Association between Gender and Lung Cancer Assignment
9 Pages2745 Words119 Views
Added on 2020-03-23
Association between Gender and Lung Cancer Assignment
Added on 2020-03-23
ShareRelated Documents
Running head: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GENDER AND LUNG CANCERAssociation between Gender and Lung Cancer PrevalenceName of StudentInstitution affiliation
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GENDER AND LUNG CANCER1IntroductionVavalà, Mariniello, Reale and Novello (2016), opined that in early 20th century, less than a thousand cases of lung cancer were discovered. However, continued use of tobacco especially in men caused an increase in lung cancer cases. Smoking makes it the leading cause of cancer in both genders in developed nations. Vavala and colleagues suggest that the higher prevalence of lung cancer in non-smoking women in comparison to non-smoking men in due to their different biological attributes. Currently, smoking of cigarettes makes up over ninety percent of lung cancer cases in men and between seventy to eighty-five percent of women in the United States and European countries (Torre, Bray, Siegel et al., 2015). Marshall and Christiani (2013) found that roughly twenty percent of women suffering from lung cancer have never used cigarettes and they noted that six percent of women have a risk of developing lung cancer in their lives irrespective of whether they are smokers or non-smokers suggesting that lung cancer develops differently between non-smoking women than non-smoking men.Secretan, Straif and Baan et al. (2009) study revealed that roughly twenty percent of cancer deaths globally are due to lung cancer. They found that due to its high rate of overall fatality (overall mortality ratio of prevalence of 87%) and comparable lack of variance in different global regions, the regional prevalence rate of mortality used the same prevalence data. In the study they revealed that lung cancer was more prevalent in Australia and New Zealand with men having a higher lung cancer death rate at 43 and women at fifteen. In Europe, mortalityrate stood at forty while women it was eleven. In America mortality rate for men was fifteen, females was two. Examining Asian countries, lung cancer death rate was fourteen for males while women were slightly above five. China had the highest rate (eighteen for every one hundred thousand) a rate higher than some European countries regardless of a considerably low smoking rate for women in China. They attributed this high prevalence rate of lung cancer in women of China due to second hand smoke and poor ventilation of houses where they use coal for cooking and heating.Torre et al. (2015) postulated that lung cancer related deaths would increase from over one million case and double to close to three million by 2035in both men and women. They predicted the increase could be progressive globally but on different proportions with Europe
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GENDER AND LUNG CANCER2recording the lowest at thirty-seven percent. In western Pacific areas at 97%, America at 91% and Asia at ninety-five percent. The eastern Mediterranean and Africa would experience an increase of over one hundred percent within the same period.According to Society for Women’s Health Research (2016), lung cancer is the leading killer of American women. In a study done in America, only 1% of women identified lung cancer as a major concern. The important point is that prevalence of lung cancer is headed in different directions among men and women. In the last three decades, lung cancer cases in men have gone below thirty percent while on the other hand increased by ninety-six percent in women. This is because the rate of smoking in men increased earlier in men than in women. For women, the rate of smoking was much lower in the seventies until later when cigarette companies started targeting women in their marketing campaigns. These campaigns caused the increase in smoking for women. More importantly, however, it should be noted that lung cancer could affect anyone. In deed roughly sixty percent of lung cancer cases are from people who have either never smoked or have quit. This includes those exposed to second hand smoke and other air pollutants. Society for Women’s Health Research suggests that the major variance between male andfemale prevalence of lung cancer has little to do with biology but more on awareness and attitude. Inasmuch as more women are dying due to lung cancer very few women identify the disease as a health risk. The society of women notes that in 1987 lung cancer overtook breast cancer as the leading cause of death due to cancer in the United States alone. It was estimated in 2016 that twenty-five percent of cancer deaths in women would be from lung cancer. Additionally, almost fifty percent of women diagnosed with lung cancer would not live for more than a year. Kiyohara and Ohno (2010) are of the view that in terms of numbers more males develop and die from lung cancer. However, this does not imply that they are more vulnerable. Research on molecular structures of lung cancer has shown that developing cancer in men and women to identify whether women were more prone than men to lung cancer had positive results. The general view from researchers is that although men have a higher death rate due to lung cancer than women, women are at greater risk to develop it. The higher prevalence rate in men is attributable to higher regularity of smoking (Ibid).
End of preview
Want to access all the pages? Upload your documents or become a member.
Related Documents
Epidemiological Triad United States Article 2022lg...
|5
|461
|25
Economics for Business: Smoking Rates, Unemployment, and Policieslg...
|12
|3162
|257
Breast Cancer Prevalence and Risk Factors in Australialg...
|7
|1645
|234
Economics for Business: Unemployment and Tobacco Control Measures in Australialg...
|10
|2123
|477
Nursing Public Health: Bowel Cancer in Australialg...
|13
|3157
|92
(PDF) Overview of Oral Cancerlg...
|6
|1458
|42