Auditing and Assurance in Australia

This document discusses potential audit risks and procedures for minimizing those risks in the context of auditing and assurance in Australia. It also identifies internal control weaknesses, potential audit risks, and audit procedures. The subject is Auditing and Assurance in Australia, but the course code, course name, and college/university are not mentioned.

Running head: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
Auditing and Assurance in Australia
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:
Course ID:

1AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
Table of Contents
Potential audit risks and procedures for minimising those risks:...............................................2
Identification of internal control weaknesses, potential audit risk and audit procedure:...........9
Sampling methods:...................................................................................................................13
References:...............................................................................................................................16

2AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
Memo
To: Wayne Wiadrowski
From: The Audit Manager
Date: 09/05/2019
Subject: Significant aspects under consideration for conducting the audit of API
In order to carry out audit operations, the auditors are required to take into account all
the crucial aspects, which are deemed to be necessary. These mainly include critical analysis
of different line items in the disclosed financial statements of an organisation and the internal
control systems in place. The memo is prepared for addressing those areas having concern in
internal control and financial statements of Always Precise Instruments Private Limited
(API). The organisation is a supplier and producer of small arms military equipment. There
are three particular aspects that have been addressed in this memo. Firstly, evaluation of the
provided ratios is made for detecting the potential risks in order to outline sound auditing
procedures. Secondly, the weaknesses in internal control of API are identified for the
inventory system in order to find out the potential audit risks and accordingly, appropriate
audit procedures could be developed. Finally, it considers the analysis of two particular audit
assertions as well as suitable sampling procedures by providing adequate justifications for the
same.
Potential audit risks and procedures for minimising those risks:
Ratio Analysis Audit Risk Audit Procedures
Current ratio It could be seen that
API has experienced an
increase in this ratio,
This rise in current
ratio is subject to audit
risk, as the current
In this case, the necessary audit
procedure would be to
investigate the liquidity position

3AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
which signifies the
increase in current
assets in opposition to
current liabilities. This
is deemed to be
favourable in terms of
working capital for the
organisation (Abbott et
al., 2016).
assets of API might be
overstated for
showing better
working capital
management to the
users of the financial
reports. The motive of
the management of
API in conducting the
same might be to
show increased
working capital and
minimised short-term
debt position.
of the organisation by
scrutinising the balances of
current assets as well as current
liabilities.
Quick asset ratio Increase in this ratio
denotes quick
conversion of most
liquid assets into cash
so that short-term debt
obligations could be
managed effectively.
This implies
improvement in the
liquidity position of the
organisation, as it has
The aspect is deemed
to have association
with specific audit
risk, in which the
present status of API
has been misstated by
converting them into
quick assets resulting
in increase in this
ratio.
The auditor, in this case, has to
analyse and check the current
assets, which are converted into
most liquid assets recently. In
addition, the quick assets’
balances have to be checked
alongside the essential
documents for identification of
any type of misstatements.

4AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
more cash in the form of
working capital for
meeting its short-term
dues. This might place
the status of going
concern at risk for API,
as the ratio is lower
compared to the
industrial benchmark
(Ahmed Haji &
Anifowose, 2016).
Return on equity The fall in this ratio
indicates decline in
shareholder value in
API and increase in debt
at the same time
(Bédard et al., 2016).
The situation could be
associated with audit
risk, in which there
could be
understatement of net
profit to avoid tax
liability and increase
in debt capital to
minimise the weighted
average cost of
capital.
The audit procedure to be
undertaken in this case includes
thorough analysis of all line
items in the income statement
and debt obligations of the
organisation for finding out any
misstatement in net income in
the existing period. s
Return on total
assets
Even though fall in this
ratio is not favourable
for API, it signifies
This situation is
subject to audit risk
owing to the
All crucial documents have to
be checked, which include the
asset balances and line items in

5AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
decline in net income of
the organisation and rise
in total assets (Bell,
Causholli & Knechel,
2015).
overstatement of gross
income, which would
contribute towards
misstatement in net
income. In other
words, there might be
profit understatement,
since the management
might have adopted
this strategy in order
to remain competitive
in the marketplace.
assets in terms of their increase
and decrease. Moreover, the
profit level of the organisation
has to be analysed for detecting
any type of profit misstatement
(Bowlin, Hobson & Piercey,
2015).
Gross margin This ratio might decline
either due to decrease in
sales or decrease in cost
of goods sold based on
the nature of the market
and tastes and
preferences of the
customers (Cahan &
Sun, 2015).
This aspect is
associated with
particular audit risk, in
which misstatements
in sales could be
identified along with
the gross income of
API in the existing
period. In order to
remain competitive,
the management
might show
minimised gross
The audit procedure would
constitute of evaluating the
gross margin trend and the sales
of the organisation in the prior
periods. Moreover, the audit
procedure involves
investigation and checking of
sales receipts, invoices as well
as other documents so that the
material misstatements in the
sales figure of the organisation
could be ascertained
appropriately.

6AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
income.
Marketing
expense
Increase in marketing
expense of API could be
observed in the existing
year and it is less than
the industry standard.
However, the rise in
marketing expense has
direct impact on the net
income of an
organisation.
The aspect is subject
to audit risk, as
marketing expense
might have been
represented more than
the actual figure
resulting in fall in net
income. With rise in
this expense, the
management obtains
the scope of sales-
related expenses in
accordance with the
adopted strategy
(Cameran, Prencipe &
Trombetta, 2016).
The audit procedure for dealing
with this aspect would be to
conduct necessary review and
verification of marketing
expense for detecting any type
of misstatement. Due to this, the
auditor requires examination of
the bills, vouchers as well as
receipts associated with
marketing expense.
Admin
expenses/sales
Decline could be
observed in the
administrative expense
of API in the existing
year, which resembles
the budgeted ratio of the
organisation. This
movement is a positive
The ratio is associated
with significant audit
risk in terms of
understatement of
admin expenses,
which aligns with the
strategy undertaken by
API. The major
The audit procedure in this
situation would be to scrutinise
the documents like receipts,
bills, vouchers, bills and others
pertaining to admin
expenses/sales in API for
detecting any type of
misstatement in this type of

7AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
sign in terms of
business profitability for
API.
incentive behind the
management of the
organisation might be
the strategy of cost
minimisation,
particularly selling
expenses (Campa and
Donnelly 2016).
expense in the organisation.
Times interest
earned
Decline in this specific
ratio indicates that API
might not have
sufficient earnings in
order to make interest
payments. The fall in
long-term amount debt
could be the significant
reason for the
organisation.
This risk is associated
with the potential
audit risk of earnings
manipulation from the
end of the
management, which
has minimised the
ability of API to incur
interest. There is
understatement risk in
the debt position of
API as a part of the
existing strategy of the
organisation
(Causholli, Chambers
& Payne, 2014).
In this condition, the audit
procedure would incorporate
the investigation as well as
invigilation of API earnings for
identification of manipulation.
In addition, the auditor has to
review the debt position of the
organisation for determining
any type of material
misstatements in the same
(Chambers & Odar, 2015).
Days in Rise in days in This specific situation In this case, the important audit

8AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
inventory inventory signifies that
API has undertaken
additional time for
settling its inventory in
the existing year. The
rise in this ratio results
in decline in inventory
turnover of the
organisation.
would lead to
significant audit risk,
which includes
misstatement in the
ending inventory
balance of API in the
existing year. This
could be accountable
for minimisation in
inventory turnover
ratio. This is deemed
to be a significant
audit risk for the
organisation.
process would be to examine
the internal inventory control of
API. More precisely, the auditor
has to be accountable in order
to observe and inspect the
physical count process of
inventory for ascertaining any
type of material misstatement in
the ending inventory balances
of the organisation
(Christensen, Glover & Wolfe,
2014).
Days in
accounts
receivable
Rise in days in accounts
receivable of API
signifies that
receivables have been
gathered slowly in the
existing period in
contrast to the previous
period.
This aspect is deemed
to be associated with
significant audit risk
of misstatements in
ending receivable
balances, which fail to
support the API’s
policy for minimising
the extent of accounts
receivable. This aspect
needs to be taken into
The suitable procedure of audit
in case of this risk would be to
conduct methodical check along
with investigating all accounts
receivable owing to the existing
situation. Moreover, it is crucial
for the auditor in checking the
invoices, receipts as well as
other documents associated
with the gathered accounts
receivable in the present year.

9AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
account by the auditor
of API.
Such processes would be
beneficial to identify any sort of
material misstatement in
accounts receivable of the
organisation (Christensen et al.,
2016).
Debt to equity
ratio
Rise in debt to equity
ratio denotes that the
organisation is highly
leveraged and it is a
sound indicator for
stable cash flow of the
organisation. Along
with this, it signifies rise
in debt and fall in equity
of the organisation.
The rise in this ratio is
subject to audit risk of
misstatement in debt
balances with the
intent to improve the
cash flow of the
business. Moreover,
the likelihood of
misstatement in the
value of equity could
not be ignored in this
condition.
In this situation, the suitable
audit process is to investigate
the agreement papers and
documents pertaining to term
loans for determining the loan
amount misstatement.
Moreover, the equity capital
value has to be verified by
investigating the associated
documents of share issuance
(Gay & Simnett, 2017).
Identification of internal control weaknesses, potential audit risk and audit procedure:
Internal control weakness Audit risk Audit procedure
The authorisation for meeting
the purchase orders as well as
the Copy 2 of GRN lies on
This weakness in internal
control possesses the
capability of developing
The audit procedure involves
appropriate division of
duties. This denotes that two

10AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
the same individual, which is
the accounts clerk of API.
significant audit risk in
purchase orders. It provides
scope to the accounts clerk in
order to manipulate purchase
orders, which could result in
additional or less raw
material orders (Gaynor et
al., 2016).
different individuals have to
be accountable to look after
the purchase orders in order
to fill the GRN Copy 2. This
would assist in minimisation
of purchase order
misstatement of the
organisation.
The production controller
copy that the individual fills
is taken into account for
matching the orders of
production and this is
deemed to be a loophole in
internal control.
In this situation, audit risk
could arise from placing
incorrect orders of
production in presence of the
fact that it is troublesome to
check any error or mistake in
the production report filled
from the end of the
production controller.
The accurate audit procedure
would be to develop an
authority approval in the
system where any particular
personnel would have the
authorisation of looking into
the production report that the
production controller has
filed. This would result in
lowering audit risk (Goodwin
& Wu, 2016).
The API computerised
system is accountable in
order to select the raw
material suppliers as well as
finished goods based on the
current price and time of
This deficiency results in
significant audit risk, in
which raw material and
finished product supply could
be misstated owing to the
errors in computer program
Testing and reviewing the
computer system is the
crucial audit procedure in
this case in order to identify
and eliminate any type of
errors in the system.

11AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
delivery. The entire
computerised system could
be viewed as a weakness, as
computer programming
errors could influence the
entire process.
(Johnstone, Li & Luo, 2014).
The API accounts clerk
obtains the password access
of the amendment in master
file. Therefore, by using the
password, it becomes
possible for the individual to
undertake amendments in the
master file. This is identified
as a significant deficiency in
the system of internal
control.
The weakness in internal
control could result in
potential audit risk, in which
the accounts clerk might
make undesired
modifications in the master
file in certain areas of the
current stock items as well as
sub-contractors and approved
suppliers.
The appropriate division of
duty is the needed audit for
minimising this risk. This
step would engage in
providing access of password
of the master file to any
individual not having the
authority of accessing
transactions like raw
materials, purchase orders,
finished products and others
(Johnstone, Li & Luo, 2014).
The sub-contractors and
suppliers that are listed in the
master file are allowed to
receive orders.
This results in critical audit
risk, in which the staffs
would have access to the
master file along with other
transactions and they could
modify the sub-contractors
and suppliers wrongly, which
The appropriate division of
duties is the significant audit
procedure in this situation, in
which the staffs with access
to the master file would not
be entitled to any other
access associated with the

12AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
could affect the entire
process of selection (Kilgore,
Harrison & Radich, 2014).
master file, as it is required
for avoiding the unauthorised
alterations in master file.
The API’s production
controller has the right or
authority in order to
undertake amendments in
raw material and finished
product-related transactions
in the master file.
This is deemed to be a
crucial weakness that could
result in significant audit risk
in the form of misstated
master file, as there is
absence of any particular
process for verifying the
amendment made from the
end of the production
controller.
Since access is provided to
the controller to other
transactions associated with
production, the audit process
would comprise of removal
of access in the master file. It
is necessary to assure the
presence of any staff in order
to bring alterations in the
master file and the staff
would not have any
relationship with the other
transactions (Knechel, 2016).
Another significant loophole
in API’s inventory control is
that the inventory system
could generate a full stock
listing at any time showing
aspects such as stock codes,
quantity based on location,
cost for each unit and others.
This specific deficiency in
internal control could result
in considerable audit risk of
not discovering the errors in
counting process of inventory
having negative effect on the
report of stock sheet.
The physical count of
inventory would be the
suitable audit process that
constitutes of re-conduction
of the count process of
inventory. This would result
in minimisation of issues
related to the physical
inventory count of API

13AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
(Knechel & Salterio, 2016).
The stock quantity is not
incorporated in the reports of
stock sheet, since the count
team has distinct
responsibility of completing
the count.
The deficiency in internal
control could result in
potential audit risk of not
discovering the errors in the
counting process of inventory
having unfavourable effect
on the report of stock sheet.
With the help of observation
of the physical count of
inventory, the suitable audit
procedure would be to
conduct the inventory count
process again. This would
result in minimisation of
issues in the physical count
of inventory of API (Ojala et
al., 2014).
Sampling methods:
Assertion Which population Sample selection
method
Justification for sample
selection method
Completenes
s
Based on this
assertion, all
accounts and
transactions have to
be depicted in the
financial reports and
understatement of
inventory is
addressed with the
In order to choose the
sample from finished
goods inventory, Wayne
has to adopt the
systematic sampling
method. This specific
method requires Wayne
in ascertaining uniform
interval by dividing the
One significant positive
aspect in order to choose
this specific sampling
method is the addition of
simplicity in the overall
audit processes. In
addition, the systematic
sampling selection assists
in giving assurance that

14AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
help of this assertion
(Pitt, 2014). Thus,
Wayne has to
accumulate sample
from finished goods
inventory.
overall physical units in
the entire population
having the similar size
(Simnett, Carson &
Vanstraelen, 2016).
the entire chosen
population of finished
goods would be sampled
evenly, which is deemed
to be a vital factor in
order to investigate the
completeness assertion.
Furthermore, it is possible
to ensure increased
randomness with the help
of this method of
sampling through
recalculation of intervals
each time by using the
random number tables.
By combining all these
aspects, positive impact is
found to be observed on
the entire auditing
procedure of Wayne.
Existence In accordance with
this specific
assertion, it is to be
tested whether the
transactions related
In order to choose
sample from the purchase
orders of inventory, the
selection of random
sampling method needs
Wayne is needed to
choose the method of
random sampling by
taking into consideration
the fact that this method

15AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
to inventory have
occurred or not. In
order to address this
specific assertion, it
is necessary to
choose the sample
from the inventory
purchase order items
in order to vouch for
purchase requisition
along with obtaining
reports. In the
vouching procedure,
there is tracking
back of certain
amount to the
supporting
documents
(Tepalagul & Lin,
2015).
to be made. This
sampling method would
oblige Wayne in
choosing samples from
the purchase orders
randomly. In accordance
with this method, random
number table needs to be
used accompanied by
document number
(William Jr, Glover &
Prawitt, 2016).
provides the chosen
population with equal
opportunity of being
chosen with the help of
random number tables.
As a result, it becomes
possible to assure
accuracy in the overall
process of sampling. This
is deemed to be the
easiest method in order to
extract big population. By
combining all these
reasons, it is necessary to
use the method of random
sampling for testing the
existence assertion.

16AUDITING AND ASSURANCE IN AUSTRALIA
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