Bacteriological profile to bloodstream infection in the hospital

Running Head: Bacteraemia
Bacteriological profile to bloodstream infection in the hospital
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Authors Note

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Bacteriological profile to bloodstream infection in the hospital
Introduction
Bloodstream infection in patients of hospital is associated with poor management of
bacterial infection. Bacteraemia can be defined as the presence of bacteria in blood of an
individual (Battle et al., 2019). To prevent the bacteriological infection body of an individual
must take the help of host immune mechanisms either by the site of the infection or in
bloodstream. Different gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus, streptococcus and
enterococcus species cause the bacterial infection in bloodstream of human body. Different
signs and symptoms such as fever and chills, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting and
abnormal heart rate can be predominant causes for declining health condition of the health.
Patients face different complications due to bacteraemia which leads to different health
conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis (Imaizumi et al., 2017). These
complications are detrimental to heart, central nervous system, bones and joints of patients.
Due to bacteraemia, causative agents manage to escape immunological mechanisms by
inherent acquired systems of the body. Different clinical patterns and classifications of
bloodstream infection are responsible for various bacterial species. Immunodeficiency,
systemic lupus erythematous and solid organ malignancy are some of the predominant risk
factors for bacteraemia especially in the older patients.21% of patients is affected with
community acquired infection and 5% of the patients are affected by nosocomial infection
during occurrence of endocarditis. Eating behaviours, unhealthy and unhygienic nutritional
habits are responsible for brucellosis in human. Staphylococcus aureus are responsible for
high mortality and morbidity rate of metastatic infection among the patients and gives rise to
different types of bacterial infections. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the main public
health concerns among patients admitted to the hospitals. MRSA is another cause of S. aureus
bloodstream infection in the hospital settings (Battjes et al., 2017). According to a report,

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Bacteriological profile to bloodstream infection in the hospital
99000 deaths have been observed in USA (United States of America) healthcare setting by
HAIs. This assignment focuses on different factors which are responsible for bacteraemia in
hospitals and global aspects of bacteria related infection in bloodstream will be analysed.
Discussion
Literature Review
Bacteraemia
Bacteraemia is one of the most prevalent condition of hospital admitted patients for
Bacteraemia can be caused by very ordinary activities such as tooth-brushing, dental
or medical procedures, catheter related infection. Having artificial joints and incomplete
valves and abnormalities increase the risks of bacteraemia. The bacteraemia causes no
symptoms in earlier stage of the infections but the causative agents are accumulated in
different organs and tissues. Bacteria which cannot be removed by immune systems are
accumulated in the tissues of brain, membrane around heart, cells present in the inner line of
heart and other organs, bones and joints. Bacteraemia can be caused by primary and
secondary process with the reference of introduction of the bacteria in the body of the patient.
Gram positive, Gram negative and catheter related infections are prevalent in the scenario of
the healthcare setting. Bacteraemia can be caused by contaminated needles, lack of
dissemination of the medical equipment and surgery performed in the unsanitary and
unsterilized condition. There are several symptoms can be found in the body of the patient
such as chills, fever nausea, rapid heart rate and paleness.
Defence mechanism
Innate immune mechanisms

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Bacteriological profile to bloodstream infection in the hospital
Pathogen recognition and host response
Innate immune cells identify the bacteria by the common microbial structures and a host
immune system has been recognise to prevent the bacteria in the body . Pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMP) are the important factors for recognition of microbial organisms
with lipotechoic acids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan, flagellin and nucleic
acid (Tartey and Takeuchi, 2017). The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are present in
the surface of immune and non-immune cells to identify the PAMPs. TLR2 and TLR4 are
some factors of transmembrane which help in the binding of bacteria in body.TLR2 prevent
the S. aureus to affect the physiological process of the body. Nod-like receptors (NLRs) for
example NLRP3 lead to the formation of the “inflammasome” contributing in the production
of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β factors and antimicrobial peptides. C-type
lectin-receptors (CLRs) and helicases are important in initiation of the innate immune system.
(Bermejo-Jambrina, et al. 2018). There are transmembrane receptors with blood neutrophils
and monocytes influences TLR and NLR mediated immune system responses are stimulated
by triggering receptor expressed on myeloid (TREM) cells. (Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.H.
and Pillai, S., 2019.)
Host–pathogen interface
The preliminary barrier to the pathogen invasion through the skin into the organs and
affect different systems of human body. Microbes which enter into the body is prevented by
the T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells in the body. Langerhans cells (dendritic cells
that reside in the skin epithelium) attach and endocytose antigens, after that they travel to the
lymph nodes were they existed in the part of the antigens to T lymphocytes which
transformed in to effector cells. Mucosal surface of barrier interruption, medical equipment
such as urinary and intravenous catheter malfunctions can introduce bacteraemia in human