(PDF) Auditing and assurance

AUDITING AND
ASSURANCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
REPORT CONVENTIONS.............................................................................................................1
Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................1
Problem Statements.....................................................................................................................1
RESEARCH.....................................................................................................................................2
Methodology................................................................................................................................2
Findings........................................................................................................................................8
APPLICATION...............................................................................................................................9
Implications of findings...............................................................................................................9
APPLICATION.............................................................................................................................12
Conclusions and Recommendations .........................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

REPORT CONVENTIONS
Executive Summary
Audit refers to process for evaluating accounting entries in recorded in financial
statements of company. Assurance is process to analyse the methods used in assessing
accounting entries recorded in financial statements of companies. Auditing is undertaken for
assessing whether company has followed all the applicable accounting standards and procedures
for recording the events and transactions occurred during the financial year. Auditors of
company should use the relevant auditing standards while performing the audit of financial
statements of company (Al-Najjar, 2018). The independent auditor should perform the
procedures for assessing the reliability of transactions and events that are recorded by company
so that auditor can give unqualified opinion on financial statements of company.
The research is carried out for analysing the financial statements of Soul Pattinson and
analysing the true and fair view given by statements of company. From the above research it is
concluded that auditing standards are very important while evaluating the financial evens of
company. The biases in the auditing practices can impact the reliability of business. Auditor
should not give unqualified opinion on the statements having material misstatements as they can
influence the decision of the person interested in company (Bumgarner and Vasarhelyi, 2018).
The valuation methods used by company for valuing its assets at reporting date should be
accurate and as per the accounting standards at fair value.
Problem Statements
Washington H. Soul Pattinson (WHSP) is public company of Australia listed over
Australian Stock Exchange. It is investment house having investments in diverse portfolios.
Making portfolio of industries is covered under its principal activities that include pharmacy,
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natural resources, building materials, agriculture, equity investment, corporate advisory and
telecommunications. True and fair view of the financial statements means that statements do not
have any misstatements and financial performance as well as position is fairly represented in it
by company (Earley, 2015). True states that prepared statements are accurate and correct based
on facts. Statements are prepared as per applicable standards, reporting frameworks like
IFRS and does not have material misstatements that could mislead users. They could occur
because of error or omission of transactions and balances in financial statements.
Company is valuing its assets and liabilities on fair value method. For determining the fair values
of assets and liabilities estimates and judgements have been made by company. Company is
categorizing its assets and liabilities using three of methods given as per accounting standards.
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RESEARCH
Methodology
ASA 315 – Identifying & assessing Risks of material misstatements through understanding
Entity and its Environment.
The standard is applicable to audit of financial reports of financial year as Corporations Act
2001. Auditor has to assess and identify all the risks associated with material misstatements
which may be because of fraud or omission in financial statements and assertion level by
understanding entity and the environment, its internal control, by giving a base to design and
implement response to assessed risk of material misstatement.
Auditor has studied all the regulations and external factors which were applicable to the
company. Company is an investment company which is required to follow guidelines and rules
provided by the investment regulatory authority (Gomes, Eugenio and Branco, 2015). Operating
and governance structures of business should be known to the auditor so identify the mistakes
that could occur in the organisation. If the auditor is not aware about the structure of business
there are chances that faults or errors could not be found. It is important to have knowledge about
the regulation applicable to the investment company for properly identifying the areas of errors
or defaults (ASA 315. 2019).
Risk based approach is followed for identifying the factors which can affect the business
like its competitors, competent authorities and other factors. It helps the auditors to
independently obtain objective and relevant evidence related to the assertions related to process
for forming opinion related to process (Hay, 2015). They have to identify the evidence for testing
the organisation's compliance procedures related to legal requirements, process and regulations.
ASA 320 – Materiality in Planning and Performing Audit
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It is the responsibility of auditor to apply materiality concepts to plan and perform audit of
financial assets. ASA 450 is used for explaining the application of materiality for evaluating
effects of misstatements on audit. Disclosure are to be made by company related to the
transaction or events that are significant and material to business. Materiality of transactions is
given by the amount and effect involved on the financial statements of the company. Non-
disclosing the material event can influence the decisions of users of financial statements. It will
question the true and fair approach of financial reporting. Company has disclosed the fair value
method used by it over different assets. It is important for company to disclose the valuation
methods so that they can identify which method is used for recognising the particular assets or
liabilities (Hay, 2015). Experts use different method for analysing the data there is possibility
that may face variance which can influence the decisions (ASA 320. 2019). Clearly disclosing it
will help to identify the causes of difference. The information stated was material as it is related
to the assets and equity investments and company is investment company.
ASA 330 Auditor's Responses to Assessed Risks
Standard states that the auditor has the responsibility of addressing all the risks and
misstatement identified during an audit. A company cannot perform all the processes effectively
and accurately. There will be misstatement and errors in the processes which are to be identified
during the audit and the responsibility of auditor is not restricted to identify but also to inform
the company to rectify the mistakes. If the errors are not rectified than the auditor has the
responsibility to address the areas which have not met the compliance requirement. If the
controls are reporting effectively the flaws and defects of organisations it should be reviewed by
auditor (Moffitt, Rozario and Vasarhelyi, 2018). The misstatement in the report can highly affect
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the business of company therefore it is important for auditors to assess the risk of material
misstatement related to different class of transactions.
It is important to identify the reason behind each transaction that can affect the position
and image of company. For identifying the material misstatements test of controls are performed
for obtaining sufficient audit evidence. The assessment of risk is important as it includes at
assertion level whether the controls are working effectively and the controls can be relied on by
the auditor. For checking the reliability of controls auditors should perform its own audit
procedures for obtaining the audit evidence relating to effectiveness of controls. It includes
application of controls ate relevant times, consistency in application and the means and person
applying the controls. Evidences that are obtained during interim period than the auditor is
required to obtain evidence about the changes related to controls after interim period.
ASA 560 – Subsequent events
The standards give about the responsibility of auditors about the subsequent events during audit
of financial report. Subsequent events mean events occurring after date of financial report. The
reporting framework provides specifically for referring to these as they can significantly
influence the decision of investors and position of the company. Two events are there first which
give evidence about conditions existing at the balance sheet date and second that give evidence
about the conditions arising after balance sheet date. Evidence about the events happening
between financial reporting date and auditor's report date requiring the adjustments or disclosures
in financial report are to be identified.
The procedure is only required for identifying and covering events occurring between
the date of balance sheet and date of auditor's report. Identifying whether management has
established procedures for subsequent events. Enquiring management or governing authorities of
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the company about the subsequent events that might have incurred in the company. The
subsequent events have impact over the business of company therefore it is important for
company to report them in financial reports and auditors in their audit report. After the audit
report date, it is not obligatory for auditors to perform audit procedure for financial report. After
the date of audit report before the issuance of financial report any fact comes in knowledge of the
auditor than it may require amendment in auditor's report (Ojala and et.al., 2016). Where if the
management has amended financial report than the auditors are required to perform procedures
related to the circumstances relating to amendments. Under Corporation Act, 2001 management
and governing authorities cannot restrict any amendment in financial report as result auditors are
not required to issue new or amended audit report.
ASA 570 – Going Concern
Going concern means the business is established for running for unfortunate period. Auditor has
to obtain sufficient audit evidence for ensuring that company is preparing financial statement on
the basis of going concern. The responsibility to ensure going concern uncertainty is existing
even if there is no explicit requirement for making specific assessment by the financial reporting
framework (ASA 700. 2019). Limitation of the auditor to identify material misstatement can be
greater for events and conditions and can cause the company to cease or continue as going
concern.
ASA 700 – Forming opinion & Opinion on Financial Report
It deals with responsibility of auditor to form opinion over the financial report. It covers the
content and form in which the report is issued by the auditor. ASA 701 deal with responsibility
of auditor of communicating key audit matter in audit report. ASA 705 & ASA 706 deals with
the effect on content and form of auditor report when it contains modified opinion or emphasis of
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matter paragraph or other matter paragraph. Auditor has the responsibility of forming an opinion
on the evaluation and assessment of the financial report of the company. It has to ensure that
reports are consistent with the auditing standards laid by the authorities for providing the
credibility to the financial report in the global market (Pham and et.al., 2017). The auditor has to
ensure that the standards and the financial procedure are followed accurately and properly by the
companies. The difference in reporting standards used in audit report will make the statements
incomparable to others.
Auditor is required to form opinion on the financial statements of the company that as per
the application of different auditing procedures related to the transactions are appropriately
applied or not by the company. The auditor has to form an opinion after obtaining the reasonable
assurance related to financial report whether they are free from all the significant material
misstatements, fraud and error. The conclusion is drawn after accounting for whether sufficient
audit evidence has been obtained in accordance to ASA 330, whether the uncorrected statements
are material in aggregate or individually. The opinion is to be made after considering that the
business has evaluated required by para 12-15 of ASA 700. The report has to disclose the
accounting policies that are applied and selected for complying with reporting frameworks.
Auditor has to consider the accounting estimates and the disclosures which are require to be
made by the company are reasonable.
The auditor should ensure that the information that are presented in financial reports are
reliable, relevant, understandable and comparable. Any material misstatement that can affect the
opinion of users of financial statements is to be identified by the company and reported in the
financial and annual report of the company (Yee and et.al., 2017). If after obtaining the sufficient
evidence about the material statement, management or governing authorities of company should
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be informed about it. If no action is taken on the said event auditor cannot give clear opinion
about the financial statements of company. Along with auditing standards the reporting
frameworks should also be complied for giving fair representation of the annual reports of the
company. The opinion can be modified for the fair representation frameworks.
ASA 701 – Communicating key audit matter in Independent Auditor report
Key audit matters refer to the matters that are significant and required special attention of
auditor while performance of audit. It is responsibility of auditor to consider the areas that are
material and affect the decision and position of the business. It has to report on areas having high
risk related to material mi statement or the risks that are identified as per ASA 315. significant
judgement of auditor that related to areas in financial reports involving management judgement
and accounting estimates having high uncertainty of estimation. The effect of events on financial
statement of company that occurred during year.
Auditor has to identify matters to determine that they are of most significance in
financial report for current period therefore are included in key audit matters. Key audit matters
are to be reported by auditor using subheading under appropriate subheadings in separate section
under heading of 'Key Audit Matters'. These matters are to be reported based on the auditing of
the company financial transaction for the year. The matter is reported in the auditor report for
giving true and fair view of the financial position of the company. Auditor is required to give
description about each key matter why the matter is considered significant in audit and how the
matter is addressed by auditor. How the key audit matter can influence or impact business is also
required to be given by the company. If it is determined by the auditor there are no significant
key audit matter based on facts and circumstances than the statement relating to this should be
included in the report under Key audit matter in separate section. The key audit matters are
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required to be confirmed with those charged with governance and management of company. It
drags the attention of users of financial statement about the matters that have considered
significant by the auditors.
ASA 705 – Modifications to Opinion in Independent auditor's report.
Modification to audit opinion is required when it is concluded by the auditor that on the
basis of gathered evidence from auditing that financial statements are not free of material
misstatement. Or where the auditor has failed to obtain sufficient audit evidence for drawing
conclusion related to the financial statement do not contain any material misstatement. If an
auditor does not give modified even after he is not able to obtain sufficient audit evidence than
the auditor can be penalised and reliability of the financial statement is questioned. Therefore, it
is essential that auditor follow ethical practised while reporting and forming an opinion on the
financial reports of company (ASA 705. 2019.).
When an auditor expresses qualified opinion on financial report of company because of
material misstatement than he is required to state the fact in report of the auditor. The effects of
the material misstatements are required to be reported in the auditor's report. Where the adverse
opinion is given when auditor after obtaining sufficient evidence has concluded that
misstatement in aggregate or individually are material as well as pervasive to financial report.
Disclaimer of opinion is given when the auditor fails to obtain audit evidence to base an opinion
and auditor has drawn that possible effect on financial misstatement regarding undetected
misstatement can be both pervasive as well as material. Disclaimer of opinion is given in very
rare circumstances including multiple uncertainties, auditor concludes even after obtaining the
sufficient audit evidence for each uncertainty appropriate opinion cannot be framed over
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financial reports because of interaction of uncertainties & their cumulative effect over financial
report.
Where the auditor has the restrictions from management after accepting the audit
engagement of company. It will limit scope of audit and therefore the auditor has to give
qualified opinion or the disclaimer of opinion if management does not remove the restrictions on
scope of audit. As per para 11 of 705 auditor is required to request to governing authorities to
remove limitation or to give suggestion about obtaining sufficient audit evidence through
alternative procedures. When the sufficient audit evidence is not obtained by the auditor than he
is required to determine implications of the same and give opinion accordingly about the
financial reports.
Auditor has the obligation to frame opinion on the basis of evidences obtained from
financial reports of company. The opinion of auditor is of significant important as all the users of
the financial statements rely based on the report of auditor. If the auditor does not qualify the
audit report even after becoming aware of material misstatement than it can affect the interested
people of financial statements. The reliability of the financial statements is judged by the opinion
framed by the Independent auditor.
APES 110 - Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants
Objective of the code is to explain the responsibility of auditor and the professional to act
in public interest & and to comply with fundamentals principles laid under code. There are
threats that are related to compliance of fundamental principles, safeguards and conceptual
frameworks. Integrity principles lays obligation on auditors to be honest and straightforward in
their business and professional relationships. Main objective behind integrity is to imply fair
dealing & truthfulness in the work. The code specifies that members do not associate themselves
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knowingly with information that are materially false and have misleading misstatements or
information have been furnished recklessly.
Objectivity principle obligates auditors that the business or professional judgements are
not be compromised due to conflict of interest, bias or undue influence. It is the responsibility of
auditor to maintain professional competence & due care. Auditor should apply adequate skills
and knowledge for providing clients competent professional services. Also, that services are
provided in compliance with applicable professional and technical standard. The auditor should
be aware of the relevant technical and professional developments that are taking place in
company. The auditors are required to follow ethical standards when providing the services and
forming opinion on the financial reports of company.
Findings
Independent Auditor on the financial report of Soul Pattinson has on the basis of audit
evidences obtained during audit gives true and fair view of financial position and performance of
the year. That all the accounts are prepared in accordance with and compliance with applicable
accounting standards & Corporations Regulations. It is founded that report have been prepared
for company by independent auditors and they do not have interest in the company. Opinion is
been given after believing that audit evidence which is obtained is appropriate and sufficient.
The key audit matters that are of significant importance include that financial statement
of group prepared comprises of financial statements of company, subsidiaries and its equity
accounting associates. The area of focus for key audit matter were to identify and understand
significant components & material misstatement risks in them, that assessment about compliance
with accounting policies of group and consolidation procedures undertaken by company
(DeSimone and Abdolmohammadi, 2016). In the consolidated statement equity investment in
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consolidated statement is significant asset that represents 15.5% of the total assets. The focus is
important as it involves conclusions about whether the valuation of investments is made on
appropriate basis and also that they are owned by the company. It is found that investment is
carried at fair value as around 95% of investments relates to level 1 and could value at active
market quoted prices. Auditors have reported that where they failed to obtain sufficient data to
value unlisted investments estimates were taken by them using most appropriate data sources and
are also subject to high level judgements. The key matter paragraph does contain any significant
matter that have an effect on company. The equity investment is to be critically evaluated by
auditors as they acquire significant proportion in financial statement.
Company has paid dividend for the year and that has been reported in annual reports amounting
to $131667(Allford, 2016). Dividends are paid by company as per the policies of the company.
The dividend has not been paid till year end. The report covers the segmental report also which
help the investors and operational decision maker (Annual Reports 2018. 2019). There have been
movements in values which are not reported in reserves.
APPLICATION
Implications of findings
Company is recognising some of the changes in assets / liabilities values in comprehensive
income of company rather than income statement. As per the standards changes in assets fair
value inclusive of long term equity investment are recognised in revaluation reserve of asset and
income statement of company instead of income statement. Company is reclassifying amounts in
income statement when asset or investment are impaired or sold. If they are recognised in profit
or loss statement they highly influence the profits of the company every year. Investors would
not be able to make decisions accurately about the position of company and its performance. The
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profit reserve shows the capita profits of company transferred in retained in retained earnings of
company. Company is maintaining hedge reserves for recognising the changes in fair values of
derivatives (Sam and Tiong, 2015). Profit or loss on hedges are recognised in income statement
for giving true and fair view of the company position. Derivative are the options or futures that
are invested by company for meeting foreign contracts on the fixed exchange. Reflecting gain or
loss on such derivative instruments is essential for company.
It is found from the annual report that Soul Pattinson is following fair value method for
valuing its equity investments. There are other methods also for valuing equity investments but
the company has followed fair value method for investments. Company is classifying shares as
equity. Incremental cost is attributed directly to new shares issue or options in equity are shown
net of taxes from proceeds. It is following conservative capital management approach for
maintaining its capital base. For sustaining the future development of company, it is maintaining
with creditors, investors and market confidence. The report reveals that there is no capital no
change in capital management of company.
During the year company has acquired Aquatic Achievers Pty Ltd. Contingent
consideration for company is based over earn-out clauses in sale and purchase of business.
Company has acquired assets considering of having indefinite lives and without any
amortisation. Royalty based valuation is used for curriculum and brand with royalty rates.
Acquisitions method is used for accounting the business combinations. Consideration comprising
aggregate of fair values for assets, liabilities and equity interests are transferred to the acquire.
Acquired identifiable assets or liabilities acquired inclusive of contingent liabilities are measured
on acquisition date initially at fair values (Wilson-Wilde, 2018). Company also recognises the
interests of non-controlling shareholders.
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Company is recording goodwill for excessive amount transferred as consideration over
the fair value of equity interest. If after reviewing and measuring acquired net identifiable assets
the consideration is less than its fair value it is recognised straight as bargain purchase in income
statement. At exchange date when any cash considerations are deferred the payable amount are
discounted at present values. Incremental borrowing rate is used as discounting rate by company.
The rate is taken on the basis of availability of similar loans at the interest rate used for
discounting. As per ASA company is classifying contingent considerations into equity or
financial liability. Financial liabilities are remeasured by company at fair values with fair value
changes recognised in income statement. The measurement of goodwill as per this method gives
accurate results and the impact in amounts of the sale purchase of business. Fluctuation in the
fair values of the assets and liabilities are to be recognised by company very accurately. It is the
duty of auditors to check that company is complying with the standards for recording its assets
and liabilities on purchase or acquisition of businesses. Auditors have to identify that fair values
are recognised on correct rates by correctly valuing the assets and liabilities of company. The
acquisition of the businesses is to be appropriately recorded using relevant standards that are
applicable to the business (Jain and et.al., 2015). Net identifiable assets are classified into
tangible and intangibles on judgemental basis. Company should make the allocation on the basis
of the standards that are most relevant to the assets or liabilities.
The events occurring after reporting date are represented in annual reports of company.
Users will be able to know the differences and impacts that they would have on the financial
statements of company. The differences may be significant that can impact the business and its
position. Increase in acquisition of further 40% share in Bengalla JV. After the transaction Hope
Corporation is to own 80% interest in Bengalla joint venture. Company has earned gain on sale
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of property and the gains are recognised in financial statement of next year as the event does not
existed at the reporting date.
Pattinson has made investment during the year in various entities. Investments that are
recoverable are reviewed at reporting dates considering the relevant applicable indicators of
impairment. If judgements are not significant for assessing the impairment and for reversing the
impairment previously recognised for equity accounted associates it can affect the income
statement of company and all the related accounts. There is other equity investment also that are
to be classified by company and reported in annual accounts and reports. Equity investments are
recorded at date of trade when the commitment to purchase the investment is made by company.
The values of equity investments on fair values are recorded at trade date so that there is no
miscommunication of the purchase prices (Bodley and et.al., 2018).
The classification of investment is essential so that could be figured out which
investments are long term, trading and held for sale. They are classified into different categories
on the basis of purpose for which they have been purchased. Investment are classified by
management at its initial recognition prices. Transaction cost incurred at time of purchase of
trading equities are recognised immediately in income statements as these expenses are not
included in purchase price of the equity investments. Where the equity investments are recorded
at fair value in addition with the transaction cost. The investments are held by company dividend
income and capital growth. Auditor has to ensure that investments that are held for less than 12
months are shown under current assets and not under the non-current asset unless the intention of
company is to dispose the assets after 12 months. The classification as current and noncurrent are
to be assessed very carefully as difference will affect the liquidity position of company. Wrong
investment will affect the position of company and the financial implications.
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As per the auditing standards equity investments are to be revalued by company at fair
value on balance sheet date so that the financial statements of company reflect the actual position
of the company at reporting date. Income or loss arising on revaluations of investments are to be
recognised in income statements on the reporting date for the period they belong. Where the
revaluations reserve is credited on changes in fair value of long term investments. Auditor should
ensure that long term securities are impaired only when there is continuous decline in value of
securities below its cost not on slight fluctuations based on fair values (Alzeban, 2015). For the
impairment relevant standards are used by company so that there are no clashes between
company and the regulatory authorities in compliance.
Recording assets as per standards will make them comparable with reports and financial
statement of other entities. The judgement by the managers of the company to recognise its
assets for impairment should be made after assessing the situations and circumstances related to
the investments. Taxes on income of the company are to be recognised on basis of income tax
charges given by the tax departments. The tax returns are to be prepared by auditors after
evaluating all the transaction of business. All above events and transactions are to be recorded by
company using the relevant standards and rules laid down by accounting institutes. The financial
statements of the company will lose its reliability if they are not prepared using the standards
given related to each and every event and transaction. The differences are significant on change
on single method of valuation therefore it is necessary for company to follow the methods laid by
standards.
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APPLICATION
Conclusions and Recommendations
The research related to the true and fair view of the annual report of Soul Pattinson. The
statements of independent auditor give the assurance that financial report of company prepared is
true and can be relied by the company and outside people having interest in the company. The
independent auditor is able to give opinion on the statement of company that they give a true and
fair view of financial position of company. The statement of auditor is included after the auditor
has carried out assessment of all the transaction and event that have taken place in company.
Company is effectively following all the relevant standards for recording each and every
transaction. The report can be stated as true and fair after the auditor has applied all the methods
and techniques for recognising the valuation of assets and liabilities. There are auditing standards
for evaluating whether the company has complied with relevant standards for recognising the
events occurred during the financial year.
Auditor has identified that there are no material misstatements in the financial reports of
company. All the assets and liabilities are valued by company at fair values on the reporting date.
Recognising them at fair values on the reporting date makes the financial statement comparable
and gives more accurate position of company (Mark and Yanjun, 2016). Auditor has ensured that
all the valuations done at time of revaluations or remeasurement are recognised in income
statement on loss and credited in other income and revaluation reserves. The reserves are to be
credited only when there is gain on the asset or investment of company. Auditors have ensured
that company has reported all the events in financial statements that are of material importance
for company and the investors. The auditor has identified all the risks associated with business
that can impact the financial position of company and are assessed using appropriate auditing
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measures. Events occurring after the balance sheet date are only acquisition of business but
events will have no adjustments in financial statements as the condition related to event did not
existed at balance sheet data (Sin, Moroney and Strydom, 2015). Company is going concern this
can be assessed as there are number of transactions undertaken by company which are for long
term basis which shows that business is intended to be continued for an unfortunate period.
Recommendations
Recommendation can be framed on the basis of study that has been carried out related to
the true and fair statement of company. Auditor should analyse the business risks that could have
major impact by applying audit tests in mid of the financial year so that it can track the related
risks directly. Auditor should ensure that company has laid down proper corporate governance in
company so that the transaction is recorded as per given accounting standards. Auditor should
not be biased while making assumption and assertions about the transactions and events that
have occurred during the year. Reports of company should not be shared with external parties by
auditor that can significantly affect the businesses they should use ethical practices while
performing audits (Hay, 2015). Auditor can recommend company to employ risk control
measures which can be used by company for preventing the major risks. Auditor should take
external party confirmations on random basis so that they can assess that company is not making
fake entries. The negligence of auditor in analysing the records of company can have the effect
over the statements. The negligence of event of material importance will not render the
statements free from material misstatement. Misstatement in financial statement will bind the
auditor to give modified opinion on financial statement of company. Auditor should ensure that
practices are employed at various levels in company to ensure that fraudulent practices are not
being carried out in company.
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Online
ASA 700. 2019.[Online]. Available through:
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