Banking Credit and Economic Growth in Nigeria

This research report analyzes the banking credit and its relation to the economy in Nigeria. It explores the impact of banking credit on the economic condition of the country and its role in financing economic projects and activities. The study also examines the contribution of banking credit to sectors like agriculture, infrastructure, and trade transactions, and its influence on the overall economic growth of Nigeria.

Banking Credit and Economic Growth in Nigeria
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Introduction
1.1 Overview of Research
Banking sector plays an essential role within the growth as well as the development of the
economy. The reason behind this is that banks provide a medium where individuals can keep
their money secure, which is further lent by them to other people, businesses and manufacturers.
This helps in enhancing the quality of commercial affairs, infrastructure and development of a
society that also contribute toward the economic condition of the country. This research report
will analyse the banking credit and its relation to the economy. The main reason for conducting
this research is to determine the impact of banking credit on the economic condition of Nigeria.
This is because banks within a developing country play a significant role in financing their
economic projects as well as activities which support in providing sustainable economic growth.
The financial and credit development of a country plays a crucial role in the economic growth of
the country by improving the efficiency of loan, raising saving and promoting capital
accumulation (Komal and Abbas, 2015).
1.2 Aim of the study
The main aim behind conducting this study is to determine the impact that banking credit have
over the economic growth of Nigeria.
1.3 Background of research
This research investigates the “Banking credit and economic development in Nigeria”, which
focuses on studying banking activities as well as its condition, which directly affects the
economic growth of the country (Tongurai and Vithessonthi, 2018). This is because the banking
sector plays a crucial role in the financial status of the country by creating money and facilitating
internal as well as international trade. Banking credit is considered a significant factor on
commercial activities as the majority of trade is done over credit and to conduct this banks issue
guarantee on behalf of its client so that business can get sound on credit which further paid by
the bank (Castro, V., 2013).
The experience of Nigeria is getting the most significant advantage in its economic development
and social progress through the capital generated by the banking industry. The central bank of
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Nigeria stated that to make the economy function efficiently structural rigidity and access to
credit is essential for financial development (Babajide, Adegboye and Omankhanlen, 2015).
Banking sector contributes to economic growth by attracting and gathering deposits from savers.
In addition to this, it also plays a crucial role in providing loans for encouraging investment as
well as productions. Apart from that banking credit also help in creating economic expansion
within several sectors such as agricultural sectors, infrastructure, trade transactions and
contribute toward initial capital related with investment projects (Taiwo, Falohun and Agwu,
2016).
1.7 Structure of the Dissertation
Chapter 1: Introduction
The research work starts with an introduction about the topic of the investigation along with aims
as well as objective behind conducting this report.
Chapter 2: Literature review
This would be the second chapter of research that includes a critical evaluation of the previous
literature. Literature review is conducted in this research to develop a theoretical framework and
an understanding regarding the past study as well as current information.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
In this section, different tools and techniques will be used that help in collecting and analysing
the information gathered to provide valid results.
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
This part of research relates to the accumulation of data which would be further analysed and
interpreted for shedding light over research objectives and questions once the data collection is
concluded. This is considered as one of the essential parts of research in which data gathered
would be analysed and interpreted for shedding light over research objectives and questions.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
This section includes the summary of the findings of whole research that help in determining the
validity and reliability of research.
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Banking Sector and Credit Creation
Oluitan (2012) observes that Bank credit expands to loans and advances. It refers to the
expansion of deposits and increment of credit. Banks maintain a part of their deposits as the
minimum reserve so that they can keep up with the requirements of investors/depositors and will
also be able to earn interest by lending the remaining amount. Nigeria's Bank Credit to the
Private Sector is approximately 22.29% of GDP in 2009, as observed by the experts of Global
Economy (2019). Every time a bank gives a loan to someone, it creates an equal deposit to
balance it. Thus, credit creation expands the functions of banks. According to Mohammed
Julfekar Haider (2010), Credit Creation process starts when a customer makes a deposit in a
bank, as the customer will not immediately withdraw the amount, banks put it as a reserve and
give the loans in exchange of interest, to keep the process going, banks need to have minimum
deposits policy. Credit Creation is crucial because it provides loans and advances to all the
sectors for their development and growth. World Bank Group (2017), the domestic credit to
private sector worldwide was 104.714%. Out of this, Nigeria held 23.334% of the total domestic
credit.
According to Michele Saba (2010), the representation of banks as subsidiaries is perceived by
the credit creation philosophies. A single bank cannot create credit. It is a dependent factor that
affects the economy. Credit Creation is viewed as one the major and the essential function in the
Banking Sector. The element through which a bank generates the most profit is by credit creation
as for this, they are willing to accept cash in the form of deposits and are willing to provide
loans. Okafor (2013) states that credit creation was increasingly used in the Nigerian Banking
System from 2005. Marshal and Onyekachi (2014) found that the banking sector of Nigeria
closely mirrored the changes occurring in the oil prices as well as the presence of volatility in the
market. This led to an increase in the number of deposits made in the banks, the effect of which
reflected as an increase in the credit. The main reason behind the growth of credit in this sector
can be attributed to the abundant availability of capital, mainly accelerated due to the rise in
depositories, led to credit creation which quadrupled between 2004 and 2009. As a result, the
banking assets also experienced a 76% rise between 2004 and 2009 in Nigeria. Onoh and
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Iheanacho (2017) observe that Nigeria's current Banking Sector is a result of the recent global
financial and economic crisis as well as its exposure to oil, gas and non-performing loans. Based
on these factors, the Banking Sector underwent four phases spanning between a time period of
1993 and 2009.
Maturity Transformation
Banks are also involved in the Maturity Transformation. According to Moorad Choudhry (2013),
Maturity Transformation is a vital function to continue economic growth. The process of
Maturity Transformation includes meeting the needs of lenders and borrowers by converting
short term deposits or savings and money market loans into long term borrowings such as
Mortgages. The industry is working for the high capital investments, and it is only possible
because of the role performed by the banks and financial intermediation for the establishment
and the function of Maturity Transformation (Ductor and Grechyna, 2015). They collect money
from the depositors and then lend it to the borrowers in exchange of interest. Hence, banks
collect the short-term deposits and transform them into the long-term loan and collect the
difference as profits.
The development of Banking Sector in Nigeria and its influence over economic growth
According to Eugene (2016), the role of banking in the economic development of a country
cannot be overemphasised. This is because money is considered as lifeblood, which helps in
achieving sustainability in the modern era. To achieve sustainability in the banking sector,
Central Bank of Nigeria focuses on raising the shareholder's fund, i.e. 2 billion to 25 billion for a
commercial bank with the help of the recapitalisation process. Eugene (2016) in his article
examining the impact of the banking sector on the economic growth in Nigeria states that this
leads to a merger and acquisition of several banks and as a result of which several weak banks
get closed. This also results in the emergence of 25 standards of commercial bank in the country,
which help in making Nigeria bank more stable, competent, reliable and competitive globally.
This helps Nigeria to improve its relationship with other countries globally and as a result of
which it would be able to motivate businesses to perform their trade transactions within the
country. This helps the country to increase trade transaction between businesses and as a result of
which bank credit activities have been enhanced where banks of Nigeria provide guarantee on
behalf of the client. As per the report published by Oxford Business Group (2017) on Nigeria, it
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has been analysed by the IMF that 45% of loans that are held by the bank are in foreign currency.
Hence at the time of devaluation book value of this loan get increased instantly.
According to Alkali Ibrahim Abubakar (2013), instead of several banking sector reform
implementations, the real sector of the country has faced several difficulties in assessing the
financial resources especially in commercial banks which hold up around 90% of total assets of
the financial sector. Nigeria majorly faced these issues between the years 1970-2010, but after
reforms, the banking sector encouraged trade openness and liquid liability of commercial banks,
which exerted a positive influence over the economic growth of the country. This has been
done by providing credit to the private sector, government borrowing and higher interest rate.
These all supported Nigeria to enjoy healthy revenue as well as asset growth. From the study
performed and published by Central bank of Nigeria (CBN) in its Economic Update (2019) it has
been identified that financial sector of the country excluding insurance services contributed up to
2.6% in GDP of the country in 2016 over 2010. In addition to this, Abubakar (2013) in his article
published investigating the banking sector development and its impact on the economic growth
states that the average prime lending rate of commercial bank slightly increased up-to 17.1%
from 16.9% at the end of 2016. However, Ductor and Grechyna (2014) assert in their findings
that the effect of financial development on growth proves to be adverse when the increase in
credit is not accompanied by a similar increase in the generation of real output.
Relationship between bank credit and economic growth of Nigeria
As per Akinlo and Oni (2015), the financial sectors have a positive influence on the growth and
success of countries' economies. Therefore, the banking sector of Nigeria can have a significant
influence on the economic growth of the country. This had been performed after improving the
financial policies as well as practices, which was done by financial regularities by improving the
reform and standards implemented by banks. Eugene (2016) also asserts that this includes a rise
in minimum shareholder's fund for the commercial bank from 2 billion to 25 billion which leads
to the inability of banks which operates at a lower level to raise their required capital. As a result
of which weak bank segment are getting merged or acquired by other banks in Nigeria that
further contributed to improving the financial practices of the country.
These practices supported the country to improve its financial effectiveness and ability of banks
to provide trade credit or guarantees on behalf of clients from providing or taking bank credit to
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perform international trade transactions. This has contributed toward improving the relation of
Nigeria with other countries and increasing the bank credit transactions. These all contribute
toward the economic growth of the country by holding around 45% of the loan in the form of
foreign currency. This further contributed to increasing the capital held by the bank of Nigeria
that further supported the economic growth of the country.
According to the viewpoint of Olowofeso, Adeleke and Udoji (2015), banking practices of
Nigeria are the reason behind the economic as well as social progress of country after the
reformation of public policies by Financial regulators. The Nigerian banking system is currently
having around 942 micro-finance banks, 64 financial companies, 6 development financial banks
and 5 discount houses. Abubakar (2013) states that all these factors supported the country to
attract more and more investors from another country who invest in financial assets of the
country and as a result of which it helps in increasing the flow of foreign currency that further
contribute toward increasing the capital in the banking sector.
2.3 Review of Empirical Literature
Banking Sector Development can have a significant impact on the economic growth and
structure of an economy. Tongurai and Vithessonthi (2018) in their research paper that analyses
the effect of the Banking Sector on Economic Structure and Growth explain that agricultural and
industrial sectors tend to have a negative and positive impact on economic structure,
respectively, and growth only for those countries where a high level of banking sector
development is found. By negative implications, one means that a high degree of banking sector
development may concentrate on the growth of only one sector at the expense of another such as
Agriculture Development of Nigeria. It has been observed by the two scholars that agriculture
sector growth is adversely impacted when there is a high degree of Banking Sector Development
present in an economy.
As Industrial Sector goes hand in hand with Banking Sector Development, the former tends to
have a positive impact on the latter as observed by Tongurai and Vithessonthi (2018). The
relevant research paper attempts to explore the importance of financial capital allocation,
specifically to investment activities giving high returns. The author considers seven regions as its
sample viz. East Asia and Pacific; Europe and Central Asia; Latin America and the Caribbean;
the Middle East and North Africa; North America; South Asia and Sub-Sahara Africa. For
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drawing inferences as well as evaluating outcomes, macro-economic data has been collected for
1960 to 2016 from Datastream and World Databank. For quantifying industrial development, a
calculation of value added based on the industry sector has been considered, which comes as a
percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Here, Global Economy (2019) explains that the
Gross Domestic Product is calculated as the total gross value of goods and services produced by
the residents of Nigeria plus any tax paid on products minus any subsidies not included in the
value of such products. However, for measurement of agricultural development, a percentage of
GDP has been chosen. The proxy, here, consists of a share of domestic credit growth to private
and financial sectors in the form of percentage of GDP mainly depository financial institutions
which indicate the relative size of the banking system.
Using an Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Method, Tongurai and Vithessonthi (2018) aim to
articulate the effects of the banking sector development on the leading industrial and agricultural
sector. Based on univariate analysis and correlation and regression analysis, the empirical results
show that inflation and real interest rates are highly correlated. This means that any change in
inflation would substantially affect real interest rates prevalent in the seven regions. In the
Nigerian Context, this would hold as the economy is mainly based on the mining industry, with a
more advanced banking system the economy would be able to further its economic goals as well
as industrial development. Hence, the development of the banking system is of paramount
importance for Nigeria. This can be achieved, as suggested by the research conducted, through
the modernisation of their overall banking systems and credit creation policies. The inferences
drawn by the authors in their research paper also indicate that there is no significant impact on
the agriculture sector due to banking development. In addition to this, there is a unidirectional
relationship between banking development and its impact on the industrial sector.
Looking at the financial development, real output and economic growth, Ductor and Grechyna
(2015) in their research found that there is an optimal level of financial development experienced
by a given economy based on the characteristics or macro-economic variables. Economic growth
is dependent on various factors; one of the main factors affecting it is financial development.
Nyasha and Odhiambo (2018) observe that financial development is one of the major
determinants that broadly impact how economic growth occurs in an economy. In the context of
the Nigerian Economy, the real sectors include primary, secondary and tertiary segments. Under
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these, the Primary industry is concerned with the production and extraction of natural resources
such as mining which is one of the major industrial sectors of Nigeria and Africa, as a continent.
Similar to Tongurai and Vithessonthi (2018), this paper also assumes that better allocation of
financial resources results in sustainable and balanced growth of the economy across all sectors.
As economic growth cannot solely be dependent on a single industry, it is crucial to understand
at what relative speed financial development affects a diverse set of sectors. If the rate of change
is higher for one industry and negative for another, the overall change would ultimately be
nullified for the two, thus, resulting in a little or no change felt in the economy in terms of
economic growth. Ductor and Grechyna (2015) take private credit extended by the banks into
consideration as a share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and liquidity while accounting for the
level of financial development occurring in a developed or developing country.
The data used by Ductor and Grechyna (2015) to denote the interrelationship between financial
as well as real sector development and economic growth includes a panel comprising of 101
countries for a time-frame chosen to be 1970 to 2010. This sample has been collected from the
World Development Indicators (WDI) Report published by The World Bank. The results
indicate that the economic growth rates against financial development have a non-linear
relationship, whereby there is positive relationship as long as the rate of development is low. On
the other hand, there is a negative impact experienced for higher levels of financial development
experienced in an economy. On the other hand, there is a negative impact experienced for higher
levels of financial development experienced in an economy. Taking a ratio of financial
development and GDP, Nigeria comes at a really low position. This has been illustrated in the
image in the Appendix. In addition to this, Tongurai and Vithessonthi (2018) infer that a cross-
sectional strategy has been undertaken which employs OLS method to determine the long-term
relationship between financial development, real sectors and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It
is inferred that financial development adversely affects economic growth when private credit
maturation is more than industrial output and vice versa. It is also obtained that a balanced
growth would accelerate the economic growth of an economy as and when financial
development takes place.
For Nigeria, this is an important point to be taken into consideration. The Banking Credit
provided by the economy needs to be in balance with its real sectors, mainly the mining industry
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as any positive and sustainable financial development occurring in this market would lead to the
sustained growth of the economy as well. Agbanike et al. (2018) state in the research that
Nigerian policymakers believe credit creation inputs can help in generation of productivity in the
economy which can be achieved by the promotion of specific economic activities by loaning
amount to producers. The authors look at the diverse sector-level lending structure of Nigeria's
Commercial Institutions operating in banks loans and advances for the period between 1981 and
2014. Agbanike et al. (2018) found that a total of N75561.82bn of credit was loaned out between
this time-frame as depositories.
One of the earlier studies by Zellner (1962) examined the effect of bank credit on economic
growth in Nigeria and the main sectors focused were Agriculture, Commercial, Industrial, Real
Estate and Construction. The results showed that even though the bank credit contributed
differently to the overall economic growth of Nigeria, there was not a substantial impact on the
economic growth by bank credit in isolation. The findings recorded in this study shows that there
is 74.6%, 66.7%, 49.4%, 51.3%, and 43.7% variations in economic growth for agriculture,
commercial, industrial, real estate and construction industries respectively that have been
explained by selected independent variables of bank lending, interest rates, exchange rate and
human capital. Through the implementation of the banking credit in the Nigerian Economy, it is
also ascertained that the highest impact on economic growth by the agricultural sector amounted
to only 3% of total bank credit. On the other hand, the service sector had no significant effect
even though this segment received a 53% contribution out of total bank credit extended by
Nigerian Banks. The research paper also concludes that as far as the extension of credit by banks
affecting the economic growth of Nigeria is concerned, any aggregation of credit for all sectors
through one criterion can lead to misrepresentation of the analysis. This is because there are
sectoral differences.
Literature Review Summary
One can identify a gap as per the studies and evidence collected through the empirical literature,
which is about the impact of banking sector development on economic growth. Some of the
results provided by previous scholars state that the banking sector development has been
positively impacting the industrial sector and economic growth of developing countries such as
India and Nigeria, whereas some evidence that there is hardly any impact of banking sector
development on economic growth (Tongurai and Vithessonthi, 2018). Therefore, this research
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will further analyse the impact of banking sector on economic growth (or GDP growth) of
Nigeria over 1990-2017. The next section covers the methodology of this study explains sample
and data.
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CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research method
Research methodology depicts about the number of tools and techniques that are used to gather,
evaluate, interpret and effectively represent the data (Creswell, 2010). This section provides a
direction to the researcher regarding how it has to perform work for accomplishing the research
work effectively. With the help of research methodology, an investigator can develop an
understanding regarding several tools and techniques that can be used to perform an
investigation effectively for the relevant study. Furthermore, by understanding these tools and
techniques, the researcher can select the best possible tools for investigating in a manner that
supports achieving goals and objective behind particular research. The tools and techniques used
to perform this investigation are explained below in a detailed way:
3.1.1 Type of investigation: Qualitative and Quantitative
The researcher is firstly required to determine the nature of inquiry so that the proper method, as
well as techniques, can be used. There are two types of research, named as qualitative and
quantitative. The qualitative approach is the one in which information is gathered in detailed
manner, usually through interviews, to discuss over the main topic of study and support it with
pre-specified theories as well as a concept to make to it more transparent for readers (Creswell,
2010). On the other side, the quantitative method refers to a type of investigation in which
information is gathered in the form of statistical data to represent the relevant facts as well as
figures regarding the particular topic of concern.
In the current investigation, quantitative type of research will be used that supports in
representing how banking credit helps Nigeria in its economic growth. The data is numeric and
statistical methods will be used to analyse this data. To collect secondary information, the data
will be collected from the World Bank publication and report. In addition to this, for adequately
representing this information to describe the economic growth of Nigeria, the correlation will be
presented between GDP and banking credit.
3.1.2 Research philosophy
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It helps in determining the belief pattern that will be followed within the part of the research for
conducting the investigation effectively (Nyasha and Odhiambo, 2018). Hence it is essential for
an investigator to select appropriate philosophy so that the study can move in the right direction.
Research philosophy is of two types, such as interpretivism and positivist philosophy. As per the
interpretivism philosophy, the researcher, is required to adopt qualitative means to gather the
information and analyse it effectively (Ductor and Grechyna, 2015). On the other side,
positivism refers to the philosophy which is applied to particular research over existing theories
for developing hypothesis which will be then tested with highly structured and large sample
related with observation and numerical data. In the current investigation quantitative type of
research will be used to gather the information regarding the banking credit as well as GDP to
determine relation among them and contribution toward economic growth (Marshal and
Onyekachi, 2014). Hence, to perform quantitative research, positivism philosophy will be used
that helps in the accomplishment of research goals and objectives.
3.1.3 Research approach
It is also an essential part of an investigation which helps in guiding a researcher over the
direction in which it has to work (Drechsler, Savov and Schnabl, 2018). Different research
approaches through which the investigation work is supported are the inductive and deductive
approach. The inductive approach is one which emphasises over observing the existing facts and
figures. Based on this observation, specific patterns are created, which in turn, support in the
creation of tentative hypothesis (Oluitan, 2012). On the other side, in a deductive approach, the
existing theory is tested through hypothesis by creating the strategy to test them. The current
investigation is based on the quantitative method of study; therefore, in this research, the
deductive approach will be used, which is based on quantitative method.
3.1.4 Data collection
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This part of the research methodology defines the process of collecting data by using two main
techniques that are – primary and secondary. Both methods help in gathering adequate amount of
information by using a number of sources. For collecting primary data, researchers can use the
questionnaire method, survey through the online or offline process, group discussion and more
(Akinlo and Oni, 2015). On the other hand, secondary research provides sources with published
data to address a specific research question. In context with present research, as it is going to
analyse the bank credit and economic growth of Nigeria, therefore, only secondary techniques
are used to collect information for addressing the research question (Olowofeso, Adeleke and
Udoji, 2015). As a result of this, in the collection of secondary information, several issues are
associated with the process that need to be considered by researchers. It includes validity,
authenticity and reliability of the information which are obtained from secondary sources.
Therefore, it is essential for researchers to ensure and check the viability or authenticity of the
information which can be done easily as the secondary data collected is mainly extracted from
the online information provided by the World Bank.
3.2 Sample and Data
Sampling is a technique which emphasises on selecting the sample from the original population
(Spence, Lachlan and Rainear, 2016). In this regard, to choose a sample from a group of the
population, the sampling technique provides several options. It includes systematic, simple,
cluster and stratified sampling based on random and non-random process (Babajide, Adegboye
and Omankhanlen, 2015). To investigate the current topic, Nigeria country is taken as a sample
over which whole efforts will be put to gather the information effectively. It is worthy to note
that, this is not a random sample as this research specifically focuses on the relationship between
bank credit and economic growth in Nigerian context. Therefore, this is appropriate for this
study. The country's banking credit and GDP growth will be collected over the period from 1990
until 2017, to determine the contribution of bank credit on the economic growth of the country
(Taiwo, Falohun and Agwu, 2016). The data will be then used to determine the relationship with
the help of correlation. This information is presented in the Appendices Section for the research
undertaken. The data collected taken for this purpose includes Gross Domestic Product (GDP),
Bank Credit and credit provided by the financial sector. For this purpose, the sample data has
been taken for 27 years, starting from 1990 and ending in 2017.
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Between this period, the GDP of Nigeria has grown from ₦62,165 to ₦376,361, which is a
505% increase (Taiwo, Falohun and Agwu, 2016).. Looking at the Domestic credit provided by
the financial sector, the facility has grown from ₦7749.80 to ₦87819.62, which is a 1033%
increase along the year. On the other hand, Bank credit provided to the private sector has
increased from ₦54415.20 to ₦288541.38; thus, recording an overall increase of 430% (Zwass,
2017).
3.3 Method of Analysis
Correlation is a statistical technique that aims to identify and establish a relationship between
two or more variables. In the context of given case scenario, the Method of Analysis undertaken
here is the use of Scatter Plots which includes the ascertainment of the relationship between
Bank Credit and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) through Correlation. Correlation is a statistical
measure that establishes the relationship between two variables. Usually, the correlation values
range between +1 and -1. A strong correlation is one wherein the positive value of 1 indicates a
perfect correlation between the variables in consideration and vice versa. A perfect positive
correlation (+1) indicates that the two values move in the same direction at a similar pace and
vice versa. Anything between these two values is either weak or no correlation (Here, x is the
correlation value between two variables a and b). A weak correlation may also be positive
(0<x<1) or negative in nature (0<x<-1). Also, a moderate correlation can be attributed to a value
which lies between the range of +0.3<x<+0.7. While Correlation helps in studying how two
variables behave with each other. A Scatter Plot helps indicate a correlation between two or more
variables by showing exactly how closely a given set of variables are scattered on a graph.
Correlation helps in studying how two variables are related with each other. the correlation
values range between +1 and -1. Wherein, the positive value of 1 indicates a perfect correlation
between the variables in consideration and vice versa. Anything between these two values is
either strong, weak or no correlation (x=0)(Here, x is the correlation value between two
variables a and b) (Sedgwick, 2012).
Through this methodology of analysis, it can be identified whether the two variables, GDP and
Bank Credit provided in Nigeria have a linear relationship or not and whether this relationship is
strong, moderate or weak (Tongurai and Vithessonthi, 2018). Correlation can help in
understanding whether or not Bank Credit and GDP are correlated. If they are correlated, one can
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affirm that economic growth and bank credit in Nigerian industries is closely recorded (Onoh
and Iheanacho, 2017).
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the main results have been discussed which have been inferred on the basis
of data collected and presented in the Appendices Section of this study. These results have
been showcased as under:
4.1 Time-Series Graphs on GDP growth over time (1990 to 2017)
From the above graph, it can be observed that between 1990 to 2017, there has been quite some
fluctuations over the years. This graph has been created on the basis of data sourced from
the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. For instance, between 1990 to 1992,
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it is observed from the time-series plot that there has been a consistent increase in the
GDP growth over time. GDP growth is defined as the annual percentage rate of growth in
GDP at market prices based on constant local currency (2010 is the base year). Whereas
between 1992 and 1994, the GDP growth was negative. This is also evident in the graph
for the year 2016 where a sharp decline is seen in the GDP growth since 2014. It can also
be said that some of the fluctuations may also be a result of the government's attempt to
encourage savings by introducing globalisation as well as liberalisation of certain practices
in the economy (Fidelis and Olukayode, 2016). It is worthy to note that while 1998-2002
recorded the highest growth in GDP growth, there was quite some consolidation in the
growth from 2004 until 2010.4.2 Time-Series Graphs on Bank credit to private sector in
Nigeria over time (1990 to 2017)
From the above graph, it can be clearly observed that between 1991 to 2017, there has been quite
some fluctuations along the years, however positive. This graph has been created on the basis of
data sourced from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. It can be observed
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from the above graph that even though there have been fluctuations, the growth over time
recorded for the Bank Credit for Private Sector has been positive. Domestic credit to private
sector by banks (as a % of GDP) can be defined as those financial resources provided to the
private sector by the depository corporations. It is worthy to note that the most positive
performance displayed by this sector has been recorded from 2006 till 2008. The years between
2008 and 2010 experienced the impact of Global Financial Crisis which can explain the slight
deflect occurring in the graph between 2008 and 2010 (Luqman, 2015). Beyond which, there has
been a sharp decline in the Bank Credit provided for the Private Sector. On the basis of this
graph, it can be inferred that domestic credit to private sector by banks has grown positively
over the time.
Correlations
This graph shows correlation between domestic credit by the banking sector and GDP growth.
Here, the determination coefficient is 0.0163 which is denoted by R2. Coefficient of
Determination is that portion of predictive variance of dependent variable which is visible in the
independent variable (Quinino, Reis and Bessegato, 2013). Correlation coefficient is the square
root of R2, that is, correlation coefficient is equal to the square root of 0.0163 = 0.1277.
Correlation coefficient is defined as a statistical measure which shows the relationship between
two variables (Swamy, 2012). The slope of the line is positive and thus the correlation
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coefficient is also positive. Although, this correlation is positive, it is rather weak as it falls
between the range 0<x<1. R2 is also very low. R2 shows the proportion in variation in GDP that
is explained by the banking sector credit to the private sector. This proportion is only 1.63%
(0.016*100%). This shows that there are other factors that contribute to the economic growth in
Nigeria that have not been included in this study such as Market Volatility and interest rate
fluctuations. The regression equation is as follows:
Y (GDP growth) = 0.116* Credit provided by Banks + 3.493
This shows that the coefficient on the Bank credit variable is positive. Therefore, Bank
credit seems to have a positive association with the economic growth (GDP growth). However,
both R2 and the correlation coefficient are low. Therefore, the explanatory power of the model is
low. It is worthy to note that a slight indication of this relationship has been provided by Ductor
and Grechyna (2015) in their research wherein they inferred that the economic growth rates
against financial development have a non-linear relationship, whereby there is positive
relationship as long as the rate of development is low. Hence, one can expect this in the
case of the research results inferred through the Scatter plot provided above. Since there is a
positive relationship and bank credit provided to Bank Sector does signals financial
development prevalent in a country, it is fine to agree with the fact that the variables under
scrutiny, here, are weakly correlated.
Discussion on results
In relation to the previous literature review, the banking sector and credit creation have
largely mirrored the oil price fluctuations that are continuously occurring in the economy as well
as worldwide (Marshal and Onyekachi, 2014). Also, it has been observed by them that market
volatility and abundance of human capital also play a major role. Apart from this, since most of
the Nigerian economy is dependent upon mining, extraction and processing of oil, the GDP
includes most of oil-products as well as by-products. Thus, reaffirming that market volatility, oil
price fluctuations and abundance of human capital are some of the core factors that are
accounted by GDP value. Since the engagement of human capital in the various sectors or
markets ensure that sufficient job opportunities exist in a given country, it can be seen as
indicator for financial development too. Based on this, the GDP growth can be ascertained as
Financial Development forms a crucial part of the GDP of an economy, including Nigeria. This
18

has also been seen in the figure 4.1 of this research study that depicts a time-series plot for GDP
Growth that has occurred in the nation between 1990 to 2017. The results assert that due to the
introduction of Globalisation and Liberalisation of imports and exports during the 1990s there
has been significant economic growth in all the sectors of the economy. This is mainly done
through the promotion of developing a savings habit among the people which can be used to
attain goods and services and thus, help in impacting the overall GDP as well as standard of
living in Nigeria. Based on the literature review and this result, it can be said that the current
research results do agree with the previous work of the scholars conducted in this field.
In addition to this, Nigeria's current Banking Sector is a result of the recent global
financial and economic crisis as well as its exposure to oil, gas and non-performing loans (Onoh
and Iheanacho, 2017). This has also been observed in the figure 4.2 of this research study
wherein the bank credit provided by the banks to the public sector have been taken under
scrutiny. Thus, indicating a slight deflection of the increasing trend recorded between the years
2006 and 2008. Even though the GDP and Bank Credit are closely related, the correlation
between the two is positive yet weak. This has also been reaffirmed previously results indicated
that the economic growth rates against financial development have a non-linear relationship,
whereby there is positive relationship as long as the rate of development is low (Ductor and
Grechyna, 2015).
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
5.1 Main results
The research examines the Banking Credit and Economic Growth in Nigeria by closely
analysing the relationship between Bank Credit provided to Financial and Private Sector by
keeping into account GDP growth for the time-period 1990 and 2017. For this purpose, the data
has been collected from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund Websites. From the
findings it has been concluded that the bank credit plays an important role in the economic
growth of the Nigerian Economy. However, the Banking sector and the GDP growth is positive
yet weak, thus, indicating that even though it is important for the economic, it is not the sole
driver of economic growth in the country. The R2 of 1.63 ascertained is low, mainly due to the
fact that the overall variance predicted in the variable is low. Thus, assuring that there are certain
19

other factors which impact the Economic Growth in Nigeria in a much more significant manner
compared to the Banking Sector.
5.2 Limitations of the Study and Recommendations for Future Research
The main limitations of this research are enumerated as under:
Limited number of variables: Since correlation only examines the relationship between two
variables its authenticity decreases with the inclusion of more variables while conducting a
Correlation analysis. Hence, more variables could have been included and multiple
regression analysis could have been conducted.
No representation of Causation: Correlation does not show causation, that is to say, this
analysis does not help in finding a cause and effect relationship between the variables under
scrutiny. This means that one cannot know in surety that is it the banking sector that
impacts on the economic growth or is it the economic growth that drives more banking
credit.
5.3 Final Conclusion
From the above given information it can be concluded that Banking sector plays a crucial
role within the growth as well as success of a country which in turn has a great influence over the
economic growth of a nation. This is mainly because the banking sector acts a medium for the
residents of a country to keep their money secure and then utilise it to finance their needs arising
in future or during contingencies. In addition to this, it also supports the government to get
appropriate funds to invest in which ultimately contribute towards the development of the nation.
The credit that a bank earns helps a lot towards the development of a nation as that fund is
utilised by government to reinvest in other financial option which in turn increase the economy.
This further support in increasing the flow of trade among countries with the help of financial
investment or by providing credit to different companies to perform international transactions.
The banking sector has supported up to a great extend in the development of Nigeria by
providing several significant advantage in term of economic as well as social progress with the
help of capital which is generated from banking credits. In addition to this it Gross Domestic
production also plays a crucial role within the growth as well as economic development of
Nigeria. This is because for making economy function effectively the rigidity and access to
credit is very essential for financial development which support for the development of country.
Hence, it can be said that bank credit and gross domestic production both are consider as one of
20

the most essential part of a countries economic development. This is because the contribute of
both the factors helps a country to expand its practices to other nations and promote the flow of
trade among countries. These activities not only contribute toward the economic development
but also support in social development of a nation. Therefore, throughout this investigation it has
been found that banking credit as well as gross domestic production are the factors which are
inter related and support a country to improve its economic condition. For determining this
relation between these two factors correlation is used within this investigation which represent
the manner in which both of these factors contributed and is contributing within the growth as
well as prosperity of Nigeria's economy. This is because both the factors are considered as the
core of a country's economy which help in management of finance.
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APPENDICES
Years
GDP of
Nigeria (₦)
Domestic credit
provided by the
financial sector
(% of GDP)
Bank credit
provide to the
private sector
(% of GDP)
Domestic credit
provided by the
financial industry
in (₦)
Bank credit
provide to the
private sector in
(₦)
1990 62165 12.47 87.53 7749.80 54415.20
1991 60131 11.97 88.03 7195.49 52935.51
1992 52275 18.88 81.12 9870.26 42404.74
1993 56807 22.32 77.68 12681.86 44125.14
1994 80128 24.83 75.17 19892.29 60235.71
1995 132230 15.30 84.70 20232.27 111997.73
1996 172686 9.08 90.92 15682.61 157003.39
1997 187866 8.28 91.72 15555.37 172310.63
1998 209677 10.67 89.33 22362.95 187314.05
1999 57477 11.53 88.47 6625.99 50851.01
2000 67824 6.68 93.32 4532.76 63291.24
2001 73128 11.51 88.49 8415.44 64712.56
2002 93983 12.12 87.88 11386.86 82596.14
2003 102935 13.67 86.33 14070.70 88864.30
2004 130345 7.54 92.46 9823.83 120521.17
2005 169645 5.48 94.52 9298.16 160346.84
2006 222791 3.02 96.98 6737.16 216053.84
2007 262215 11.59 88.41 30403.41 231811.59
2008 330260 16.39 83.61 54138.63 276121.37
2009 297458 21.55 78.45 64088.18 233369.82
2010 369062 19.09 80.91 70463.86 298598.14
2011 414095 22.35 77.65 92560.54 321534.46
2012 460952 20.87 79.13 96220.14 364731.86
2013 514965 21.85 78.15 112532.73 402432.27
2014 568496 21.65 78.35 123055.20 445440.80
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2015 493841 23.14 76.86 114293.09 379547.91
2016 405442 26.56 73.44 107665.65 297776.35
2017 376361 23.33 76.67 87819.62 288541.38
25