Atmosphere pollution Assignment PDF

Atmosphere pollution1
ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION
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Atmosphere pollution 2
Atmosphere pollution
Part 1
Since the industrial revolution, society has depleted fossils fuels fasters than the
generation of fuel. Oil, coal and natural gas offer a lot of energy when they are burned. Yet, the
combustion of fossil fuels is slowly varying the atmosphere composition, with the climate
change apparent. Moreover, fossil fuel extraction, refinement and transport generate numerous
hazards in the environment and workplace. Renewable energy sources refill naturally without
being exhausted in the ground include; hydropower, bioenergy, geothermal, solar energy, ocean
(wave) energy and wind energy (Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu 2016a). Developing alternative
sources of cleaner, safer and renewable energy is an objective of green chemistry. Changing the
energy of the wind, sun or plant into a form appropriate for human use is a challenge (Panwar,
Kaushik and Kothari 2011). A promising substitute to fossil fuel is fuel cell technology. In fact,
the recent research on 3D anhydrous proton-transferring Nano channels designed by self-
assemblage of liquid crystals composed of a sulfonic and sulfobetaine has attracted attention
because of the potential application in fuels cells and lithium-ion batteries (Sakuda et al. 2015).
Power from the fuels cells is cleaner, creating less than one per cent of the quantity of
contaminant created by traditional power generation. Moreover, a methane gas, a byproduct of
the human waste decomposition, has been used in fuels cells to efficiently produce electricity
(Tiwary and Williams 2018). Thus, fuels cells are doubly appropriate for the earth, by changing a
byproduct into useful energy and secondly, reducing effluence involved in making that energy.
The technology has the prospect to advance energy efficiency, minimise greenhouse gas
emissions and lessen air contamination matched with traditional combustions engines (Seinfeld
and Pandis 2012). Researchers expect fuels cells will be important in several personal devices

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ranging from home furnaces and automobiles to cellular phones. The fuel cells are still too
expensive and experimental to be practical for broader use. But, they are presently used to
power NASA spacecraft, city buses and wastewater treatment plants.
Part 2
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have been main actors in progressing the
biosphere understands stratospheric ozone reduction and styles. NASA retains satellites in
numerous globe orbits and conducts study to get comprehensive, long-term arrays of ecological
measurement about the globe. NASA has been active in evaluating the impacts of world
aeronautics on the global air, data gathering and saved the use of ozone-depleting substance by
96%. NOAA defines the scope of exhaustion over Antarctica (the ozone hole), creates a ground-
centered measurement of ozone in the stratosphere, and observes the gases accountable for
reducing stratosphere ozone (Earth System Research Laboratory 2015). Its global networks of
research points and scientists continue to take part in tracking and monitoring the recovery of the
ozone layer.
Since the signing of the Montreal protocol on the substance on 1987, it was initial efforts
to guard the stratospheric ozone. Under the protocol, the developed nations were needed to begin
phasing out CFCs in 1993 and achieved a 50% reduction by 1998 (NASA 2018). Measurements
by NASA's Aura satellite, shows the chlorine decline, resulting from an worldwide veto on
chlorine enclosing a man-made chemical called CFCs; which has caused in about 20% less
ozone weakening through the Antarctic winter than there was in 2005 (NASA 2018). CFCs are a
long-lived organic compound that ultimately rises into the stratosphere, where they are

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fragmented by sun's UV radiation, discharging Cl particles that go on to rescind ozone bits.
Earlier researches have used numerical evaluation of variation in the ozone hole scope to claim
that ozone reduction is lessening. This research is the first to use the measurement of the
chemical alignment inside the hole to approve that not merely reduction lessening, but that the
drop is caused by the fading in CFCs.
To determine how ozone and other compound have reformed annually, researchers used
statistics from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) onboard the Aura satellite, which has been
creating measurement nonstop round the earth ever since mid-2004. While other satellites
require rays to measure trace vapors, the MLS measures microwave emission over Antarctica in
the key time of the year such when the temperature is low and stable, dark southern winter and
when stratospheric weather is quiet. They established that ozone zone is declining, but they
required identifying if the drop is associated with CFCs. By matching the MLS measurement of
hydrochloric acid and nitrous oxide each annually, they determined that the entire chlorine
intensities were reduced on mean of 0.8% (NASA 2018).
The result from the novel examination of NOAA atmospheric measurement explains why
from 2014 to 2016, discharges of CFC-11 must have augmented by 25% beyond the normal
measurement from 2002 to 2012 (Eleanor and Deborah 2018). According to NASA, the 2017
ozone hole, which emaciated, as they normally do, in September was the tiniest witnessed ever
since 1988 (NASA 2018). So it was a ban on the CFCs that led to 2017's trivial hole. Antarctica
is the coolest place on the globe and the air overhead is also extremely icy. Ozone reduction
functions best in the very icy air. The record international warmness in latest years means a
warmer stratosphere above Antarctica, which result ostensibly minor ozone holes in 2016 and
2017 (NASA 2018).

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Part 3
 CFC management efforts
 A legislative framework such as production restriction and emission prevention, For
instance, the ozone layer protection promulgated in May 1988 (Vienna connection and
Montreal protocol, recovery and destruction (fluorocarbon recovery and destruction law),
low recycling of specified kind of home appliances
 Cooperative work of competent national agencies
 Development of alternative technologies and substitute: development of new refrigerants,
and research and development by private sectors.
 Refrigeration sector:
 Overview of local and national government and industrial sector efforts
 Commercial refrigeration (air and chiller conditioning): prevention of environmental
releases during servicing, conversion to alternatives substitutes and technologies,
destruction of recovered fluorocarbons
 Mobile air conditioning
 Domestic refrigeration
 Foams sector
 Domestic refrigerator/freezer insulation
 Construction foams
 Solvent sector
 Aerosol sector
 Destruction
References

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Asumadu-Sarkodie, S., and Owusu, P. A., 2016a. Feasibility of biomass heating system in
Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus campus. Cogent Engineering, 3. Taylor and
francis. [Online]. Available from: doi:10.1080/23311916.2015.1134304, [Accessed on 7
November 2018].
Earth System Research Laboratory.,2015. The NOAA annual greenhouse gas index
(AGGI). [Online]. Available from: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html, [Accessed on 7
November 2018].
Eleanor, I., and Deborah, B., 2018. Scientists measure rise in ozone-destroying chemical, Earth
Sky, [Online]. Available from: https://earthsky.org/earth/emissions-ozone-destroying-chemical-
cfcs-rising-again, [Accessed on 7 November 2018].
NASA., 2018. NASA Study: first direct proof of ozone hole recovery due to chemicals ban
[Online]. Available from: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/nasa-study-first-direct-
proof-of-ozone-hole-recovery-due-to-chemicals-ban, [Accessed on 7 November 2018].
Panwar, N.L., Kaushik, S.C. and Kothari, S., 2011. Role of renewable energy sources in
environmental protection: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(3), pp.1513-
1524. [Online]. Available from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110004065, [Accessed on 7
November 2018].
Sakuda, J., Hosono, E., Yoshio, M., Ichikawa, T., Matsumoto, T., Ohno, H., ... & Kato, T.
(2015). Liquid‐Crystalline Electrolytes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Ordered Assemblies of a
Mesogen‐Containing Carbonate and a Lithium Salt. Advanced Functional Materials, 25(8),

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1206-1212. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adfm.201402509,
[Accessed on 7 November 2018].
Seinfeld, J.H. and Pandis, S.N., 2012. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to
climate change. John Wiley & Sons. [Online]. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=YH2K9eWsZOcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1991&dq=CFCs+pollution&ots=hL6pSf5VI
x&sig=uTp15hdh11tzg2GiWvojboDgoKU, [Accessed on 7 November 2018].
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