Atrial Fibrillation and Reduced Cx43 Protein Expression in Elderly Patients

Diseases in Biomedicine
DiB

Contents
QUESTION 1...................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
QUESTION 2.................................................................................................................................11
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................11
MAIN BODY.................................................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................18

QUESTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Atrial fibrillation is a disease associated with cardiovascular and renal events,
characterized by rapid heart rhythm which can lead to accumulation of blood clots in the
ventricles of the heart. These clots can reach the brain and cause stroke eventually leading to
death. Symptoms of the atrial fibrillation are persistent palpitations, shortness of breath and
fatigue (Abdin and et. al., 2019). This cardiovascular disease is common among the elderly and
heart failure is most common cause of death which is associated with atrial fibrillation. In this
report, the major of discussion is based on atrial fibrillation which is irregular heartbeat. The
discussion carries the reduction in Cx43 protein that led to create the atrial fibrillation in the
elder patient with the proper therapeutic treatment (Alnsasra and et. al., 2019).
MAIN BODY
Atrial fibrillation is a condition of irregular and very rapid heart rhythm that causes blood
clots in the heart. There is a high risk of stroke, heart failure and other heart related
complications associated with atrial fibrillation. The beating of the atria (upper chambers) is
extremely chaotic and irregular. On the other hand, the beating is out of sync for the ventricles
(lower chambers). Mostly, there are no symptoms of the atrial fibrillation but it can be
differentiated with a pounding heartbeat, shortness of breath or severe weakness in the body. The
condition of atrial fibrillation is not life threatening, however it is still a serious medical
condition which lead be a risk factor for stroke (Abdin and et. al., 2019). This condition is also
associated with a heart related issue called atrial flutter. Some of the most common symptoms of
atrial fibrillation are a fast fluttering heartbeat, chest pain, fatigue, light-headedness along with
dizziness and a reduced ability to exercise. There are four types of atrial fibrillation:
 Occasional or Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: The symptoms of A-fib usually last for a
few minutes to hours. These episodes can occur continuously for a week. Treatment is a
necessity in this type of atrial fibrillation.
 Persistent atrial fibrillation: The heart rhythm does not bounce back to normal after the
episode. Pharmacological treatment is used to help in restoring the normal rhythm of the
heart.