Tunnel Engineering and Construction Techniques

This assignment delves into the fascinating world of tunnel engineering and construction. It covers various excavation methods like cut-and-cover, bored tunnelling, and drill-and-blast. The text explores case studies of existing tunnels and bridges, highlighting their design, challenges, and impact. Furthermore, it touches upon the use of tunnels for flood barriers, transportation infrastructure (railways and highways), and marine structures for energy generation. Lastly, it examines the roles and responsibilities of civil engineers in different stages of tunnel construction.

Advanced Civil Engineering

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................2
a) Construction methods in tunnelling projects......................................................................2
b) Appropriate method for construction of tunnels and shafts...............................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
a) Construction methods for hydraulic structures..................................................................8
b) Proposal for new Flood Barrier..........................................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................12
a) Construction methods for marine structures....................................................................12
b) Solution............................................................................................................................13
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................14
a) Construction methods for highways and railway works..................................................14
b) Current methods used in highway construction and railway works................................17
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................17
a) Appropriate solution design.............................................................................................17
b) Resource and management plan.......................................................................................19
FINDINGS/DISCUSSION............................................................................................................20
RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................20
CONCLUSION/SUMMARY........................................................................................................21
REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................22

Illustration Index
Illustration 1: Boring machine ........................................................................................................5
Illustration 2: Cut and cover technique............................................................................................8
Illustration 3: Blackwall Tunnel in UK...........................................................................................9
Illustration 4: Tunnels and shafts...................................................................................................10
Illustration 5: Drill and Blast cycle................................................................................................11
Illustration 6: Mechanism of Flood barrier....................................................................................15
Illustration 7: Marine structure......................................................................................................16
Illustration 8: Generation of tidal energy through marine structure..............................................18
Illustration 9: Highway construction method................................................................................19
Illustration 10: Railway line construction......................................................................................20

INTRODUCTION
The geographical and demographical conditions associated with a city, community or
region are subject to change due to human activities. The increase in population and growing
demands of people to acquire better place for leading their lives leads to construction of
buildings, bridges or any other structure. This report will depict different types of civil
engineering techniques in various areas of applications. The project as visualised by Lord Mayor
as “Vision for London” aims to bring in more growth and diversification in the development of
the city by Balfour Beatty- one of the renowned construction company of UK. The project is
based on construction of a new tunnel for decreasing the traffic issues and congestion at
Blackwall Tunnel and other river crossings which currently exists. Furthermore, there is detailed
description of the techniques which will be implied for constructing a marine structure and a
flood barrier on the river Thames. This report further enlightens the techniques of building a
highway and new rail line for the river crossing project. Lastly, the best possible solutions for
complex issues in civil engineering works has been provided with a detailed resource and
management plan. This report is a form of proposal for the construction works that are to be
initiated on behalf of Balfour Beatty.
ABSTRACT
Civil engineering has widespread applications in the form of construction of bridges,
tunnels or railway lines. The Blackwall Tunnel at Thames River is a strategic structure
previously constructed for supporting the human settlement in London. With growing
population, the traffic amount is also increasing at this tunnel (Pajewski, Manacorda and Persico,
2015). Hence, a new tunnel shall be produced with help of drill and blast technique as a new path
or crossing over the river. There will also be certain modifications made to the existing flood
barriers which are present on Thames River. The threat of storms and floods is prevalent for
London and flood barriers are the sole structures that have prevented the city from getting
damaged due to floods and storms. Further, a wind turbine system can be used as a marine
structure for harnessing wind energy in the river and bringing use of renewable energy for better
future of citizens (Arseniev and et.al., 2014). The use of composite method for construction of
highway has been proposed which will link Silvertown and North Greenwich by Balfour Beatty.
This particular technique is low cost and much more feasible for the country. The construction
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sites are full of risks which are oriented with life threatening situations. Use of appropriate safety
measures and developing ethics towards administration shall help in reducing these
complications (Wilson, 2014). Further, execution of the project is done with more efficiency by
Balfour Beatty.
TASK 1
a) Construction methods in tunnelling projects
The proposed project is to apply a suitable technique of tunnelling so that traffic and
congestion experienced at Blackwall Tunnel can be relieved. Following are the basic techniques
through which tunnels are constructed.
 Bored Tunnelling: When long tunnels are to be constructed, there is use of tunnel boring
machines. This particular technique involves proper investigation of the type of rock
mass and respective geological conditions which facilitate the development of proposed
structure. The TBM i.e. Tunnel Boring Machine is quite suitable for excavating tunnels
and boring a long section with acceptable geological stability (Benedetto and Pajewski,
2015). But a severe consequence is wear and tear of the machine when a hard rock blocks
the route.
2
Illustration 1: Boring machine

 Cut and cover: One of the renowned and common techniques for construction of tunnels
is cut and cover. It is mainly used for the construction of underground stations. With help
of a support system a trench is excavated and it is backfilled to gain original roadway.
This method involves deep excavations which facilitate the reduction of traffics on road
(Benedetto and et.al., 2014). Another advantage of a tunnel developed by this method is
contribution in reduction of dust and noise emissions in air.
 Drill and Blast: The construction technique which involves use of explosives for blasting
off the entire section is drill and blast. There is use of drilling rigs is contemplated for
digging holes that further support in-depth blasting. This technique also involves use of
time regulated detonators for blasting (Leung,and et.al., 2015). The vibration levels are
quite controllable and there is less time required for construction.
3
Illustration 2: Cut and cover technique

Considering all the three techniques mentioned before, it is quite clear that Bored
tunnelling is not economically feasible. The use of TBM can be costlier for Balfour Beatty and
there are certain environmental consequences when considering drill and blast technique of
tunnelling. The Blackwall tunnel is constructed beneath Thames River and supports road
transportation through the river. It has a pair of roads which link London Borough of Tower
Hamlets with Royal Borough of Greenwich. The proposed design of a new tunnel is to reduce
the traffic congestion on these roads. Keeping in mind all the environmental conditions and
feasibility options of the proposed project in context of Balfour Beatty, it can be stated that drill
and blast is a convenient option (Elshafie and et.al., 2015). The boring machine is costly and can
get damaged in case of collision with a hard rock. On the other hand, drill and blast can be
considered as an alternative option but it also requires an additional temporary site for storing the
explosives (Wan and et.al., 2016). But inappropriate use can result in damage to the walls of
Blackwall tunnel which is quite consequential.
4
Illustration 3: Blackwall Tunnel in UK

b) Appropriate method for construction of tunnels and shafts
Tunnels are pathways which are designed either beneath the ground surface or through a
particular block for increasing management of traffic on a route (Fang and et.al., 2016). On the
other hand, shafts are doorways which are developed in the underground sight whose size and
depth are variable according to requirement.
For the proposed project, the tunnelling method selected is drill and blast. The
environmental impacts which are experienced when other techniques are implemented are
significantly reduced. There is less noise and dust generated. Furthermore, there is minimal
inconvenience or disturbance caused to the local traffic during construction which is acceptable
by the government (Martínez, Schroeder and Potts, 2015). Hence, the proposed project of
tunnelling for reducing traffic issues in Blackwall Tunnel can be accomplished with help of drill
and blast technique.
Working of Drill and Blast method:
5
Illustration 4: Tunnels and shafts

The above cycle depicts the drill and blast construction method with its different working
stages. Initiating the process with drilling, there is use of huge drilling machines for the purpose.
These holes that are made in rock are further filled with explosives. The explosives can be
dynamites, slurries or emulsions (Zhang and et. al., 2016). This process is termed as charging of
explosives. Consequently, there are simultaneous blasts which occur in the rocks making way for
further processes. as the blasts includes generation of different types of gases and dust in the air,
there is scope for ventilation. The next stage is mucking and scaling which involves in-depth
6
Illustration 5: Drill and Blast cycle

removal of the rocks and soil so that tunnel area can be cleared. Shotcreting process is one which
involves the finishing of surface, ceiling and surrounding walls of the drilled tunnel. Moreover,
the end stage of the tunnelling process is bolting which means overcoming the minute
shortcomings and redundancies (Rutty and et.al., 2015).
The proposed project for Balfour Beatty can be efficiently accomplished without much
disturbances to the local people and the problem of overcrowding in the Blackwall Tunnel shall
also be reduced to some extent with the developed design.
TASK 2
a) Construction methods for hydraulic structures
Hydraulic structures are constructed to regulate and disrupt the flow of water apart from
its natural locomotion. There are few principle reasons behind this deflection of water path
which include permanent risk of flooding, generation of hydro electric power and need of water
source in some region (Standing and et.al., 2015). The dams and bridges which are made over
the river are known as hydraulic structures. The various types of hydraulic structures which can
be constructed include earth dams, hydraulic power generation pumps, embankment dams,
concrete dams, flood routing structures, etc. As per the design of hydraulic structure, following
techniques have been proposed by the company (Kim and Choi, 2014).
Dams: Construction of a structure which stops or diverts the flow of water from its
normal route to an advanced one so that civilisation can be settled over the banks of water
source. There are different types of dams like concrete or roller compacted concrete dams, etc.
The type of material used for construction helps in devising respective design. The dams are
usually constructed with production of reports that enclose details like feasibility, stages of
construction and complete implementation (Kumar and Sharma, 2014). The height of the dam
and type of power house to be developed is evaluated and then implemented in the design.
Hydroelectric plants: The geographical conditional scanning is one of the major
components when constructing a hydraulic power plant. These are developed on the points were
good amount of waterfall can be achieved so that the potential difference further leads to
generation of energy (Lee, and et.al., 2014). Turbines and generators are installed at he dam so
that water from high potential will fall on blades of turbine and make it rotate which further
makes the generator to transfer energy. Step up transformers of respective configurations are also
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added for enlarging the voltage. This particular construction varies only in the type of
equipments applied and the nature of dam being used.
Flood Barriers: Flood barriers have significant place in designing of hydraulic power
plant. These barriers prevent from storm surge and help in preventing are which is behind the
barrier (Abdullaev and Rakhmatullaev, 2015.). The flood barrier operates only when needed
because it have feature of stop log. Automatic flood barriers operates self whenever there is a
condition of rising flood . Thames is also having flood barrier which is protecting from storm
surges and major tides. Flood barrier at Thames is one of the largest barriers in the world. In
construction of hydraulic plant it is one to major concerning point . Flood barriers consist of food
walls, levees and various other natural and geographical attributes (Ahmed, McLoughlin and
Johnston, 2014). In case of high tides and larger storm it can restore flow which goes towards
sea. These barriers can be placed around sites which are prone to storm and tides. Flood barriers
help in preventing floods to enter in building . Flood barrier has been installed in the river
Thames to protect tunnel and river bridge from storms.
b) Proposal for new Flood Barrier
The Thames Flood Barrier is a type of movable flood barrier and is operational from
1984. The purpose behind development of this barrier was to reduce the frequency of flooding
and risks of the same due to high tides. It has circular rotating gates which are raised for allowing
under-spilling of water so that upstream levels can be controlled. These are made of steel with 40
millimetres thickness. The closure of gates takes place when there is forecast of high tides in
North Sea. The advantage of this flood barrier is that it notifies about 9 hours before the high tide
could reach the city (Descloux and et. al., 2015). This depicts that there is enough time for taking
necessary precautionary measures.
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The new Flood Barrier as proposed by Balfour Beatty, on the River Thames has to have
certain elements just like the existing one. The new design shall have automated features which
detects flood occurring possibilities and reduces the respective damage that follows with the
calamity. The River Thames has self-closing gates which are designed to restrict the flow of
water during flood like conditions. An automated system can be integrated with the hydraulic
structure which is developed as flood barrier (Brown, and et.al., 2015). Despite of the fact, that
such a system will have to be maintained at certain costs but the efficiency of an automated
structure is far more than usual one. Flood Barriers are just not required to retain the city from
floods but also helps in managing the flow of water in upstream conditions. The flood barrier at
Thames would have many gates that will help water to flow inside out the Thames (How does
the Thames Barrier stop London flooding?. 2014).
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The gates would work according to the magnitude of tides. In the situation when flood
warning has been given then these gate have feature to close automatically to save the central
London. Civil engineers and authorities involved in this have proposed approximate cost of £20
billion. Balfour Beatty and the authorities are planing to build second flood barriers at Thames
in the proposed cost and trying to build it in proposed time. Technological system can be used to
modify the existing flood barrier rather than replacing it (Williams and et.al., 2016). Various
automated system would be installed in new flood barrier to make it more advanced. New flood
barrier will sense the probability and magnitude of flood and tides. The modified flood barriers
would be able to protect the central London because it would have some technical feature which
makes it able to detect occurrence of flood (Dafforn and et.al., 2015). Hence, Balfour Beatty has
proposed this idea of preparing a modified design of the flood barrier with respect to the existing
one.
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Illustration 6: Mechanism of Flood barrier

TASK 3
a) Construction methods for marine structures
Marine structures and hydraulic structures are two different entities. Marine structures are
generally developed in offshore places with marine environments in consideration. The major
aim behind construction of marine structures is transmission of energy or extraction of elements
like petroleum or oil (Smith, 2016). However, the construction of marine structures is performed
on the shore. The entire structure is installed in the marine environment. The growing population
and demand for more energy resources, have diverged the facilities to use renewable energy as
the major source to produce and transmit energy. Wind farms in oceans and offshore places in
the sea are great examples of such marine structures that facilitate the generation of feasible
energy.
Primarily, the construction of marine structure is accomplished in two parts i.e. the
manufacturing part and installation part. Manufacturing of the entire set-up is performed
onshore. For instance, the project on River Thames includes development of wind farm for
utilisation of wind as a primary resource of energy. The respective construction method shall
include manufacturing of wind turbines and entire wind mill onshore. One of the key strategies
of installation includes assembling the structure and then transporting it to the target point with
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Illustration 7: Marine structure

support of buoyancy (Saxe, and et.al., 2015). This type of transportation to the offshore facility
and towing the entire completed structure involves high risks and subjective costs.
Another strategic method of construction of marine structure is manufacturing different
parts of the entire system and then assembling the same at the installation base. This type of
construction method is not much adopted and is considered to be less feasible because of its high
transportation cost. When several elements of the structure are manufactured at different places
then the company has to bear transportation costs from the place of manufacturing to the
offshore location (Stroscio, Cooper and Barnes, 2015). Further, there are varied difficulties
associated with assembling the structure at water base. The situations might not be favourable
and there can be threat to individuals working on the project and heavy damage to the structure.
The project “Vision for London” is based on development of certain structures over Thames
River so that the flow of traffic and movement of shipments is improvised. The use of power
generating marine structures shall help in minimising the negative impact caused on the
environment and will also increase power production capabilities for the country (Yong, Fang
and Xiang, 2016).
b) Solution
The proposed project is focused on construction of a River Crossing and a new Flood
Barrier. Dams cannot be considered as a feasible option because they are to be constructed at a
point in the city outskirts (Pajewski, Manacorda and Persico, 2015). Presently, there are about 27
tunnels and 200 over bridges that have been built over River Thames. Furthermore, there is a
cable car link in addition to these mediums for crossing the river. Location of North Sea is within
Great Britain, Germany, Netherlands, etc. Major shipments travel from and to Europe through
this sea. This sight is a great source of renewable energy and fossil fuels. The government can
plan development of a marine structure which will harness both wind and tidal energy which is
generated from high speed waves (Arseniev and et.al., 2014). These structures are not much
costlier. The country has gained recognition in creating efficient flood barriers and which has
also saved the city from massive floods and cyclones in the past.
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The use of wind and tidal energy will help in reducing the extra costs and expenditures
for acquisition of non-renewable resources for the production of energy (Elshafie and et.al.,
2015). Hence, this strategic step with the river crossing project has to be taken . Earlier there had
been two or three marine structures developed but they were commissioned for not being worthy
of the purpose after the world war. This strategic step taken by UK shall help in contributing to
reduction of carbon footprints and add sustainable development values to the same.
TASK 4
a) Construction methods for highways and railway works
Constructing a highway and railway are two different type of works. To construct a high
way and railway track between Silver town and North Greenwich engineers can use many
techniques. There are various methods for constructing highways which are as follows:
Asphalt: It is one of the most famous and popular type in construction of highways. In
this construction method a coating of asphalt is placed on the surface of base made of gravel.
13
Illustration 8: Generation of tidal energy through marine structure

This method use in building highways has advantage that the pavement of the road do not
produces noise (Benedetto and Pajewski, 2015). Cost of building is also very low in this method
of construction and due to this its maintenance cost is relatively low than others. On the other
hand asphalt is very less durable and it I cause harm to environment also.
Concrete: Concrete method for constructing highways is another popular method used
now a days. It is only used to build local roads and rarely used in building highways. Concrete
road surfaces are of three type which are JPCP, CRCP and JRCP (Wan and et.al., 2016). They
are fisting in term of joint system which is use to prevent cracking of roads. This method is
durable and more strong than asphalt .
Composite method: This method is used in construction which requires timely
maintenance and recycling. This method is mix of both concrete and asphalt (Fang and et.al.,
2016). This method use best of asphalt methods and on asphalt is placed it on to most surface to
re-join the cracks and damages. This method is popular in making highways road where timely
maintenance in must.
Methods for construction railway track between Silver town and North Greenwich is as
follows:
Telescopic method: In telescopic method of constructing railways track rails and
fastening materials are unloaded form train and placed near to rail head (Martínez, Schroeder and
Potts, 2015). Sleeper of rail are loaded into carts and are spread on ballast of road. Rails are then
14
Illustration 9: Highway construction method

moved to pairs to connect them to links. This process is repeated further by depositing material
to rails head.
Tramlines method: This method is used where installation of tram carrier is done to carry
out earthwork. It is also used in season of rains when it is difficult to move cart easily (Standing
and et.al., 2015). Tramile is construct using gauge of 2-2-6” .
Mechanical method: This method is widely to build railway tracks. It has two types of
machine. In first type track is carried out by material. Train is positioned in way that arm of the
train is placed near to head of rail (Abdullaev and Rakhmatullaev, 2015). Train which carrier
material moves ahead on the track assembled and the process is repeated. In the second type of
machine special trolley carries material train and send it to the jibs. Previous panel is than
connected to the jib in the position required.
15
Illustration 10: Railway line construction

b) Current methods used in highway construction and railway works
Construction of a highway between Silvertown and North Greenwich can be done by
using popular methods. Current methods used to build highway in London is composite method
of constructing highway which is very durable and requires low cost of maintenance (Javier,
LeBlanc and Shukla, 2017). This method is most popular and famous in building highways. It
use composition of both asphalt and concrete method. It can be used in building highways
between Silvertown and North Greenwich because it cost low and uses recycling method. The
distance between them can be covered in 18 minutes which indicates that huge traffic goes from
highways. Due to this reason it is required that highway build should strong and able to carry the
traffic goes over it (Jeng, and et.al., 2013). Composite method uses recycling method in which
cracks are rejoined by using asphalt method. Concrete method can also be used to build highway
on Thames river. Concrete method focuses on preventing cracks on roads which is very useful
in constructing highway. It requires low cost but high maintenance (Yoon and et.al., 2015).
Highway between Silvertown and North Greenwich can be built using one of these methods in
which composite will be appropriate according to Balfour Beatty's competencies and resources.
Railway track are constructed using mechanical method of building track. In mechanical
method track laying machine is used in which track is carried out by material. This method
requires high cost but provides durability (Smith, 2016). This method uses machine which a
special trolley carries material train and send it to the jibs. Previous panel is than connected to
the jib in the position required. This method would be useful in making railway track between
Silvertown and North Greenwich. Low maintenance cost and high durability can help engineer in
building track between the towns.
TASK 5
a) Appropriate solution design
There are various problem arising in implementing the proposal which has been
described for building flood barriers and making river cross for the river Thames. Many
problems can arrive during civil engineering activities when proposed in the form of construction
project on a particular area (Stroscio, Cooper and Barnes, 2015). Working on a water bed
involves risk of loss of life and severe damage to the construction if proper precautionary aids
are not taken. The climatic conditions in UK are quite cooler and have good amount of tidal
16

currents when considering the flow from North Sea. Hence, following solutions are proposed
according to the project design for enhancing smooth execution of the respective project.
 Energy is the primary source on which all the building and construction activities will
take place (Yong, Fang and Xiang, 2016). The use of viable alternatives will help in
managing power cuts or shut downs due to dysfunctional energy supply.
 Medical aid at the construction site should be present in any case so that one time
rehabilitation can be provided to the respective person (Chandra and Vadali, 2014). The
probability of deaths or damage to human life is reduced at this stage.
Rising costs is one of the primary issue which is dealt in civil engineering projects. All
such constructional designs are completed over long period of years (Das, 2016). This
determines that stock market and economic conditions keep on changing and this directly
impacts over the cost of products and equipments. Furthermore, this directly affects the supply of
materials and wages of employees working for respective construction (Pajewski, Manacorda
and Persico, 2015). Use of financial resource management and strategic planning can help in
managing rising costs.
Quality is affected when design criteria is not appropriate or there is no monitoring over
the events and processes applied. Further, the deficiency of skilled labour also affects the quality
of respective project (Nicholson, 2013). Pre-planning and supervised designing is one solution to
this issue. Moreover, a feasibility and suitability check over the entire process helps in managing
in process construction.
Environment is an attribute that cannot be controlled or monitored in any case. The only
action which can be taken is to make decision which do not degrade or cause more harm to the
near-by surroundings. There are issues like sedimentation when hydraulic structures are prepared
and erosion during tunnelling (Arseniev and et.al., 2014). This is quite dangerous as it
consequently disturbs the water table of the region. Further, toxic wastes generated during
construction when not handled leads to damage to the living organisms and ecological balance.
Hence, quality check of the materials and follow up of environmental regulations shall help in
reducing the environmental impact.
Legal complications most frequently arise over a construction site because of the
political influences that spread due to shifting governments. The period of construction is
extended and as a result there is inconvenience caused to citizens of the country (Benedetto and
17

Pajewski, 2015). The entire project becomes a liability for the nation as a result. In order to
overcome or avoid such complications, there has to be strict follow up of the concerned
legislations. The company should follow Codes and permits so that no such consequences arise.
b) Resource and management plan
The proposed project involves initiation of construction on multiple sights. It is not at all
favourable for the country to start all the projects at one go. The first stage should be
development of a highway or new railway line so that traffic conditions can be controlled
(Martínez, Schroeder and Potts, 2015.). Once, there is proper development of the highway from
Silvertown to Northern Greenwich then the tunnelling work can take place. The use of drill and
blast shall help in quick completion of the project and then the government can rely on
modifications in the flood barrier installed on Thames River. Additionally, the process is
accompanied with formation of the marine structure that will generate tidal energy for the
functioning of different processes at the city. Following resource and management plan should
be adopted by Balfour Beatty so that respective project can be smoothly executed (Rutty and
et.al., 2015).
Development of requirements documents: The documentation of required materials and
resources helps in managing the execution efficiently (Brown, J.W., and et.al., 2015). It is
important for Balfour Beatty to prepare this documentation so that the acquisition process is
easily accomplished.
Acquisition of resources: Once, a list or documented profile is created regarding the
resources which will be needed for completing the project, the company needs to acquire the
same (Dafforn and et.al., 2015). This provides a glance to Balfour Beatty regarding difficulties
which might occur if there is unavailability of respective resources.
Limiting usage: Often there are situations which cause disruptions in the completion of
construction project. One of the main reasons for this particular aspect is due to limitless usage
or inappropriate facilitation in the use of resources. Hence, there has to be a standard set for the
use of resources.
Monitoring and supervision: Every activity when performed without monitoring or
supervision results in occurrence of large deflections from the expected values (Justnes and
et.al., 2016). There are chances that the proposed design and the developed structure might not
meet respective criteria and this shall result in increase of different types of associated risks.
18

Hence, it is important to create a supervising and monitoring strategy so that the project is
successfully completed.
FINDINGS/DISCUSSION
Through this report, following findings are acquired:
 Construction of tunnels will be performed through drill and blast method because of its
feasibility and lack of negative impact over the surrounding environments.
 The use of automated flood barriers with improvisations in the existing one is proposed.
The rotational gates and movability of current flood barriers on Thames River has been
functioning quite well and efficiently for stopping floods due to high tidal waves.
 The construction of highways and railway track between Silvertown and Northern
Greenwich is with help of composite method and mechanical building technique
respectively. Advanced machineries has been applied for aiding the construction process.
 Implementation process is to be initiated only when there is proper inspection of the
proposed design in terms of quality, time scale for execution and the financial outcomes.
The impact over economical conditions of the country is also important to be assessed so
that inflation or recession does set on.
 Balfour Beatty holds opportunities in creating constructions that will be advantageous for
the nation and the organisation on successful completion of the same. The use of
proposed solutions to tackle problems associated with legal structure, economic
conditions and environmental complications shall help in achieving the respective aim of
project.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The company should strategically plan out the resources which will be needed for the
concerned project and reduce the complications associated with improper management. It is
suggested that development of the proposed construction project should be in an atmosphere that
facilitates better functioning of employees and labourers. In situations of bad weather or
disruptive climatic conditions, there has to be facilitation in an appropriate manner so that
casualties can be avoided. The consequences associated with a design should be thoroughly
reviewed and evaluated so that structural faults are not experienced. The use of ethical practises
19

with corporate social responsibility aspects should be encouraged in Balfour Beatty so that there
is no negative experienced by any stakeholder or associated party.
CONCLUSION/SUMMARY
Through this report, it is inferred that every construction project which is undertaken
either by the government or a company like Balfour Beatty is strategically planned production.
The knowledge about different types of tunnelling techniques and implementation of the same in
formation of the respective structure is gained through this report. Further, the description about
several techniques for construction of hydraulic structures and marine structures helps in
understanding the complexity as well as the feasibility associated with respective structure.
Certain solutions for the civil engineering problems have been produced in this report which
supports the in-depth understanding of respective field work.
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