i want answers of these questions in an audio form and for the references i need that in a separate page.... i need at least 8 references in APA 6TH edition and the references should be from(e.g.scientific journal articles, textbooks,credible webpages .edu and .gov)....
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Running head: Audio Response Questions1 Audio Response Questions Name Institution of Affiliation
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Audio Response Questions2 Question 1. Describe the name, structure and functions /roles of the stomach. ï‚·Cell types, tissues layers and functions The stomach is a mixed gland and secretes hormone gastrin that contains digestive enzymes. It is divided histologically into four parts: Body, cardia, fundus, and pylorus. Food enters the stomach in the cardia region. The body lies between the fundus and pylorus, while else the fundus is located just above the gastroesophageal sphincter, (Hopperdietzel et al., 2014). The Stomach lumen has rugae, which are a series of ridges that allow the stomach to expand and accommodate more food. Body and fundus have secretory chief cells that secrete HCL. Cardia has mucous neck cells that secrete mucus that protects the stomach lining from corrosion. Pyloric region secretes mucus. Mucosa and submucosa layers are found within rugae muscularis cross- linked with a network of blood capillaries. Cardia also contains simple or branched tubular glands. The gastric gland contains the following cells: Surface mucus Stem cells, mucus neck cells, mucus parietal (oxyntic cells), HCL Chief Cells, pepsinogen Enteroendocrine cells: gastrin and serotonin, (Bussolati et al., 2013). Question 2Describe how the stomach integrates with the other organs of the same system to perform key functions. For proper functioning of the digestive system, the stomach has to integrate with the other organs and tissues. This is achieved by the following: At the edge of the esophagus, there is a valve known as a sphincter that allows food to proceed into the stomach while at the same time close to prevent food or fluid from flowing back up the gullet, (Fox & Fox, 2015). The stomach muscles breakdown further, churn and mix the food with digestive juices containing enzymes and acids. This ensures the food particles that will enter the small intestine are smaller enough in size to go through the small intestine lumen. The stomach secretes hormones that control food intake and digestion. Food in the stomach is processed into chyme, thick liquid, and ready to exit
Audio Response Questions3 the stomach. At the end of the stomach, there is also a muscular ring known as pylorus which keeps the chime in the stomach until it is ready to leave the stomach. The chyme is then expelled into the small intestine for further downstream digestion, (Denbow, 2015). Question 3Describe the key homeostatic elements or secretions that the stomach is associated with and explain how it contributes to homeostasis. Homeostasis is the mechanism the body uses to maintain the internal body process within stable normal ranges, (Müller et al., 2018). The stomach contributes towards maintaining homeostasis by breaking down food. This has a role in maintaining a balance of nutrients in our body. As suggested the stomach is a mixed gland and secretes several hormones e.g. gastrin that control food intake (satiety) and digestion, (Sherwood, 2015). Food substances such as fat- soluble compounds will be absorbed into the systemic circulation at the stomach depending on their blood levels. Substances such as metallic ions and water enter the bloodstream while chime proceeds into the small intestine. Generally, absorption of molecules in the stomach does not vary depending on body needs, however, intake of essential metal ions such as calcium and iron is controlled according to the body's current homeostatic needs as the absorbed nutrients must contain molecules to maintain the composition of body fluids, (Karasov et al., 2011). Question 4Explain how the stomach self regulates or is regulated by another organ. Regulation of actions taking place in the stomach is achieved by the following: The stomach has two muscular valves at its both ends; cardiac and pyloric sphincter which control the movement of food in and out of the stomach, (Svihus, 2014). The digestive activity of gastric juice in the stomach is regulated by hormonal and nervous mechanisms. Both mechanisms are stimulated by the movement of food in the gut. For instance secretion of gastric juice by the gastric glands is stimulated by the action of the parasympathetic nervous system when food enters the stomach. As well as food exits the stomach into the small intestines, the sympathetic
Audio Response Questions4 nervous system is activated to initiate activities that inhibit the action of the gastric gland and gastric hormone. Also, this mechanism stimulates the release of intestinal gastrin which inhibits further actions of gastric juice. The stomach also auto-regulate itself when food enters by regulating the secretion of HCL and mucus from respective cells (distention of the stomach), (Grossman, 2012).
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Audio Response Questions5 References Bussolati,G., Papotti,M., Sapino,A., Gugliotta,P., & Macri’,L. (1988). Myoepithelial and endocrine differentiation in breast carcinoma.Breast Cancer: Scientific and Clinical Progress, 158-173. Denbow,D.M. (2015). Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology.Sturkie's Avian Physiology, 337-366. Fox, & Fox,S.I. (2015).Human physiology. Grossman,M. (2012).Cellular basis of chemical messengers in the digestive system. Elsevier. Hopperdietzel,C., Hirschberg,R.M., Hünigen,H., Wolter,J., Richardson,K., & Plendl,J. (2014).Journal of Fish Biology,85(5), 1707-1725. Karasov,W.H., MartÃnez del Rio,C., & Caviedes-Vidal,E. (2011). Ecological physiology of diet and digestive systems.Annual Review of Physiology,73(1), 69-93. Müller,M.J., Geisler,C., Heymsfield,S.B., & Bosy-Westphal,A. (2018). Recent advances in understanding body weight homeostasis in humans.F1000Research,7, 1025. Sherwood,L. (2015).Human physiology: From cells to systems. Cengage Learning. Svihus,B. (2014). Function of the digestive system.Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 23(2), 306-314.