Basic Architecture And Protocols of Internet

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Report
DECEMBER 30, 2019
STUDENT NAME

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Ans-1 a.
OSI network reference model has used for connecting different systems using basic
architecture and protocols. Moreover, there is some work of each protocol, which can be
managed basic services of a network. OSI protocol stack has included the presentation and
session layer for work (Medhi & Ramasamy, 2017). The session layer has created for
managing dialogue for data transfer and access to various things. It has secured all the things
using a set of rules, which is necessary to secure all the sessions. Moreover, the TCP/IP
protocol stack has merged the applications of telnet and FTP protocols in the application
layer (Paquet, 2013).
The main advantage of merging of session and presentation layer into the application
layer in the TCP/IP model is proper work based on the applications. Basically, protocols have
used to manage the session and presentation of data and networks. In addition, data
encryption and decryption can be done at the application layer, as users have used browser
for request and response (Rouse, 2008). Thus, it is easy to merge-common processes in the
same layer. There are various works, which cannot be separated based on their importance. It
has reduced packet size as well because of the extra header of each layer has attached with
the data as well. It is better in a practical process to transfer data at high speed. It is easy for
error control, flow control, and congestion control (Sunshine, 2013).
TCP/IP model has used various techniques to optimized various things, which has
created traffic and a slow rate of transmission. Moreover, the OSI model is a reference model,
which is not used for practical work (Paquet, 2013). However, the TCP/IP model has
included various functions and protocols from the OSI model. Telnet and FTP protocols are
used for specific purposes, which has not required another layer. Thus, TCP/IP has improved
the way of packet transmission (Dye, McDonald, & Rufi, 2007). There is a disadvantage
of merging of the session and presentation layer, which is separation is necessary for the
security and privacy of data and information (Tanenbaum, 2014). In addition, error
control is better at the application, as data has formatted in a proper manner at the application
layer using proper protocols. Many techniques have used for the formatting of various frames
and segments.

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In addition, there are some basic needs of session management, which can be handled
at the end of the application layer using client and server-side programs. It can be better at the
application layer. It has not required an additional header for this work. Thus, the TCP/IP
model has reduced these layers form a practical model. It will be better for the sender and
receiver. In addition, there are many benefits of merging those layers, which is helpful in the
management packets in a network (Dye, McDonald, & Rufi, 2007).
c. In the TCP segment, 16 bits have used for the offset field, which starts from zero
and maximum all 1’s. thus, it will be limited to 2^16 = 65,536 (Forouzan, 2007).
Ans-2
a.
IT Service Management (ITSM) can be managed by various processes of a firm with
high accuracy and performance. In addition, ITSM is a new trend in the market, which has
used for managing, various services, such as service strategies, service improvement, and
many more (Software-Developer, 2019).
Source: (Technology-berkeley, 2019)
ITSM has included emerging technologies and innovations, which has provided
various benefits to the company. It has improved various things in a firm. It can manage all
the things using technological innovations. Most of the business functions will be managed
using ITSM, as it has provided various roles and responsibilities to different people in a firm,
which can use policies to manage all the things.