last

epistemology philosophy is regarded as research on nature as well as scope of particular knowledge as
well as justified belief.
In the present thesis Interpretivism philosophy has been chosen. Through the help of such the
researcher would be able to make demonstration of his opinion for the purpose of evaluating social
world. It reflects the factual knowledge attained by the means of observation can be trusted. Moreover
the rationale beside interpretivism philosophy is that it gives attention to the observation that is
qualitative in nature. Thus with the assistance of this philosophy of investigation the researcher can
effectively make analysis of Empowering women through education: raising literacy levels through
media in rural India. This has greater role towards the attainment of desired targets within specified
duration of time.
Research approach
Research approach is regarded as the method or the manner with which specific kind of
investigation can be conducted with the aim to attain suitable and desired outcomes through it. It offers
assistance to the investigator in carrying out the investigation in an effective manner without making
any deviation from the research aims as well as objectives. Further it offers guidance towards making
improvement of continuous basis within their investigation for the purpose of achieving effective
outcomes at the end. This is due to the reason that there is presence of scope for improvement at each
point because of human endeavours as well as related factors (Denzin and Lincoln, 2011). Beside this
approach assist in laying emphasis on the field of investigation and acts as an aid in carrying out the
process of inquiry. There is presence of two kind of research approach. This includes deductive and
inductive approach.
Indicative approach is referred to as the one can be understood as the tool wherein data is
accumulated in past that is relevant to particular area under investigation so that analysis can be carried
on it so as to gain theories from it. This can be presented that such practice has been initiated through
data collection that have relevancy with the aims and objectives of the investigation. Moreover its
evaluation is required in order to make development of the theories that relates with subject matter. The
method moves from specific situation to generalizations (Daniel and Sam, 2011). Thus outcomes
attained through this practice can be employed in several context and scenario. It can be stated that
such an approach is very time consuming because of data collection of vast ideas. However the major
fact which cannot be denied is that approach supports in attaining fresh opinions for observation of
specific subject matter or discipline.
In contrast to this deductive approach is one that is far different from inductive. In this
generally a specific set of theories are taken into consideration for the purpose of contracting the same
in relation to more specific problems in order to make implementation of better practice in this relation.

Under this practice research objectives or hypothesis is developed by taking into account some
particular theories. Moreover study as well as inquiry on such objectives is continued so as to attain
outcomes on it. In this judgement is being made and thus collection of data is against the set
hypothesis. In general terms this is top to bottom research design that moves from general idea to
specific situation so as to attain better outcomes against the phenomenon under subject matter.
As the present study is on making analysis of the Empowering women through education:
raising literacy levels through media in rural India. Thus for this inductive approach would be
employed. This is because of the reason that through this the researcher is able to make development of
generalization that is empirical by nature. Such leads to determination of preliminary relationship as
the research is accomplished. Moreover it is comprised of patterns that are related with exploration
from observation that results in development of explanation. Along with this it assist researcher in
starting the investigation with particular problem that is after generalization for the purpose towards
achievement of objectives under investigation.
Research design
In general terms design of the investigation can be referred to as the blue print of the entire
investigation that acts as an aid for the investigator in making selection suitable kind of research plan
towards making generation of suitable outcomes. There are several kinds of research design that can be
applied by the investigator in accordance with the nature of the investigation. This includes descriptive,
explanatory as well as exploratory (Fiegen, 2010). However descriptive research design can be referred
as the approach that acts as an aid in making determination of the respondents of the investigation with
effectiveness. Moreover descriptive design of research acts as an aid in defining the respondents who
are taking part in the investigation. In addition to this it facilitates the researcher in carrying out the
investigation on specific topic in descriptive manner so that analysis can be carried out in detail. In
contrast to this explanatory research design can be utilized when the problem under investigation is not
defined with clarity. Apart from the above types of research design another one is exploratory research
design. The focus of such is on exploration of the new things that aims at increasing knowledge
regarding selection field under investigation (Flick, 2009). This design assist in motivating or
encouraging the research conductor for exploring several prospects as well as aspects under research.
There are several investigators as well as authors who demonstrates that exploratory is most suitable
design that acts as an aid in making determination towards gathering data and facilitates in selecting
subject for design of investigation. By taking into consideration the nature of the present investigation
exploratory design of the investigation would be applied. This is due to the reason that it will act as an
aid for the researcher in exploration about Empowering women through education: raising literacy
levels through media in rural India. In addition to this it offers sufficient knowledge regarding the

manner in which it can be enhanced within India.

Research type
Following the above section another part of the methodology is related with research type. It
can be referred to as the nature of investigation. On the basis of research type several decisions are
taken into consideration that relates with methods for collection of data, tools for analysis, presentation
of the outcomes of investigation etc. In general there is presence of two kinds of research. This
involves qualitative and quantitative. The former one is related with social practical concept that has
higher concentration on the kind of reality that are developed socially. Data in this is recorded,
analysed as well as evaluated with the aim to make discovery of the deeper meaning and consequences
of the deeds of human beings as well as experiences (Jonker and Pennink, 2010). In this kind of
research type inquiry are much interested in gaining rich as well as compound comprehension of the
person's experience so that suitable analysis can be done. This kind of investigation is significant in
supporting towards carrying out inquiry on the elements and subject matter which cannot be quantified.
This includes perception, beliefs as well as behaviour etc. In this several kind of tools can be used in
relation to collection of data like observations, interview and open ended questions. But qualitative
research type has several drawbacks that can have impact on the entire outcomes of the particular
investigation activity. Such has biasness, no scientific approach and can be affected by the perception
of the investigator. Further barriers are there in making collection of desirable and suitable outcomes.
In contrast to this, under quantitative investigation hypothesis testing and conception is used so
as to attain outcomes for the collected information. Such research type is dependent on the numerical
values and thus analysis is involved in terms of statistical way. In this kind of investigation method of
data collection is distinct from the one that is formal (Kimmel, 2009). In this technique structured
interview, index figure etc. are being taken into consideration for the purpose of collecting data in
desired way. This is for the purpose of attaining suitable outcomes through it. Beside this for carrying
out analysis several tools are used. This includes graphical methods, regressions, statistical methods,
correlation and other for the purpose of gaining better knowledge through it. The main advantage of
complying with quantitative research type is that through this tool better and scientific outcomes can be
attained on which suitable outcomes can be gained. Further it reduces the chances of misinterpretation
of the information and offers supports towards gaining pure outcomes. It also neglects influence of the
researcher on collection of data because of its quantifiable nature. This offers assistance in getting
optimized outcomes but such cannot be applied within the scenario which may not be expressed in
numerical terms. In order to attain better and suitable outcomes both qualitative and quantitative
research type would be considered for the present report that aims at Empowering women through
education: raising literacy levels through media in rural India. This is due to the reason that inquiry
includes both numerical portion and beliefs of the educational department regarding the model of risk
18

management that can be resolved in an effective manner through the assistance of mixed methodology.
Such practice offers assistance in gaining suitable information with which suitable outcomes are
gained. For the purpose of gaining data several tools are used so that data set can be gathered with
greater effectiveness (Woods, 2011). This requires structured questionnaire, past data etc. that is
considered for the purpose of developing desirable model for management of the risk. In addition to
this both set of designs are required for reducing the impact of demerit of both the practices. Further it
also assist in attaining outcomes that facilitates in meeting the targets of the present investigation.
Beside this both set of investigation validated the investigation and offers support in attaining most
authentic set of outcomes for carrying out the study.
Time Horizon
It is regarded as the time frame for carrying out the investigation and attaining outcomes against
the determined aims and objectives. Time horizon for the investigation is categorized into two. This
includes cross sectional as well as longitudinal. Under cross sectional time horizon investigation is
taken into consideration with the aim to respond to the answer questions that prevails as well as
address the existing problems at fixed time interval. In this tool strategies such as case study, survey
are incorporated to a greater extent (Yin, 2003). Beside this when the investigation is being carried out
the data is gathered for extended duration of time so as to meet with required needs of the investigation
nature. Further it lies under longitudinal frame of time. For such strategies such as action research,
grounded theory, experiment and archival investigation is being used. Taking into account current
investigation cross sectional time horizon is taken into consideration for the purpose of determining the
actual role managing risk on the success of a particular project. In this regard survey and interview are
taken into consideration from from which better answer to the questions can be done towards the
subject matter
Research strategy
Research strategy is regarded as the method of planning with which suitable answers to the
questions under investigation can be done. Through such methodology researcher would be able to
attain most desirable outcomes in addition to the achievement of the objectives under investigation.
Research strategies are of varied kinds whose execution in investigation differs in accordance with the
nature of aims. These are experiment, survey, action research, grounded theory, case study,
ethnography narrative enquiry and archival investigation (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, Griffin, 2013). It is
being stated that investigator can make implementation of one set of strategy or combination of it for
the purpose of carrying out the investigation in an effective way. In the present report survey strategy
would be conducted. This is because it entails the investigator for gaining sound and accurate amount
of data from the respondents. This acts as an aid in boosting the entire authenticity of the investigation
19

along with offering support for suitable achievement of research aim.
Methodical choices
Besides this it is significant to make selection of specific set of methodical choices for the
purpose of carrying out investigation with greater effectiveness in addition to attainment of required
outcomes. It is the choice over topics such as collection as well as analysis so that optimum outcomes
can be gained. It has distinct kind that includes mono method, multi method as well as mixed methods
etc. In mono method only part sort of data is being taken into consideration. This can be either
qualitative or quantitative (Goddard and Melville, 2004). Under mixed methods both set of data are
being used for the purpose of gaining outcomes in broader perspective. Beside this when investigator
makes incorporation of more than one sort of data collection tool for acculturation of either data types
that can be qualitative and quantitative then it is being referred to as multi method choices. For the
present report mixed method is being taken into consideration so that suitable outcomes can be attained
against the aim of the research towards making analysis of empowering women education. Such
inquiry includes both quantify portion and beliefs of the educational department that can be resolved
by the means of mixed methodology. The respondents were provided with questionnaire so as to attain
quantifiable data so that better comparison can be made so as to attain suitable analysis.
Data collection method
For the purpose of carrying out the investigation it is essential to make collection of several
data set and information so that outcomes can be developed upon it and valid conclusion can be drawn.
It is referred to as the data on which the several analysis as well as evaluation is made with the
objective to wither accept or reject the hypothesis that is being developed. There is presence of two
kinds of data set that is comprised of primary and secondary data forms. Both these sets of data are
taken into account with the aim to attain the aim and objectives of the investigation. This acts as an aid
in attaining greater outcomes with effectiveness. However in order to carry out investigation it is
important to make collection of most relative, appropriate as well as authentic data for the purpose of
attaining better outcomes in addition to the lower deviations from the phenomenon under subject
matter (Golafshani, 2003). Several times data that is needed for gaining insight to the research exist
without putting any additional efforts. But several times such scenario is contradictory and this has
higher challenges for the investigator to attain specific data set so that analysis can be done on it with
the aim to attain end outcomes. Because of such challenge researcher is dependant on the primary data
source so that they are able to carry out the investigation in effective manner with better attainment of
the outcomes. However it is being stated that both data set that is primary and secondary are not
reliable as well as appropriate to a greater extent. This is because it makes the investigation
untrustworthy several times. Apart from this both data sources possess own benefits and demerits that
20

assist in making decision on making selection of particular data set for any investigation. Through this
factors data is used in the investigation so that better analysis can be made regarding the empowering
of women education.
Primary data: It is the kind of data that is being gathered by the means of quantitative and qualitative
form. In this relation interviews, questionnaire, surveys, structured interviews, quantify observations,
telephonic interview, etc. are used in order to accumulate quantitative data form. Further methods such
as focus group, quality observations, face to face interactions etc. are used so as to collect data of
qualitative nature. Taking into account such both qualitative and quantitative data forms are gathered
through the assistance of several modes so that suitable analysis can be made (Gomez and Jones,
2010). This acts as an aid in offering support to the investigator in developing suitable outcomes
through it. In this kind of research activity primary data source is imperative as in past there was no
implementation of the models for such sort within this regions. Further through primary data fresh
information regarding the field would be attained in an effective manner. In the present research
questionnaire would be developed so as to gain better outcomes from the investigation. Thus deeper
insight can be gained regarding the subject matter under study.
Secondary data: Beside primary data greater use of secondary data has been also done in the present
investigation. This is for the purpose of attaining better outcomes from the investigation. This acts as
an aid in enhancing the authenticity of the investigation and offers support in developing better
understanding regarding the subject matter. This data form is essential as it assist the investigator in
saving time while attaining knowledge regarding the subject matter and the relevant models that assist
in development of effective understanding (Hoy, 2009). Further secondary form of data acts as an aid
in offering support to the researcher in making formulation of outline for primary data that needs to be
included in it for the aim of gaining better outcomes. Among all such secondary data form also
increases the level of knowledge and develops stronger background of the investigation that acts as an
aid in boosting the level of the entire activity of investigation. In order to gather secondary information
several kind of articles are present regarding the subject matter as well as several discipline were
reviewed so as to attain better theoretical aspects of the topics under investigation. Majorly books,
articles, journals business magazines, online reference materials and periodicals are used in the
investigation so as to attain suitable outcomes. This data is better in carrying out the analysis with
greater effectiveness. The collection of secondary data is in mix of past as well as present information
that has offered data in relation to subject matter (Axinn and Pearce, 2006). Secondary resources assist
in carrying out the investigation with the aim to make identification of the several kinds of challenges
that are being faced by the investigator. The research also takes into account the previous literatures
that exists on several websites that includes internet sources and publications in journals that assist in
21

development of effective analysis. Further several ways for resolving the challenges that is included so
that suitable study can be developed that possess the attributes in relation with reliability, validity and
accuracy.
Sampling
Sampling is regarded as research methodology that can be referred to as the process that assist
in making selection of few items of the whole population for the purpose of collecting primary data on
the particular topic. In other sense sampling is referred to as the process of making selection of the
respondents that offers effective and accurate information in order to carry out the section of analysis.
However the items that are being chosen are considered as size of sample. The method of sampling
which can be utilized includes probabilistic as well as non probabilistic. Under probability sampling
random sampling is most suitable wherein every member in the population has equal chance of getting
selected (Bell, 2005). However on the other hand non probability sampling is referred to as any
specific element of population whose selection is not known. In the present investigation probabilistic
sampling tool is applied. The major aim beside selection of such tool of sampling is because it acts as
an aid for the researcher in targeting greater range of the individuals who are involved in educational
department. Thus they can provide information regarding the literacy rate in women. In this sample
selection of sample is being evaluated on random basis. This is selected for entire investigation. This is
due to the reason that it provides equal opportunity to every person in becoming the sample for
conducting the research in an effective manner. The sample size would be 50 educational department
people. The aim of the study to determine women empowerment through education: raising literacy
levels through media in rural India. In order attain opinions of several individuals the individuals
would play imperative role as it acts as an aid in reflecting the literacy among the women in India to a
significant level.
Data analysis plan
Data analysis is regarded as the most important part of the investigation as it researches and
makes analysis of the data which is being accessed from the primary as well as secondary sources of
data collection. It acts as an aid in making analysis of the data gathered in crucial way for generation of
effective outcomes. Based upon such outcomes the overall findings and conclusion of the study can be
presented in detail. This acts as an aid in recommending the ways of increasing literacy rate among the
women. Both the methods are being used for data analysis in present investigation. The two includes
qualitative and quantitative methods that are used for investigating the information that is being
gathered through the sources that is primary as well as secondary (Quantitative and Qualitative
Evaluation Methods, 2007). The data that is investigated with the tool of qualitative and quantitative is
demonstrated in form of graphs, pie charts as well as tabular form. Such acts as an aid in examining the
22

outcomes of the data in an effective manner. The technique of thematic analysis is used under which
themes would be developed based upon the responses gained through people of educational
department.
Reliability and validity Reliability: For the purpose of attaining desirable outcomes against the aim greater attention is
being offered towards maintenance of the validity and reliability in the entire investigation.
This offers greater support towards attainment of suitable outcomes in addition with increasing
the development of the women in rural sector. For the purpose of attaining reliability of data
several efforts are made in this relation. Collection of secondary data is being done from
authentic sources so that emphasis can be made towards the associations with respect to who
has published that for the purpose of enhancing the data reliability (Bernard, 2011). Further
major focus is paid in data collection that is relating with phenomenon under subject matter.
 Validity: The experienced of the participants who are being employed at greater position within
education department were monitored so as to collect information regarding the subject matter
under investigation. The reliability is made sure as in the present investigation by developing
highly relationship with the respondents exact information can be gained. Further trust can be
build through this. Validity defines the data to be logical one. This presents that with the
implementation of particular data similar outcomes would be attained in future course of time
as well.
Research limitations
By gaining insight to the present condition it can be viewed that collection of primary as well as
secondary information is one of the major limitation of the investigator. However there is presence of
not much women who are educated in India in comparison with the males. In this relation the
limitations that is being faced by the researcher when conducting the whole investigation has been
demonstrated in the manner stated as under: Absence of secondary data: By taking into account the nature of the present investigation the
researcher has to pay greater attention towards the secondary sources for data collection. This is
due to the reason that several sites that has restriction might create an obstacle in collection of
smart and valuable data. Moreover not only opinions of people of educational department is
essential but also secondary data is required. This is because it assist in gaining insight to the
concepts and future prospects of the phenomenon under subject matter (Hoy, 2009). But while
making implementation of the study the researcher faces issues and obstacles with respect to
inadequacy of the data which is because of major fact that use of various sites is restricted.
Through this researcher can skip various key points within the study.
23

 Lengthy procedure: Carrying out the entire dissertation is lengthy procedure as researcher has
to ensure that each and every chapter is being accomplished in suitable manner. Moreover there
are various chapters that are involved within the thesis as discussed earlier within the research
such needs specified time in order to make generation of suitable outcomes. Literature reviews
as well as data collection through primary sources are considered lengthy procedure within the
thesis that needs proper attention for the generation of desired outcomes. Execution of the
research study needs sufficient time thus having limited period affects the course of the
research in order to carry out it in an effective manner.
 Size of sample: The sample size selected in the present investigation is lower that affects the
investigation as the researcher is able to make generation only opinions of the individuals
regarding the empowerment of the women. However because of time constraints researcher has
been forced to make selection of limited participants.
Ethical consideration
In order to conduct the investigation with greater effectiveness investigator has to ensure that
activities that are carried out needs to take into account ethical aspects. Moreover a greater amount of
care needs to be taken while making analysis of the data, its presentation, conclusion as well as
recommendations. The whole findings, results as well as outcomes are required to be demonstrated
without any biasness and affecting any resources. The ethical consideration of the present investigation
has been enumerated in the manner stated as under:
 Prior approval: In this collection of data through primary sources has been given priority.
Therefore it is the responsibility of the analyst to make sure that before asking any person
regarding the question that relates with subject matter prior permission must be taken from the
people. This is for the purpose of making people sure regarding the chosen size of sample.
Further the respondents needs to be agreed upon the terms of offering their view points and
thoughts regarding women empowerment. Taking into account such problem principle of
voluntary participation reflects that there is no way through which the researcher can force the
people to make participation in the study for offering thoughts. In addition it also makes sure
that fake participants must not be involved for data collection.
 Convincing individuals to fill questionnaire: In the present report the researcher has developed
structured questionnaire that relates with particular topic. Therefore he/ she is required to
convenience the individuals to fill the form and offer valuable views that results in carrying out
conclusion and finding section with greater effectiveness.
 Plagiarism: While making preparation as well as construction of the report plagiarism is
regarded as one of the critical ethical consideration which is required to be focused upon by
24

researcher. For the purpose of avoiding plagiarism researcher has to ensure that every small part
of data re being presented within the thesis is legitimate as well as authentic (Goddard and
Melville, 2004). For avoiding such issue investigator can make rephrasing of the information
and transform them into own points in order to maintain the ethicality of the study.
 Confidentiality: While carrying out the investigation there are various respondents who needs
confidentiality of the information offered by them. However this is due to the fear associated
with unethical usage of the data that is being used while carrying out the report. However such
is major issue that has developed various obstacles for the investigator in the present
investigation.
25

DATA ANALYSIS
After research methodology section another part is considered as data analysis. It is section that
deals with making evaluation and appraisal of the data gathered by the researcher. It is related with
making presentation of the information in suitable and clear form. The chapter yields the findings
which can be used for the purpose of drawing valid conclusion from the section. In the present research
on Empowering women through education: raising literacy levels through media in rural India data is
being evaluated. In order to attain information the sources that includes primary and secondary have
been used. Further the data collected is used for analysis through qualitative and quantitative tools. In
order to conduct qualitative analysis thematic tool is being used. In this theme is being developed. Such
is based on the data which is collected by the means of questionnaire. The sample size is 50 individual
who belongs to educational department.
QUESTIONNAIRE
For People in Educational department
(Kindly take few minutes to provide your responses. Your feedback is appreciated)
Name:
Age
 20- 30 years
 30- 40 years
 40- 50 years
 50- 60 years
 Above 60 years
Gender
 Male
 Female
Occupation: _______________
Area to which you belong?
 Urban
 Rural
1) Media is promoting women literacy in rural India. Kindly show your agreement or disagreement
level within the view.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
26

 Strongly disagree
2) What are the factors because of which women excluded from basic education in India?
 Poverty
 Gender inequality
 Inadequate school facilities
 Shortage of female teachers
3) Do you think women from rural India take initiative for higher education in the present era?
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
4) What is your level of agreement with the view that there is Link between education and women’s
empowerment?
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
5) Do you think women are offered with equal opportunity as compared to male in terms of education
in rural areas?
 Yes
 No
6) According to you why there is benefit for empowerment of women?
Factors Yes No
Equally competent and
intelligent
Overall growth of society
Unemployment
Reduction in corruption
Reduction in poverty
Development of nation
27

7) What are the tools that are generally used by media for enhancing education?
 Radio
 Advertisements
 Role plays at varied rural location
 Newspaper
 Hoardings
8) Have you used media tools to enhance women education?
 Yes
 No
9) What special facilities do you offer to enhance women education and empowerment?
 Women quota
 Fee discounts
 Special women empowerment programmes
 Reservations
 Admission priority
10) Education for rural women in India is second priority, thus investment in women education is low.
Budget is a crucial factor for enhancing rural women education.
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
11) Do you think infrastructure is a significant factor in promoting women education?
 Yes
 No
12) What is the student teacher ratio managed in your institute?
 80: 20
 30: 70
12) What aspects of infrastructure are taken into account for women?
 Transportation
 Location
 Hostel facilities
 Safety issues
28

13) Kindly recommend the measures that can be used by media for enhancing women education and
empowerment?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Thematic analysis
Theme1: Age
Responses Frequency Percentage
20- 30 years 9 18%
30- 40 years 11 22%
40- 50 years 13 26%
50- 60 years 7 14%
Above 60 years 10 20%
29

Findings: When the individuals of educational department were asked regarding their age 9
respondents say they belong to 20- 30 years age group, 11 people replied 30- 40 years, 13 respondents
said 40 -50 years. In addition to this 7 individuals replied that they belong to age group of 50- 60 years
and further 10 respondents say that they belong to age group of above 60 years.
Analysis: By making evaluation of the responses gained from the survey of people belonging to
educational department it has been gained that majority of the respondents belong to age group of 40-
50 years. These people have greater knowledge regarding the value of education for the individuals
specially women in the present era. Thus there role can be greatly viewed in offering knowledge
regarding the empowerment of women.
Theme 2: Gender
Responses Frequency Percentage
Female 23 46%
Male 27 54%
30
20- 30 years 30- 40 years 40- 50 years 50- 60 years Above 60 years
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
18.00%
22.00%
26.00%
14.00%
20.00%
Age
Responses
Illustration 2: Age

Findings: On asking the individuals of educational department regarding their gender. Out of 50
respondents it has been gained that 23 respondents were female. On the other hand 27 people were
male.
Analysis: From the evaluation of the responses gained from the survey of people belonging to
educational department it has been gained that majority of the respondents were male. This presents
that they might have complete knowledge regarding the issues that are being faced as per the present
issue in raising women empowerment by the means of increasing education among the people of rural
areas.
Theme 3: Poverty is the factors because of which women excluded from basic education in India
Responses Frequency Percentage
Poverty 25 50%
Gender inequality 9 18%
Inadequate school facilities 6 12%
31
46.00%
54.00%
Female
Male
Illustration 3: Gender

Shortage of female teachers 10 20%
Findings: When the individuals of educational department were asked regarding the factors because of
which women excluded from basic education in India. It has been gained that 25 respondents say
poverty, 9 people replied gender inequality. In addition to this 6 respondents out of 50 say inadequacy
in the school facilities is the reason of excluding the women from the basic education in India.
Analysis: From the evaluation of the responses gained from the survey of people belonging to
educational department it has been gained that majority of the respondents believes that poverty is the
major factor due to which the women are excluded from the basic education in India. This is because in
India there is greater number of families in rural areas who are not able to afford education of women.
Due to this they do not send their female children for education which results in increasing the rate of
illiteracy within the nation to a greater extent. This has huge impact on the development of entire
nation to a significant level.
Theme: 4 Link between between education and women empowerment
Responses Frequency Percentage
32
Poverty
Gender inequality
Inadequate school facilities
Shortage of female teachers
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
50.00%
18.00%
12.00%
20.00%
Factors
Responses in percentage
Illustration 4: Factors because of which women excluded from basic education in India

Strongly agreed 20 40%
Agree 15 30%
Neutral 6 12%
Disagree 5 10%
Strongly disagree 4 8%
Findings: On asking the individuals of educational department regarding their views on the link
between education as well as women empowerment or not. Out of 50 respondents it has been gained
that 20 respondents strongly agreed with the view. In addition to this 15 people agrees with the
statement that there is association among education and women empowerment. Further 6 respondents
were neutral which implies that they neither agrees not disagrees with the statement. On the other hand
5 respondents disagrees with the view. Along with this 4 respondents strongly disagrees with the
statement that is link among education and women empowerment.
Analysis: From the evaluation of the responses gained from the survey of people belonging to
educational department it has been gained that majority of the respondents believes that there is greater
association among education and empowerment of women. It has been stated that women
33
Strongly agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
40.00%
30.00%
12.00%
10.00%
8.00%
Percentage
Responses
Illustration 5: Link between between education and women empowerment

empowerment is the one that is increasing and assist in bringing improvement in the social, legal as
well as political strength of the women. Thus it makes sure that equal rights are being given to the
women as well. This can be generated by the means of offering educational opportunities to the women
in rural areas.
Theme 5: Women are not offered with equal opportunity as compared to male in terms of
education in rural areas
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 20 40%
No 30 60%
Findings: On asking the individuals of educational department regarding their views on whether
women are offered with equal opportunity as compared to male in terms of education in rural areas or
not. Out of 50 respondents it has been gained that 20 respondents replied yes to view. On the other
hand 30 respondents replied no to the statement that is women are offered with equal opportunity as
compared to male in terms of education in rural areas.
Analysis: From the evaluation of the responses gained from the survey of people belonging to
34
Yes No
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
40.00%
60.00%
Responses
Percentage
Illustration 6: Women are offered with equal opportunity as compared to male in terms of
education in rural areas

educational department it has been gained that majority of the respondents believes that women are
not offered with equal opportunity as compared to male in terms of education in rural areas. This is
because in present the also the women are not give priority when it comes to education. This can be
due to the lack of awareness among the people regarding the role of education in uplifting the standard
of the society. This has greater importance in bringing the growth of the entire nation to a greater
extent.
Theme 6: Benefit for empowerment of women
Factors Yes No
Equally competent and
intelligent
35 15
Overall growth of society 29 21
Unemployment 20 30
Reduction in corruption 23 27
Reduction in poverty 33 17
Development of nation 38 12
35
Equally competent and intelligent
Overall growth of society
Unemployment
Reduction in corruption
Reduction in poverty
Development of nation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Yes
No
Factors
Frequency of Responses
Illustration 7: Benefit for empowerment of women

Findings: When the individuals of educational department were asked regarding the need for
empowerment. It has been gained that all the responded have replied yes and no to each of the factors.
35 respondents replied yes to Equally competent and intelligent and 15 said no. Further 29 respondents
yes to overall growth of society and 21 said no . In addition to this 20 respondents out of 50 say yes
unemployment and rest 30 said no. Along with this 23 people replied yes to the need of women
empowerment for the sake of reducing corruption whereas 27 said no to this. However 33 respondents
say yes to importance of women empowerment is in reducing the poverty however 17 said no to this.
However 38 respondents replied yes to development of nation as need of women empowerment and 12
replied no.
Analysis: From the evaluation of the responses gained from the survey of people belonging to
educational department it has been gained that majority of the respondents believes that major need of
women empowerment in towards bringing development of the nation. This is because by the means of
educating the the women can be offered with greater opportunity to bring growth in the entire nation.
As such will increase the number of employed people within the society. This would affect the
development of nation on whole.
Theme 7: Role plays is the tool that is generally used by media for enhancing education
Responses Frequency Percentage
36

Radio 12 24%
Advertisements 6 12%
Role plays at varied rural
location
18 36%
Newspaper 10 20%
Hoardings 4 8%
Findings: On asking the individuals of educational department regarding the tool that is generally used
by media for enhancing education. Out of 50 respondents it has been gained that 12 respondents
replied radio as the major tool. On the other hand 6 respondents said advertisement, 18 people consider
role plays at varied rural location as the tool for enhancing education in women. On the other hand it
has been gained that 10 respondents replied newspaper and 4 say hoardings is the tool that is used by
media for bringing improvement in the education.
Analysis: From the evaluation of the responses gained from the survey of people belonging to
educational department it has been gained that majority of the respondents believes that role plays at
37
Radio
Advertisements
Role plays at varied rural loca-
tion
Newspaper
Hoardings
Illustration 8: Tool that is generally used by media for enhancing education

varied rural location is regarded as tool that is generally used by media for enhancing education. This is
because through this the women can be made aware of gaining education in the present era. Along with
this it acts as an aid in providing awareness among the people who are around them. Thus they can be
motivated to promote women education that can result in bringing growth in the entire nation.
Theme 8: Media tools enhances women education
Responses Frequency Percentage
Yes 30 60%
No 20 40%
Findings: On asking the individuals of educational department regarding their views on whether
Media tools enhances women education or not. Out of 50 respondents it has been gained that 30
respondents replied yes to view. On the other hand 20 respondents replied no to the statement that is
Media tools enhances women education.
Analysis: From the evaluation of the responses gained from the survey of people belonging to
educational department it has been gained that majority of the respondents believes that media tool is
effective in enhancing the education among the women. This is because it is suitable in increasing
38
Yes No
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
60.00%
40.00%
Responses
Percentage
Illustration 9: Media tools enhances women education

awareness among the people. Thus they are able to get proper direction regarding the same.
Theme 9: Women quota is special facility offered for enhancing women education and
empowerment
Responses Frequency Percentage
Women quota 16 32%
Fee discounts 5 10%
Special women empowerment
programmes
14 28%
Reservations 8 16%
Admission priority 7 14%
Findings: When the individuals of educational department were asked regarding the special facility
offered for enhancing women education and empowerment. It has been gained that 16 respondents say
women quota, 5 people replied fee discounts. In addition to this 14 respondents out of 50 say special
39
Women quota
Special women empowerment programmes
Admission priority
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35 32.00%
10.00%
28.00%
16.00% 14.00%
Facilities offered
Responses in percentages
Illustration 10: Special facility offered for enhancing women education and empowerment

women empowerment programmes. Along with this 8 people replied reservations. However 7
respondents say admission priority.
Analysis: By making evaluation of the responses gained from the survey of people belonging to
educational department it has been gained that majority of the respondents believes that women quota
is the special facility that is being offered for increasing women education and empowerment. This is
because they believe that by means of such the women can be offered with the priority and opportunity
to gain knowledge in comparison with the male.
Theme 10: Media is promoting women literacy in rural India
Responses Frequency Percentage
Strongly agreed 19 38%
Agree 16 32%
Neutral 6 12%
Disagree 5 10%
Strongly disagree 4 8%
40
Strongly agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Percentage
Responses
Illustration 11: Media is promoting women literacy in rural India

Findings: On asking the individuals of educational department regarding their views on whether media
is promoting women literacy in rural India or not. Out of 50 respondents it has been gained that 19
respondents strongly agreed with the view. In addition to this 16 people agrees with the statement that
media is promoting literacy in rural India. Further 6 respondents were neutral which implies that they
neither agrees not disagrees with the statement. On the other hand 5 respondents disagrees with the
view. Along with this 4 respondents strongly disagrees with the statement that media is promoting
literacy in rural India
Analysis: By making evaluation of the responses gained from the survey of people belonging to
educational department it has been gained that majority of the respondents believes that media is
effective in promoting women literacy in rural India. This is because they believe that it is regarded as
the effective tool that can assist in increasing awareness among the individuals to a significant level.
Theme 11: Women of rural India are not approaching for higher education in the present era
Responses Frequency Percentage
Strongly agreed 4 8%
Agree 5 10%
Neutral 6 12%
Disagree 20 40%
Strongly disagree 15 30%
41

Findings: On asking the individuals of educational department regarding their views on whether
women from rural India are approaching for higher education in the present era or not. Out of 50
respondents it has been gained that 4 respondents strongly agreed with the view. In addition to this 5
people agrees with the statement that women from rural India are approaching for higher education in
the present era. Further 6 respondents were neutral which implies that they neither agrees not disagrees
with the statement. On the other hand 20 respondents disagrees with the view. Along with this 15
respondents strongly disagrees with the statement that women from rural India are approaching for
higher education in the present era
Analysis: By making evaluation of the responses gained from the survey of people belonging to
educational department it has been gained that majority of the respondents believes that women from
rural India are not approaching for higher education in the present era. They believe so because they
feel that even today in case they families have less money for education then their major priority is at
providing the education to the male children rather than females. This demonstrates gender inequality
which has huge impact on the growth of the nation to a greater extent.
42
Strongly agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Illustration 12: Women of rural India are not approaching for higher education in the present
era

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
After carrying out the chapter of data analysis and findings next in the series is the chapter that
is related with conclusion and recommendation. In this section the findings are being discussed so that
suitable conclusion can be offered in an effective manner. The conclusion for the present report can be
drawn in the manner stated as under:
It can be concluded from the present investigation that poverty is considered as the major factor
due to which the women are excluded from the basic education in India. This is because in India there
is greater number of families in rural areas who are not able to afford education of women. Along with
this it has been inferred from the present investigation that there is greater association among education
and empowerment of women. It has been determined that women empowerment is the one that is
increasing and assist in bringing improvement in the social, legal as well as political strength of the
women. Thus it makes sure that equal rights are being given to the women as well. Further it has been
concluded that women are not offered with equal opportunity as compared to male in terms of
education in rural areas. This can be due to the lack of awareness among the people regarding the role
of education in uplifting the standard of the society.
The report concludes that need of women empowerment is towards bringing overall growth of
the society. It is due to the reason that by the means of educating the the women can be offered with
greater opportunity to bring growth in the entire nation. Moreover role plays at varied rural location is
regarded as tool that is generally used by media for enhancing education. This is because through this
the women can be made aware of gaining education in the present era. majority of the respondents
believes that media tool is effective in enhancing the education among the women. It has been inferred
that women quota is the special facility that is being offered for increasing women education and
empowerment. This is because they believe that by means of such the women can be offered with the
priority and opportunity to gain knowledge in comparison with the male. It has been gained from the
present investigation that women from rural India are not approaching for higher education in the
present era. They believe so because they feel that even today in case they families have less money for
education then their major priority is at providing the education to the male children rather than
females.
Recommendation
By making analysis of the responses it has been gained that there is presence of various issues
that are influencing the women empowerment within India. Such are required to be resolved so that
education among the women can be promoted to a greater extent. In this regard various
recommendation have been given that can assist in promoting women empowerment to a significant
43

level. It is important for the people of society that they should not practice gender inequality and give
equal opportunity to male and females. Further the educational department needs to organize various
programmes for uplifting the women within the society. Further it is important in increasing awareness
among them towards getting education (Carson, Chung and Day, 2012). It is recommended to the
educational department to implement media tools such as advertisements and newspaper in an effective
manner for the purpose of increasing knowledge among the people of society to a greater extent. The
women needs to offered with opportunity to carry out their higher education so that growth of entire
society can be ensured. Several policies and strategies have been developed by the government for the
purpose of ensuring women empowerment. It is comprised of Women Empowerment plan (1997-
2002). It is regarded as women component plan which is one of the major strategies of planning and
budgeting which directs that Central and State government need to make sure that not less than 30
percent of funds are earmarked in all the women relating sectors. In addition to this policy that is
National policy of women empowerment is devised in 2001. Its goal was to bring advancement,
development as well as empowerment of the women in an effective manner.
44

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