Autism Support Across The Life Span
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This case study delves into the issues faced by an elderly person diagnosed with autism and discusses the key issues, impact of adulthood experiences, and the support required for the care seeker and the carer.
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Running Head: Autism Support Across The Life Span
AUTISM SUPPORT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
Running Head: Autism Support Across The Life Span
AUTISM SUPPORT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
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1
Autism Support Across The Life Span
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Discussion of the case study 2
Analysis of key issues identified in the case study 2
Rationale for how adulthood experiences impact an individual with autism 3
Synthesis of changes and challenges faced by the care seeker and the carer throughout
generations 4
Support required to the care seeker and the carer 5
Development of adulthood support knowledge related to autism 6
References 8
Autism Support Across The Life Span
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Discussion of the case study 2
Analysis of key issues identified in the case study 2
Rationale for how adulthood experiences impact an individual with autism 3
Synthesis of changes and challenges faced by the care seeker and the carer throughout
generations 4
Support required to the care seeker and the carer 5
Development of adulthood support knowledge related to autism 6
References 8
2
Autism Support Across The Life Span
Introduction
Autism is often deemed as a singular brain disorder; however, it is a group of disorders that
inhibit the development of the organ. The issues together are referred to as the autism
spectrum disorder. The scope of help and support is limited as a person diagnosed with
autism enter adulthood. There is an expectation from the individuals to display some features
of development and ability for self-sustenance. The given case study allows delving into the
issues faced by an elderly person diagnosed with autism.
Discussion of the case study
The case study presents us with the scenario of Pat a 60-year-old male who is currently
working in an IT firm at a high-level managerial position. Since childhood, he suffered from
bullying and a knowledge that he was different from other people around him. His inability to
interact, form social bonds, anxiety and constant bullying caused him to leave high school at
the age of 16. A family friend suggested Pat about his current workplace after he left school
and suffered from a period of serious depression. He continued to work at the same IT firm
since he started at the age of 17. His intellect and skills about handling machines have helped
him infiltrate the managerial level of the firm even though he started with menial mechanical
work. However, he is currently facing problems and is unable to adapt to the change of CEO.
He had developed an understanding and bond with the previous CEO and finds it difficult to
connect to the leadership of the new CEO who is strict and is said to rule with an "iron fist".
Analysis of key issues identified in the case study
Individual
After going through the case study presented it was apparent that Pat suffered from an
inability to interact with other people. The people around him and Pat himself was troubled
by the sense that he was quite different from the rest. He looked scruff in the normal school
uniform and had a habit of chewing his collar button. He suffered from anxiety which was
heightened by his loneliness. He was afraid to interact with people lest he will be ridiculed
for it. However, Pat was very clever even though he was not able to showcase his academic
skills in his school. He left school at the age of 16 as he was unable to bear the brunt of
bullying anymore. As a result, Pat was stopped from receiving any future education that
would have enabled him to succeed in life. Another point to be noticed, is the behaviour of
Autism Support Across The Life Span
Introduction
Autism is often deemed as a singular brain disorder; however, it is a group of disorders that
inhibit the development of the organ. The issues together are referred to as the autism
spectrum disorder. The scope of help and support is limited as a person diagnosed with
autism enter adulthood. There is an expectation from the individuals to display some features
of development and ability for self-sustenance. The given case study allows delving into the
issues faced by an elderly person diagnosed with autism.
Discussion of the case study
The case study presents us with the scenario of Pat a 60-year-old male who is currently
working in an IT firm at a high-level managerial position. Since childhood, he suffered from
bullying and a knowledge that he was different from other people around him. His inability to
interact, form social bonds, anxiety and constant bullying caused him to leave high school at
the age of 16. A family friend suggested Pat about his current workplace after he left school
and suffered from a period of serious depression. He continued to work at the same IT firm
since he started at the age of 17. His intellect and skills about handling machines have helped
him infiltrate the managerial level of the firm even though he started with menial mechanical
work. However, he is currently facing problems and is unable to adapt to the change of CEO.
He had developed an understanding and bond with the previous CEO and finds it difficult to
connect to the leadership of the new CEO who is strict and is said to rule with an "iron fist".
Analysis of key issues identified in the case study
Individual
After going through the case study presented it was apparent that Pat suffered from an
inability to interact with other people. The people around him and Pat himself was troubled
by the sense that he was quite different from the rest. He looked scruff in the normal school
uniform and had a habit of chewing his collar button. He suffered from anxiety which was
heightened by his loneliness. He was afraid to interact with people lest he will be ridiculed
for it. However, Pat was very clever even though he was not able to showcase his academic
skills in his school. He left school at the age of 16 as he was unable to bear the brunt of
bullying anymore. As a result, Pat was stopped from receiving any future education that
would have enabled him to succeed in life. Another point to be noticed, is the behaviour of
3
Autism Support Across The Life Span
the sport teacher in Pat's school who was unaware of Pat's condition and often judged him
harshly for his physical inabilities. Such negative experiences caused Pat to withdraw into a
shell where he gradually stopped talking to his peers. His loneliness and social isolation
ushered depression and anxiety which were treated through medical help.
Carer
Pat is currently living with his first wife and his children. He has no care provider as such
other than his wife. This puts his wife in a difficult situation where she must single-handedly
assist her children and Pat. Three children under her care are suffering from mental disorders
like Asperger's and Autism. The chances of children being diagnosed with these diseases are
for genetic reasons. No one in her family is affected which is why she wants Pat to seek
medical help. She is urging Pat to seek help for his present mental state and to undergo a
further diagnosis for any mental issues.
As the sole care provider for three family members, she finds it quite difficult to manage her
needs as well as theirs. She is unable to choose a career of her own. Moreover, she is unable
to choose a career of her own as Pat and her children are dependent upon her for support. One
must also note that marriage is a type of companionship where the spouses share their love
and support (Autistic not weird, 2015). Pat's wife is married to someone that may not always
gratify her emotional needs as which may lead her to feel frustrated and dejected.
Rationale for how adulthood experiences impact an individual with autism
Pat has gradually reached apposition of stability in his life and in his profession only for it to
be troubled again because of the newly appointed CEO. It is Pat finds it difficult to interact
with people and follow explicit orders. He is often uncoordinated and anxious; the previous
CEO was supportive and tried to accommodate Pat and his needs. However, the same cannot
be said about the present CEO, his strict regime is difficult to be followed by Pat. All these
problems put together with the toil of rearing up children diagnosed with mental disorders is
working on his patience.
As a person diagnosed with a mental disability grows, they are expected to show ability to
fend for themselves and for surviving alone. During childhood, it is possible to create a
sheltered life for such individuals (Moss et al., 2018). However, as an adult they are required
to depend less on their carer and mix more in their immediate social groups. According to
Catani, Dell'Acqua, Budisavljevic, Howells, Thiebaut de Schotten, Froudist-Walsh and
Autism Support Across The Life Span
the sport teacher in Pat's school who was unaware of Pat's condition and often judged him
harshly for his physical inabilities. Such negative experiences caused Pat to withdraw into a
shell where he gradually stopped talking to his peers. His loneliness and social isolation
ushered depression and anxiety which were treated through medical help.
Carer
Pat is currently living with his first wife and his children. He has no care provider as such
other than his wife. This puts his wife in a difficult situation where she must single-handedly
assist her children and Pat. Three children under her care are suffering from mental disorders
like Asperger's and Autism. The chances of children being diagnosed with these diseases are
for genetic reasons. No one in her family is affected which is why she wants Pat to seek
medical help. She is urging Pat to seek help for his present mental state and to undergo a
further diagnosis for any mental issues.
As the sole care provider for three family members, she finds it quite difficult to manage her
needs as well as theirs. She is unable to choose a career of her own. Moreover, she is unable
to choose a career of her own as Pat and her children are dependent upon her for support. One
must also note that marriage is a type of companionship where the spouses share their love
and support (Autistic not weird, 2015). Pat's wife is married to someone that may not always
gratify her emotional needs as which may lead her to feel frustrated and dejected.
Rationale for how adulthood experiences impact an individual with autism
Pat has gradually reached apposition of stability in his life and in his profession only for it to
be troubled again because of the newly appointed CEO. It is Pat finds it difficult to interact
with people and follow explicit orders. He is often uncoordinated and anxious; the previous
CEO was supportive and tried to accommodate Pat and his needs. However, the same cannot
be said about the present CEO, his strict regime is difficult to be followed by Pat. All these
problems put together with the toil of rearing up children diagnosed with mental disorders is
working on his patience.
As a person diagnosed with a mental disability grows, they are expected to show ability to
fend for themselves and for surviving alone. During childhood, it is possible to create a
sheltered life for such individuals (Moss et al., 2018). However, as an adult they are required
to depend less on their carer and mix more in their immediate social groups. According to
Catani, Dell'Acqua, Budisavljevic, Howells, Thiebaut de Schotten, Froudist-Walsh and
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4
Autism Support Across The Life Span
Suckling (2016), such experiences increase the chances of being exposed to subjugation and
victimisation as a result of which other harmful tendencies like self-harm and suicidality
grows. Pat's experiences during his school days has shaped his perspective. Unable to take
the brunt of bullying he left his school at the age of 16. His experiences in the past has made
it difficult for him to open up before others and reach out to people first (IAN community,
2015). He cannot easily trust other people and hence feels it difficult to work with new
people. This problem is seen when a new CEO is appointed. Pat being inept to suit himself to
new dynamics in the office has drawn himself into a shell.
Synthesis of changes and challenges faced by the care seeker and the carer throughout
generations
Adults
Autism manifests itself for the first time at the age of 3. Therefore, it is quite likely that it is
diagnosed and dealt with tat an early age. However, some forms of autism often go
undiagnosed to an adult age. This scenario was put forward in the case study, where Pat is 60
years old and is yet to be diagnosed. The greatest challenge the adults whether diagnosed or
undiagnosed with autism face the need to pass themselves as being normal (Croen, et al.
2015). They may be aware of their intrinsic differences yet may be fighting to accept it. The
intense struggle in trying to prove the world that there is nothing wrong with them takes a
severe toll on the mind and body of the person. As per the views of Vohra, Madhavan and
Sambamoorthi (2016), they also suffer from a severe identity crisis as their own awareness of
their differences and their want to be normal are pitted against each other.
Children
According to Nicholas et al. (2016), the most common areas where a child is likely to face
problem is when they try to communicate with other people in their social environment. They
are also inflexible with their routines and have repetitive interest in an object so as to develop
an overwhelming interest in something. Other issues include their hampered cognitive skills
which prevents them from concentrating on something for a long time or following orders
(Woodman et al. 2016).
Carers
Autism Support Across The Life Span
Suckling (2016), such experiences increase the chances of being exposed to subjugation and
victimisation as a result of which other harmful tendencies like self-harm and suicidality
grows. Pat's experiences during his school days has shaped his perspective. Unable to take
the brunt of bullying he left his school at the age of 16. His experiences in the past has made
it difficult for him to open up before others and reach out to people first (IAN community,
2015). He cannot easily trust other people and hence feels it difficult to work with new
people. This problem is seen when a new CEO is appointed. Pat being inept to suit himself to
new dynamics in the office has drawn himself into a shell.
Synthesis of changes and challenges faced by the care seeker and the carer throughout
generations
Adults
Autism manifests itself for the first time at the age of 3. Therefore, it is quite likely that it is
diagnosed and dealt with tat an early age. However, some forms of autism often go
undiagnosed to an adult age. This scenario was put forward in the case study, where Pat is 60
years old and is yet to be diagnosed. The greatest challenge the adults whether diagnosed or
undiagnosed with autism face the need to pass themselves as being normal (Croen, et al.
2015). They may be aware of their intrinsic differences yet may be fighting to accept it. The
intense struggle in trying to prove the world that there is nothing wrong with them takes a
severe toll on the mind and body of the person. As per the views of Vohra, Madhavan and
Sambamoorthi (2016), they also suffer from a severe identity crisis as their own awareness of
their differences and their want to be normal are pitted against each other.
Children
According to Nicholas et al. (2016), the most common areas where a child is likely to face
problem is when they try to communicate with other people in their social environment. They
are also inflexible with their routines and have repetitive interest in an object so as to develop
an overwhelming interest in something. Other issues include their hampered cognitive skills
which prevents them from concentrating on something for a long time or following orders
(Woodman et al. 2016).
Carers
5
Autism Support Across The Life Span
The first carer that autistic care seekers have are their parents. Among adults, carers might be
their spouses or children. According to Bultas, McMillin and Zand (2016), professional
carers include doctors, psychiatrist and therapist. It is important to note that there is no
proven cure for autism. However, medical help can decrease the potency of other issues
associated with it. Psychiatrists and therapists may also help by enabling the care seekers to
adjust well in their surroundings.
As professional care providers have been trained and are equipped with the knowledge of
their profession, they are less likely to feel any issues when delivering care. However, people
in association with the care seekers such as their parents, spouses or children may often
struggle with their own emotions (Sobotka, Francis & Vander Ploeg Booth, 2016). Most care
providers are very anxious and worried about the future of the care seeker and what will
happen when the person is left to be on their own. They may also blame themselves and feel
guilty for being able to provide the quality of care that the care seeker needs. These complex
emotions cause the familial care providers to burn out and suffer from care provider's stress.
Support required to the care seeker and the carer
Care seeker
As has already been pointed out that there is no cure for the autism and hence only possible
treatment aims to inculcate behavioural changes to enable the care seekers to adapt better in
their surroundings. The following is a list of treatment approaches that are found to be
suitable for an autistic child.
Applied Behaviour Analysis is the most common support provided to autistic children in
schools and clinic to help autistic children to reinforce their positive behaviour. This
approach is valid for a wide range of skills and can be used in various context (Fueyo et al.
2015).
Developmental, Individual Differences, Relationship-Based Approach (DIR) also known as
floor time treatment helps the child and the parents to develop their relationship by
performing various playful activities while lying on the floor (Sandin, et al. 2017). These
activities are helpful in allowing the child to gain emotional support from their parents and
learn how to communicate in a social setting.
Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-handicapped Children
(TEACCH) makes uses of verbal and gestural cues along with visual cards to impart daily
Autism Support Across The Life Span
The first carer that autistic care seekers have are their parents. Among adults, carers might be
their spouses or children. According to Bultas, McMillin and Zand (2016), professional
carers include doctors, psychiatrist and therapist. It is important to note that there is no
proven cure for autism. However, medical help can decrease the potency of other issues
associated with it. Psychiatrists and therapists may also help by enabling the care seekers to
adjust well in their surroundings.
As professional care providers have been trained and are equipped with the knowledge of
their profession, they are less likely to feel any issues when delivering care. However, people
in association with the care seekers such as their parents, spouses or children may often
struggle with their own emotions (Sobotka, Francis & Vander Ploeg Booth, 2016). Most care
providers are very anxious and worried about the future of the care seeker and what will
happen when the person is left to be on their own. They may also blame themselves and feel
guilty for being able to provide the quality of care that the care seeker needs. These complex
emotions cause the familial care providers to burn out and suffer from care provider's stress.
Support required to the care seeker and the carer
Care seeker
As has already been pointed out that there is no cure for the autism and hence only possible
treatment aims to inculcate behavioural changes to enable the care seekers to adapt better in
their surroundings. The following is a list of treatment approaches that are found to be
suitable for an autistic child.
Applied Behaviour Analysis is the most common support provided to autistic children in
schools and clinic to help autistic children to reinforce their positive behaviour. This
approach is valid for a wide range of skills and can be used in various context (Fueyo et al.
2015).
Developmental, Individual Differences, Relationship-Based Approach (DIR) also known as
floor time treatment helps the child and the parents to develop their relationship by
performing various playful activities while lying on the floor (Sandin, et al. 2017). These
activities are helpful in allowing the child to gain emotional support from their parents and
learn how to communicate in a social setting.
Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-handicapped Children
(TEACCH) makes uses of verbal and gestural cues along with visual cards to impart daily
6
Autism Support Across The Life Span
life skill to the children. Smiley, Gerstein and Nelson (2018) stated that the aim of this
treatment approach is to break down the information into small packets through which the
children can refrain their attention and interest.
Care provider
The basic requirement for the care providers is a knowledge and understanding about the
problem they are dealing along with a temper fit for providing care. Policies and procedure
that safeguard the right and liberties of the care providers. ACT for Autism is a community in
Australia that provides training and support to the people caring for children suffering from
autism (Act for autism, 2017). They also run checks on the environment where an autistic
child is growing up and prepares care plans that are most suited to the needs of the child.
Development of adulthood support knowledge related to autism
With growing knowledge and information, help and assistance for autism are widespread and
more accessible. Adults are more vulnerable and need a greater variety of support than
children as they are needed to be able to support themselves better. Shepherdet al. (2018)
pointed out that vocational rehabilitation services are present that provide counselling,
professional evaluation and specific placement services.
Impact of the changes in generational knowledge
The first recorded use of the term Autism was in the year 1912 to refer to care users who
were removed or out of touch from the world because of their social and cognitive inabilities.
In the 1940s two separate researchers tried to describe the condition (Austin et al.2016). One
of the descriptions is today identified as Asperger's syndrome. The description of the disease
is still very limited and the features distinguishing autism from retardation and obsessive-
compulsive disorder are still not clear.
Along with the advancement of science and researching techniques, it has been possible to
extend support techniques to autistic people. However, the taboo and general censure
associated with the disease has decreased but still has a long way to go. Adults suffering from
autism today can have a fairly independent life and profession. The greatest help is the
awareness raised about the disorder and the positive feedback that the care seekers can avail
(Wong et al. 2015). This helps them to feel a valuable part of society despite their disabilities.
Conclusion
Autism Support Across The Life Span
life skill to the children. Smiley, Gerstein and Nelson (2018) stated that the aim of this
treatment approach is to break down the information into small packets through which the
children can refrain their attention and interest.
Care provider
The basic requirement for the care providers is a knowledge and understanding about the
problem they are dealing along with a temper fit for providing care. Policies and procedure
that safeguard the right and liberties of the care providers. ACT for Autism is a community in
Australia that provides training and support to the people caring for children suffering from
autism (Act for autism, 2017). They also run checks on the environment where an autistic
child is growing up and prepares care plans that are most suited to the needs of the child.
Development of adulthood support knowledge related to autism
With growing knowledge and information, help and assistance for autism are widespread and
more accessible. Adults are more vulnerable and need a greater variety of support than
children as they are needed to be able to support themselves better. Shepherdet al. (2018)
pointed out that vocational rehabilitation services are present that provide counselling,
professional evaluation and specific placement services.
Impact of the changes in generational knowledge
The first recorded use of the term Autism was in the year 1912 to refer to care users who
were removed or out of touch from the world because of their social and cognitive inabilities.
In the 1940s two separate researchers tried to describe the condition (Austin et al.2016). One
of the descriptions is today identified as Asperger's syndrome. The description of the disease
is still very limited and the features distinguishing autism from retardation and obsessive-
compulsive disorder are still not clear.
Along with the advancement of science and researching techniques, it has been possible to
extend support techniques to autistic people. However, the taboo and general censure
associated with the disease has decreased but still has a long way to go. Adults suffering from
autism today can have a fairly independent life and profession. The greatest help is the
awareness raised about the disorder and the positive feedback that the care seekers can avail
(Wong et al. 2015). This helps them to feel a valuable part of society despite their disabilities.
Conclusion
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7
Autism Support Across The Life Span
It can be concluded from the above case study done that autism is a dynamic case. It impacts
the social and cognitive skills of a person that hampers them from interacting comfortably
with society. Through the knowledge gained by this study, it can be understood that such
people require to extend assistance to live their lives. The level of assistance depends on the
intensity of the disorder. As autism is not curable, the only scope of assistance is to bring
about behavioural changes by strengthening the positive actions of the people. However,
treatment and medication can be helpful in this regard. If society is made more
accommodating and empathetic towards the needs of such people, it is possible that they will
be able to give up their fears and live a normal life.
Autism Support Across The Life Span
It can be concluded from the above case study done that autism is a dynamic case. It impacts
the social and cognitive skills of a person that hampers them from interacting comfortably
with society. Through the knowledge gained by this study, it can be understood that such
people require to extend assistance to live their lives. The level of assistance depends on the
intensity of the disorder. As autism is not curable, the only scope of assistance is to bring
about behavioural changes by strengthening the positive actions of the people. However,
treatment and medication can be helpful in this regard. If society is made more
accommodating and empathetic towards the needs of such people, it is possible that they will
be able to give up their fears and live a normal life.
8
Autism Support Across The Life Span
References
Act for autism, (2017), Autism Services, Retrieved on: 1 May 2019, retrieved from:
https://www.actforautism.com.au/services
Austin, J., Manning-Courtney, P., Johnson, M. L., Weber, R., Johnson, H., Murray, D., ... &
Murray, M. (2016). Improving access to care at autism treatment centers: a system
analysis approach. Pediatrics, 137(Supplement 2), S149-S157. Retrieved on: 1 May
2019 retrieved from:
https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/137/Supplement_2/
S149.full.pdf
Autistic not weird, (2015), Growing up Autistic: 10 tips for teenagers with Aspergers
Syndrome or “mild” Retrieved on: 1 May 2019, retrieved from: autism
https://autisticnotweird.com/growing-up-autistic-advice-for-teenagers-with-asperger-
syndrome-or-mild-autism/
Bultas, M. W., McMillin, S. E., & Zand, D. H. (2016). Reducing barriers to care in the office-
based health care setting for children with autism. Journal of Pediatric Health Care,
30(1), 5-14. Retrieved on: 1 May 2019 retrieved from:
https://www.jpedhc.org/article/S0891-5245(15)00293-X/fulltext
Catani, M., Dell’Acqua, F., Budisavljevic, S., Howells, H., Thiebaut de Schotten, M.,
Froudist-Walsh, S., ... & Suckling, J. (2016). Frontal networks in adults with autism
spectrum disorder. Brain, 139(2), 616-630. Retrieved on: 1 May 2019 retrieved from:
https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/139/2/616/1753965
Croen, L. A., Zerbo, O., Qian, Y., Massolo, M. L., Rich, S., Sidney, S., & Kripke, C. (2015).
The health status of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, 19(7), 814-823. Retrieved
on: 1 May 2019 retrieved from:
https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt3v42r5rs/qt3v42r5rs.pdf
Fueyo, M., Caldwell, T., Mattern, S. B., Zahid, J., & Foley, T. (2015). The health home: a
service delivery model for autism and intellectual disability. Psychiatric Services,
66(11), 1135-1137. Retrieved on: 1 May 2019 retrieved from:
https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.201400443?
Autism Support Across The Life Span
References
Act for autism, (2017), Autism Services, Retrieved on: 1 May 2019, retrieved from:
https://www.actforautism.com.au/services
Austin, J., Manning-Courtney, P., Johnson, M. L., Weber, R., Johnson, H., Murray, D., ... &
Murray, M. (2016). Improving access to care at autism treatment centers: a system
analysis approach. Pediatrics, 137(Supplement 2), S149-S157. Retrieved on: 1 May
2019 retrieved from:
https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/137/Supplement_2/
S149.full.pdf
Autistic not weird, (2015), Growing up Autistic: 10 tips for teenagers with Aspergers
Syndrome or “mild” Retrieved on: 1 May 2019, retrieved from: autism
https://autisticnotweird.com/growing-up-autistic-advice-for-teenagers-with-asperger-
syndrome-or-mild-autism/
Bultas, M. W., McMillin, S. E., & Zand, D. H. (2016). Reducing barriers to care in the office-
based health care setting for children with autism. Journal of Pediatric Health Care,
30(1), 5-14. Retrieved on: 1 May 2019 retrieved from:
https://www.jpedhc.org/article/S0891-5245(15)00293-X/fulltext
Catani, M., Dell’Acqua, F., Budisavljevic, S., Howells, H., Thiebaut de Schotten, M.,
Froudist-Walsh, S., ... & Suckling, J. (2016). Frontal networks in adults with autism
spectrum disorder. Brain, 139(2), 616-630. Retrieved on: 1 May 2019 retrieved from:
https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/139/2/616/1753965
Croen, L. A., Zerbo, O., Qian, Y., Massolo, M. L., Rich, S., Sidney, S., & Kripke, C. (2015).
The health status of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, 19(7), 814-823. Retrieved
on: 1 May 2019 retrieved from:
https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt3v42r5rs/qt3v42r5rs.pdf
Fueyo, M., Caldwell, T., Mattern, S. B., Zahid, J., & Foley, T. (2015). The health home: a
service delivery model for autism and intellectual disability. Psychiatric Services,
66(11), 1135-1137. Retrieved on: 1 May 2019 retrieved from:
https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.201400443?
9
Autism Support Across The Life Span
utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Psychiatric_Services_Tr
endMD_0
IAN community, (2015), What Will Happen When the School Bus Stops Coming? Three
Families Share Their Autism Transition Stories Retrieved on: 1 May 2019, retrieved
from: https://iancommunity.org/ssc/transition-adulthood-autism-stories
Moss, P., Howlin, P., Savage, S., Bolton, P., & Rutter, M. (2015). Self and informant reports
of mental health difficulties among adults with autism findings from a long-term
follow-up study. Autism, 19(7), 832-841. Retrieved on: 1 May 2019 retrieved from:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.825.7823&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Nicholas, D. B., Zwaigenbaum, L., Muskat, B., Craig, W. R., Newton, A. S., Cohen-Silver,
J., ... & Kilmer, C. (2016). Toward practice advancement in emergency care for
children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 137(Supplement 2), S205-S211.
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parents of a child with autism spectrum disorder. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 31(3),
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http://www.autismnz.org.nz/assets/Uploads/2018-ASD-Coping.pdf
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10
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Autism Support Across The Life Span
care, health and development, 42(1), 135-140. Retrieved on: 1 May 2019 retrieved
from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cch.12290
Vohra, R., Madhavan, S., & Sambamoorthi, U. (2016). Emergency department use among
adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Journal of autism and developmental
disorders, 46(4), 1441-1454. Retrieved on: 1 May 2019 retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4845033/
Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, A. W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S., ... & Schultz,
T. R. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with
autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review. Journal of autism and
developmental disorders, 45(7), 1951-1966. Retrieved on: 1 May 2019 retrieved
from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-014-2351-z
Woodman, A. C., Smith, L. E., Greenberg, J. S., & Mailick, M. R. (2016). Contextual factors
predict patterns of change in functioning over 10 years among adolescents and adults
with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders,
46(1), 176-189. Retrieved on: 1 May 2019 retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4707127
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