Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light Control System using Light Dependent Resistor and Relay

AME 6001 indivdual project mohammed alotaibi

AME6001- 1708821
Abstract
Automatic Street Light Control system offers a simple but powerful concept that utilizes
a transistor as the switch. There are a lot of financial resources which are wasted as a
result of the inefficient lighting on the streets. In most developing countries the insecurity
levels have increased in the cities because of the poorly lighted streets. The efficient
design of the street lights can cut down the lighting costs of greatly by approximately 25
to 60 percent. The best way of achieving the efficient lighting of the streets is through
the automation of the entire street lights systems. The automation of the street lights
can significantly help in reducing the amount of the power consumption with the aid of
intelligent systems. This design completely eliminates manual work as it automatically
switches ON/OFF street lights depending on the amount and availability of sunlight.
This is achieved using Light Dependent Resistor that is able to sense the intensity of
sunlight and this switching OFF lights automatically when sunlight illuminates it. This
system reduces the consumption of energy thereby achieving energy efficiency. The
aim of the project is to design and implement a system of control of street light that is
automatic using light dependent resistor and relay. A relay refers to an electromagnetic
switch which is usually operated by a small amount of electric current which can turn off
or on a larger electric current. The key component of the relay is the electromagnet. The
relay is very important in the sensors as they are essential pieces of electronic
equipment and they usually produce a very small amount of electric current but they are
used in equipment which uses large current. The relay can work both as a switch or an
amplifier.
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Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................ 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................5
1.1 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................... 8
1.2Aims and Objectives................................................................................................. 11
1.3 Project Scope and Boundaries.................................................................................12
1.4 Significance of the project........................................................................................12
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................13
2.1 Automatic Streetlight system................................................................................14
2.2 Light Dependent Resistor..................................................................................... 14
2.21 Working principle of the Light Depended Resistor..............................................15
2.22 Circuit Diagram of a Light Dependent Resistor......................................................16
2.3 Photoelectric sensors............................................................................................17
2.4 Regulated power supply.......................................................................................18
2.5 ATmega8 Microcontroller......................................................................................20
2.51 ATmega8 microcontroller architecture................................................................22
2.6 Relays...................................................................................................................22
2.7 Automatic Street light control circuit design..........................................................23
2.8 Benefits and Limitations of automatic street light system.....................................24
2.9 Summary of literature review................................................................................25
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3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................................27
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 27
3.2 Review of secondary sources...............................................................................27
3.3 Computer simulations...........................................................................................29
3.4 Use of mathematical models.................................................................................30
3.5 Observations.........................................................................................................31
3.6 Experiment............................................................................................................32
3.61 complete assembly.............................................................................................34
3.7 Rationale for research methodology.....................................................................35
4 .RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS................................................................................36
5 .0 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................ 37
5 .1 Implications of the project....................................................................................39
5 .2 Future studies......................................................................................................40
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................... 41
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List of figures
Fig 1: the Automatic street light system.........................................................................14
Fig 2: The working principle of the light depended on resistor.......................................15
Fig 3: Variation of resistance of the LDR in different light intensities.............................16
Fig 4: LDR circuit............................................................................................................17
Fig 5: the photoelectric sensor.......................................................................................18
Fig 6: the power supply regulator...................................................................................20
Fig 7: ATmega8 microcontroller.....................................................................................20
Fig 8: ATmega8 microcontroller pins configurations......................................................21
Fig 9: ATmega8 microcontroller architecture.................................................................22
Fig 10: various types of relays....................................................................................... 23
Fig 11: the automatic street light circuit..........................................................................24
Fig 12: Constructed Circuit Systems..............................................................................30
Fig 13: Diagram of the Working of an Automatic Street Light Control System...............30
Fig 14: Block diagram.................................................................................................... 31
List of tables
Table 1: Block Diagram..................................................................................................12
Table 2: the photoelectric sensor specifications.............................................................19
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Lighting of the streets can account for approximately 10-38 percent of the overall energy
bills in the typical cities in the various parts of the world. Street lighting is mainly an
important concern in the developing countries due to its strategic significance for social
and economic stability. There are a lot of financial resources which are wasted as a
result of the inefficient lighting on the streets. In most developing countries the insecurity
levels have increased in the cities because of the poorly lighted streets. The efficient
design of the street lights can cut down the lighting costs of greatly by approximately 25
to 60 percent. The best way of achieving the efficient lighting of the streets is through
the automation of the entire street lights systems. The automation of the street lights
can significantly help in reducing the amount of the power consumption with the aid of
intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration among the global aims
since the power sources are getting a diminished day in day out because of the various
reasons such as the global warming.
The busy lifestyle of human beings has resulted in untimely switching off the street
lights. Due to that a lot of power has been wasted. The advanced development in the
embedded systems has created a platform for the designing of energy efficient systems.
With the development, it is much possible to develop an automatic street light system
which can greatly help in reducing the power consumptions through the timely switching
on and off of the street lights. Nevertheless, in this modern times with the advancement
of the embedded systems, it is very easy to achieve automated street lights buy the use
of microcontrollers and light dependent resistors.
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The Light dependent resistors are applied to differentiate times between day and night.
The microcontrollers that are used are programmed in a given way which that in that
during evenings and mornings it is able to switch the street lights on and off. As the
intensity of natural lights falls below 10 lux during the night time open voltage reaches a
given value and the switching operations is carried out, and the streetlight glows and in
the morning when the intensity of natural light increase above 10 lux the open circuit
voltages reduces to a certain value and the controllers senses the voltage values and
the switching operations is carried out, and the streetlight goes off. This project will
focus on the design and implementation of a system of control of street light that is
automatic using light dependent resistor and relay (Bedford, 2014)
With the applications of an automatic street lights system, the amount of power being
consumed is reduced. With that, there are other benefits of this system such as; there is
the low cost of paying bills due to the reduced amount of power consumed by the street
lights. The operations are automated which makes the working of the street lights to be
very efficient. The street lights systems become very flexible in that the lamps turn on
depending on the amount of daylight available. The system is easy to be manufactured
and at the same time cheap.
The automatic system works accurately to turn street lights ON/OFF. Once the design
of the circuit which controls the light of the street as illustrated in the above sections.
Light-dependent resistors sensor and the photoelectric sensors are the two key
components of the working automatic street light system. If the two components
together with relays and a controller have been fulfilled the system will do the
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anticipated work as per the detailed program. Each sensor controls the turning ON and
OFF of the lighting system (Fitch, 2014)
The aims of the project were to reduce and solve some of the challenges facing the
current street light systems, and at the same time come up with a solution on how to
save power. In this project, the first thing to do is to prepare the inputs and outputs of
the system to control the lights of the street.
Various methods will be used to carry out the project such as reviewing of the
secondary sources which contain the data regarding the design and Implementation of
automatic street light systems. Carrying out various practical sessions regarding the
design and implementation of the automatic street lights. Computer simulations also will
be carried out regarding the design and implementation of the automatic street light
systems and also mathematical models of the project topic were developed.
This paper contains the following sections; the introductions which explain the
background of the project, the aims, and objects of the project, the scope and
boundaries of the project and the significance of the project. The literature review which
contains the information of the project which has been conducted by other scholars
regarding the design and implementation of the automatic street lights. The
methodology which discusses the various methods that were used to collect the data.
The discussion section which discusses the various data and information obtained
during the project. The conclusion which summaries the entire paper. Finally, the
bibliography which lists the various masteries which were reviewed during the project.
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