The Principles of Australian Company Laws

This article discusses the principles of Australian company laws and their application in resource allocation and priority setting in healthcare. It covers topics such as program budgeting and marginal analysis, priority setting at micro, mesa, and macro levels, and the use of ethical frameworks. It also delves into the topics of palliative care, childcare at hospitals, and elderly care versus children care, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.

Running Head: The Principles of Australian Company Laws 1
The Principles of Australian Company Laws
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Introduction
Resource allocation and priority setting can be defined as the allocation of resources that
are limited and have economic value like money, medicines and any other necessary need
among competing interests. This is most evident in the developing countries as they struggle
to reduce the burden of disease and pose an ethical question of how should allocation of
resources in the health system be carried out.
One, it should be cost effective. For example, by the use of limited resources in the
selected population, how would benefits be realized? In the determination of efficiency, costs
and benefits analysis should be conducted for so that effective health intervention can be
achieved. Here the benefits should be measured in health enhancements while the costs are
calculated in financial terms. The second most important criteria is equity. Equity ensures
that the groups that were visited they received supplies at reduced costs while they have
benefits. The benefits are well linked with a moral theory referred to as consequentialism. In
calculating the cost-effective ration, the benefits are divided by the costs and this is done by
health economists. The evaluation benefits realized after the health economists have analyzed
the rations it is then expressed in quality life year that is then adjusted with one life year
saved (QALYs). The viewpoint prioritizing the existing healthcare resources depends or the
ensuing need or emergency, but it disregards on age.
Economic Concepts or Priority Setting Concepts and Examples
In the healthcare many concepts are used among them is program budgeting and marginal
analysis. Health department across the world should at all times set priorities in using the
meager resources in their possession to avoid rationing decisions. This financial knowledge

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is important for us they medical departments will move from using traditional resource
allocation methods. Program budgeting and marginal analysis have received power for the
last 30 years. Program budgeting and marginal analysis (PBMA) has a framework that is
followed by writers’ experiences and some other people from various nations.
Finally, the government panel opted to give a valuable suggestion of resource
reallocation. This is utilizing an ethical framework by having clear panels. The panels are
mandated to come up with a clear approach to priority setting in the healthcare. The panels
believe that they are in a steady behavior state that makes them overcome essential
challenges.
In solving the ensuing vital health problems, there is the need for priority setting. The
process of prioritization generally operates at three different levels. They are:
A) Micro-level-individual programs
B) Mesa -- regional centers and local communities
c) Macro-level- corporate and organizational levels for example hospitals.
In the event of ensuing many health problems coupled with limited financing, there is a great
need of conducting prioritization. The current decision-makers meet themselves encountering
many hurdles in carrying out prioritization. They encounter another hurdle of realizing the
framework they will utilize. In carrying out this process, the local health plan for a
community should consider the process 13 factors. The factors were considered by the
governing body of the local care centers. The meso -level multi dimensionality priority
setting method is the one that is generally prioritized by the global literature findings.

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Example
The primary health care plan from Australia was recognized to have used these future
population-based approaches in addressing the local priorities. Another successful priority
provider is the primary care partnerships (PCP) which is an initial plan of the Victorian
government initiation. The Victorian government initiation main idea was to promote
Primary Care Partnerships and to increase the entire well beingness. The emergency PCPs
are meant in cahoots with the planned strategies so that they can monitor the implementation
of the three key health promotion priorities that were adopted in the year 2006-2009. These
priorities are:
a) To enhance and promote well-beingness of mental health
b) To oversee healthy communities while promoting physical activities
c) Enhance food accessibility by promoting nutritious food
Review of the Literature for Priority Setting
Priority setting is challenging as it requires the use of the people’s views. In the collection
of data, the process encounters many hurdles as people have essential priorities which affect
the entire process. Formal priority setting and the funders have brought a lot of pressure as
the government, and the caregivers expect much from them.
In the last ten years, there are nearly four many priority areas that have come up. The
initial breakthrough was the inclusion of cost-effective analysis, which introduced data
analysis. The multi-dimensional approach was the second significant inclusion in the process
of priority setting. The literature indicates that loud noises from patients in the decision-

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making process. The fourth priority area is having the process being so transparent to every
stakeholder. Thus, the outcome was the inception of perfect priority settings a version that is
highly valued.
Palliative Care
The palliative care is given to personalities that are living a life of extreme pain and life-
limiting illnesses. They are made to live in relaxing and stress-free environments. The
patients are given spiritual, social, physical and emotional healing.
Victorian's Palliative and End of Life Frameworks
In Australia, many of the Victorians are eligible for palliative and end of life
mechanisms. Both frameworks are generally meant to offer family members to have a
backing while at this stages. In the past 20 years, the end of life frameworks that were present
was unsustainable, and they needed reallocation so as they can deliver such quality serves
like presently. In providing the best services to all in Australia, there is a need for using
innovative strategies (Sepulveda, 2017, 374). This is not possible without the services of
various human services like health sectors and palliative frameworks. The residents from
remote areas, non –Australian and aboriginals and who are not suffering from cancer, they
are not entitled to these services. Thus, it is imperative that equity should be maintained and
everyone should be considered.
Nearly 39,000 are recorded to die every year due to lack of palliative as well as an end of
life support. The general practitioners strive to offer these services to the people living in the
rural areas through good services are available to the people living in the metropolitan area.
The end of life services provision increases annually at a rate of 4%, making the traditional

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methods to be unsustainable as they are being updated (Gwinner, 2017, 1). As the services
are increasingly being prepared to be better, there is a group of people that were selected to
formulate new guidelines. They include 700 people from 40 local organizations, analysts and
specialists. They participated in the forum and formulated these guidelines. The guidelines
are
a) The general public proposed that they would like they would like better services at their
homes and local communities.
b) They indicated that seniors should be entitled to an end of life care
c) The family members should be given complete information
d) Advanced treatment should be given to people suffering from neoplastic diseases
e) They must ensure that all services reach the public in a progressive way
They formulated the frameworks with the people who should follow them. They are:
People: - the people are supposed to learn the end of life details and they should know and
understand the health system. These frameworks meant to take control of all the people’s
lives (Flynn et al, 2017, 4).
Caregivers and service providers: - it enumerates their responsibilities, and it clearly
explains what they are supposed to be delivering.
Communities: - this framework involves the organizations and the public firms. It is aimed
at providing access and creates awareness of them. The framework gives everyone sufficient
knowledge (Simmons, Graham, and Thomas, 2015, 144)

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Key Areas in Palliative Care
a) It gives enough freedom to all to select their services
b) Everyone should accept every person's diversity and enjoy the integrated services that
are harmonized
c) The public is entitled to enjoy the services
d) Those in need of end of life services should be afforded and also being given palliative
care
e) Palliative care must be effective to be used by all, and it should be used locally
Childcare at Hospitals
In providing a great family care experience, the hospitals give care to children. The
services are mostly offered to the hospital employees. Some resources are included in them.
They are:-
a) Children caregiver
b) Certified nurse
c) A pre-primary teacher that gives learning programs in the week
d) Children support teachers with their assistants
The Australian Institute of health and welfare 2016, it enumerates different types of
childcare. They are family, group, residential and independent ones. The survey that was
conducted in the year 2005, it indicates that 43,400 children were living outside home care.
When the figures were compared to June 2011, they were enhanced from 7.4/1000 to

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8.1/1000 in June 2015 (Gwinner, 2017, 1). The figures indicate that many aboriginal children
were living outside home care. This shows that the aboriginal children living outside should
be enhanced. The “National standards for out of home care Australia” that looks at the well-
being and takes care of the children (Weiler, Garrido, and Taussig, 2016 374). The national
policy was initiated with the aim of bringing care of children. The policy provides that no
matter where the children hail from, they should be taken care, it stipulates that their security,
stability, and identity should be stressed (Herrman et al., 2016, 436).
Elderly Care versus Children Care
There is a contrast between elderly care and children care. Elderly care is provided to all
the granny people while child care is different as not all employees have children. In general,
many employees have living parents; therefore, adult care has a lot of influence (Benedetti,
2017, 17). It is prudent to indicate that elderly care is unforeseeable unlike the childcare as
anything could happen (McDowall, 2016, 5). The elderly have a lot of influence as in case of
anything their bodies functioning can be altered immediately. When the old body changes
them need assistance from all corners is it from caregivers, supervisors or co-staff (Gair,
2018, 1).
Pediatric care is generally provided to healthy children, who come from working
employees. Elderly care is an all different package of service that is mostly linked with legal
issues and services. The old package is given to geriatrics that are away from employment
(Withington et al, 2016, 42). The geriatric service by the caregiver can be accentuated as
adult to adult that is different from child care. Child care does not have many positive

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outcomes, unlike the geriatric where the adults are more attached to the caregivers, relatives,
and family which is not the case with child care (Maclean et al, 2016, 251).
Strengths and Weaknesses of Palliative, Child Care, adult Care
Childcare Strengths
a) Giving childcare to all children
b) Equal resource allocation
c) Equity to all
d) Strict adherence to priorities
e) The national policy set by Australia that child care will be offered to all Australian
children no matter their location in the country (Kiraly, and Humphreys, 2017, 230)
Weaknesses
Wastage of resources
Neglect of aboriginals and those located in remote areas
Elderly Care Strengths
In the caregivers, all staff contribute to give assistance
In case of emergencies, there is a rapid response

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Weaknesses
There is a weak holistic approach
The standards and priority settings are incomparable
Palliative Care Strengths
There is the presence of priorities and reallocation of the framework
The services are done at home upon requests
They give treatment to neoplastic patients
Weaknesses
In treating patients, there is no equity
The communication is not straight in setting priorities and policies (James, Nelson, and
Ashwill, 2014, 1)
Conclusion
In the entire world, the health department should focus on providing palliative care, child
care, and elderly care. The heal caregivers should focus on setting priorities that are favoring
not only the Australians but even the children of aboriginals and the ones that are living in
the remote areas. The question of age and economic status of anybody should not make them
be hindered services like any other Australian. The economic concepts of caregiving should
consider continuously improving the PBMA and placing strict CEA guidelines. The service
provision should always be the core that enhances service provision to all. In coming up with
the three levels of priority setting, the government should consider inculcating ethics and

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values in the policy paper. Finally, geriatric care and child care has great differences
nevertheless the staff or the workers they think of taking a holistic approach to offering a
human resource. For everything to function for life changes, then it requires the entire
generation for everything to work

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