Automotive oxygen sensors, colloquially known as O2 ("ō two") sensors,
make modern electronic fuel injection and emission control possible. They help
determine, in real time, whether the air–fuel ratio of a combustion engine is rich or
lean. Since oxygen sensors are in the exhaust stream, they do not directly measure
the air or the fuel entering the engine, but when information from oxygen sensors is
coupled with information from other sources, it can be used to indirectly determine
the air–fuel ratio.
The sensor does not actually measure oxygen concentration, but rather the
difference between the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas and the amount of
oxygen in air. Rich mixture causes an oxygen demand. This demand causes a
voltage to build up, due to transportation of oxygen ions through the sensor layer.
Lean mixture causes low voltage since there is an oxygen excess.
Applications for Piezoceramic Sensors:
In addition to the oxygen sensor used for monitoring and controlling air-to-fuel
ratio (see conductive ceramics), many other sensors are employed in automobiles
to gauge several variables, including temperature, pressure, speed, and fuel level.
Many of these sensors are made of ceramic. Dynamic pressure sensors—e.g., for
combustion chamber pressures—are made from piezoelectric ceramics, which
generate a voltage when subjected to pressure. Piezoelectric sensors can be quite
small and have short response times. A variety of position sensor-actuators and
acceleration-deceleration sensors are made from piezoelectric ceramics.
 Knock sensor

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