Design and Implementation of Battery Monitoring System

The given assignment is about designing and implementing a battery monitoring system. It starts with a brief overview of the importance of battery monitoring systems in electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and power backup systems. The assignment then delves into the design of a battery monitoring system, including the use of isolation amplifiers to ensure electrical isolation between different parts of the circuit. It also explains the concept of thermistors and their applications in temperature-dependent resistance measurements. Furthermore, the assignment provides references to various academic papers and books related to battery monitoring systems, making it a comprehensive resource for students and researchers in this field.

Running head: BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 1
BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM
Name of Student
Institution Affiliation

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 2
Abstract
A battery system refers to an electronic system which manages a rechargeable battery, such
as protecting/ensuring that the battery does not operate outside its safe operating areas. The
multiplexer was inverted by the French engineer Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudo in 1894.The
invention compelled the communication we have today. Isolation amplifier refers to a
category of differential amplifiers which allows measurement of very small signals in the
prescience of a common high mode by producing electrical isolation and a safety barrier for
electricity. Lithium batteries refer to the primary batteries with lithium as an anode. The
battery was discovered by Adam Heller in 1973.
Table of Contents

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 3
1.0 History..................................................................................................................................4
2.0 Literature review..................................................................................................................6
2.1Real Time Automotive Battery Monitoring System.........................................................6
2.2Battery Monitoring System...............................................................................................7
2.3 Design and implementation of a battery monitoring system for the tcu engineering
department electric vehicle.....................................................................................................8
2.4 Design and Development of a Real-Time Monitoring System for Multiple Lead–Acid
Batteries Based on Internet of Things....................................................................................9
3.0 Device and description.......................................................................................................10
3.1 Isolation amplifier (ISO24).........................................................................................10
Fig 8: Isolation amplifier (ISO24)
……………………………………….................................................................11
3.2 Multiplexer (CD4051B)..............................................................................................11
3.3 Thermistor (LM35D) (0-100c)...................................................................................12
4.0 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................14
5.0 References..........................................................................................................................15

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 4
1.0 History
A battery management system refers to an electronic system which manages a rechargeable
battery, such as protecting/ensuring that the battery does not operate outside its safe operating
areas, calculating the secondary data, controlling its environment, authenticating, reporting
secondary data and balancing the battery (Bangar, 2014).
The battery management system can monitor the state of the batter in the items listed below.
Voltage: voltage of the individual cells, total voltage, voltage of periodic taps and minimum
and maximum cell voltage.
Temperature: coolant intake temperature, average temperature, temperature of individual
cells or the coolant output temperature.
State of the charge or depth of the discharge which will be able to indicate the charge level of
the battery (Banks, 2015).
Coolant flow: for the case of the fluid and air-cooled batteries.
Current: current in or out of the battery.
Arduino types.
This is open-source platforms which are used to make electronics projects.it is made up of
microcontroller and a part of the software which runs on the personal computer and is used to
upload and write computer codes to the physical boards (Bartknecht, 2012).
Lithium battery
Lithium batteries are the batteries with lithium as an anode. The battery was discovered by
Adam Heller in 1973.

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 5
The lithium batteries which are used in the consumer market in most cases uses metallic
lithium as the anode, the cathode uses manganese dioxide and a salt of lithium dissolved in an
organic solvent.
Multiplexer
Multiplexer refers to the combinational of logical circuits which are designed to switch many
input lines to a one single standard output line by the use of the control logic (Dhameja,
2017).
Multiplexing is a general word which is used to refer to the operations of transferring digital
or analog signal s over a regular transmission line at various speeds and times, the gadget
which is used to do the adjustments is referred to as multiplexer.
The multiplexer refers to a combinational of logic circuits which are well designed to switch
several inputs lines via a single common output line by use of a control signal (Harker, 2012).
Thermistor
This is a type of a resistor whose resistance depends on the temperature. The thermistors are
widely applied in the inrush current limiters, selt-resetting overcurrent protectors, temperature
sensors and self-regulating heating elements (Kleinjohann, 2017).
Thermistors are of two fundamental types.
The type of thermistors whose resistance decreases while the temperature increases.
The type of thermistors whereby the resistance increases with the increase in the temperature.
In 1833 Michael Faraday discovered .He reported the observations he made on
semiconductor behaviour of silver Sulfide. He observed that the resistance of silver Sulfide
significantly decreased when the temperature raised. It was a great challenge for the early

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 6
thermistors to be used due to the difficulties in production. Because of that, the thermistors
were never produced commercially until 1930 when Samuel Ruben commercially produced a
viable thermistor.
Isolation amplifier:
Isolation amplifier refers to a category of differential amplifiers which allows measurement
of very small signals in the prescience of a common high mode by producing electrical
isolation and a safety barrier for electricity. The data acquisition components are protected by
the isolation amplifiers from the common mode of voltages (Ness, 2013).
2.0 Literature review.
2.1Real Time Automotive Battery Monitoring System.
This is a research which was carried out by James Nguyen a student at San Jose State
University, department Electrical Engineering. The battery monitoring system developed is
used to prevent people from being stranded. This device makes sure that no matter what, a car
will be able to start and that a person will not be left with a dead battery. This report is about
the Features and Specifications related to the battery monitoring system (M Amajor, 2014).

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 7
Figure 1: LM324
Source:www.sjsu.edu/.../Real_Time_Automotive_Battery_Monitoring_System_--
_Report.pdf
Figure 2: PSPICE Model of Design
Source: www.sjsu.edu/.../Real_Time_Automotive_Battery_ Monitoring _System
2.2Battery Monitoring System.
This research project was carried out by Pavuluri Mounika an assistant Professor, Department
of Electronics and communication engineering, K.L.University, Andhra Pradesh, India. The
project of BMS (Battery Monitoring System) gives online and offline status of batteries
which are monitored by the bank so that we can prevent the batteries prior to failure
However, Battery Monitoring System specifically measure, record and analyse the individual
cell and battery module parameters in detail. Continuous monitoring and analysis of these
parameters can be used to identify battery or cell deterioration (Wang, 2016).

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 8
Figure 3: V. Block diagram. Source: https://repository.tcu.edu/
2.3 Design and implementation of a battery monitoring system for the tcu
engineering department electric vehicle.
This research project was carried by Ryan Savage a Masters student, Texas Christian
University Fort Worth, Texas in 2014. The project involved creating a battery monitoring
system for the Texas Christian University Engineering Department Electric Vehicle. The
system uses several circuits to measure the voltage across each battery and aggregates the
data for later analysis using an Arduino microcontroller (Savage, 2014).

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 9
Figure 4: Battery Monitoring Circuit source: https://repository.tcu.edu/
2.4 Design and Development of a Real-Time Monitoring System for Multiple Lead–Acid
Batteries Based on Internet of Things
This project was done by Ashish Rauniyar a student at School of Electronics Engineering,
Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Korea. The project involved coming up with
system monitors and stores parameters that provide an indication of the lead acid battery’s
acid level, state of charge, voltage, current, and the remaining charge capacity in a real-time
scenario (Friess, 2017).

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 10
Figure 5: Pin map detailed diagram of the proposed system with the corresponding input.
Source: www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/9/3/28
3.0 Device and description.
3.1 Isolation amplifier (ISO24)
The ISO24 (isolation amplifier) incorporates a novel duty cycle modulation demodulation
method.
The signal of this isolation amplifier is digitally transmitted across a 2-pf differential
capacitive barrier. By use of the digital modulation, the integrity of the signal is not affected
by the barrier characteristics which results in the reliable and excellent high-frequency
transient immunity across the barrier.
Below are the figures showing the schematic diagram of the isolation amplifier (Kleinjohann,
2017).

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 11
The isolation amplifier (iso24) is no external components are required to operate it thus
making it easier to use.
Fig 7: Isolation amplifier (ISO24) source: https://www.silabs.com/documents
Fig 8: Isolation amplifier (ISO24) source: https://www.silabs.com/documents
3.2 Multiplexer (CD4051B)
The Multiplexer (CD40451B) is the digitally controlled analogue switches which have a low
ON impedance and also a very low leakage of the current. The multiplexer circuits dissipate
the very low quiescent power of the full VDD – VSS and VDD – VEE supply-voltage ranges
which are independent of the logic state of the control signals.

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 12
The figure below is a schematic diagram of how the multiplexer (CD40451B) works
(Shannim, 2015).
Fig 9: Multiplexer (CD40451B) schematic diagram source:
www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Electronics
Fig 10: Multiplexer (CD40451B) source: www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-
Electronics

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 13
3.3 Thermistor (LM35D) (0-100c)
The thermistor (LM35D) is the integrated circuit temperature sensors which have an output
voltage which is proportional to the centigrade temperatures. The thermistor (LM35D) has
advantages over the other temperature sensors which are calibrated in Kelvin, The user of the
thermistor (LM35D) is not required to remove a large constant voltage from the output to
obtain a centigrade scaling which is very convenient. The thermistor (LM35D) does not
require any external trimming or calibration to provide typical accuracies of ± ¼ °C at room
temperature and ± ¾ °C, over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range.
When using the thermistor (LM35D), lower cost is assured by the calibration and trimming of
the wafer level. The linear output, low output impedance, and the precise calibration of the
thermistor (LM35D) makes the process of circuit control to be much more comfortable.

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 14
Fig 11: thermistor (LM35D) schematic diagram source: www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.
Fig 12: thermistor (LM35D) source: www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.
4.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, A battery management system refers to an electronic system which manages a
rechargeable battery, such as protecting/ensuring that the battery does not operate outside its
safe operating areas, calculating the secondary data, controlling its environment,
authenticating, reporting secondary data and balancing the battery.
Lithium batteries refer to the primary batteries that have lithium as an anode; they are also
referred to as lithium-metal batteries. The battery was discovered by Adam Heller in 1973.
The multiplexer refers to the combinational of logical circuits which are designed to switch
one of the many input lines to a single common output line by the application of control
logic. An isolation amplifier is an op-amp circuit which is responsible for providing isolation
of one part of the circuit from another with the main aim of ensuring that the power drawn,
used or wasted in any part of the circuit.

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 15
The purpose of having an isolation amplifier is not to amplify the signal. The same signal is
inputted into the op-amp and passes out the same that shows that the output voltage is equal
to the input voltage.
The thermistor was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1833.He reported the observations he
made on semiconductor behaviour of silver Sulfide. He noticed that the resistance of silver
sulfide significantly decreased as the temperature raised. It was a great challenge for the early
thermistors to be used due to the difficulties in production. Because of that, the thermistors
were never produced commercially until 1930 when Samuel Ruben commercially produced a
viable thermistor.The thermistor is a type of a resistor whose resistance depends on the
temperature (Dhameja, 2017).
5.0 References.
Bangar, C. S. (2014). Integrating Advanced State of Charge Management Techniques and
Battery Monitoring System Hardware. Texas: University of California, Davis.
Banks, D. A. (2015). Battery monitoring system main controller. 2014: Defense Technical
Information Center,.
Bartknecht, W. (2012). Central and Southern Florida Project, C-111 Spreader Canal
Western Project: Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 4. London: Springer
Science & Business Media.

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 16
Dhameja, S. (2017). Electric Vehicle Battery Systems. London: Elsevier, .
Friess, P. (2017). Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and
Integrated Ecosystems. chicago: River Publishers.
Harker, K. (2012). Power System Commissioning and Maintenance Practice. Berlin:
Institution of Electrical Engineers.
Kleinjohann, B. (2017). Distributed Embedded Systems: Design, Middleware and Resources:
IFIP 20th World Computer Congress, TC10 Working Conference on Distributed and
Parallel Embedded Systems (DIPES 2008), September 7-10, 2008, Milano, Italy.
Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
M Amajor, J. N. (2014). Real Time Automotive Battery Monitoring System. London: San Jose
State University.
Ness, D. J. (2013). Design of a Substation Battery Monitoring System. Texas: Capricornia
Institute of Advanced Education, Department of Electrical Engineering.
Plett, G. L. (2015). Battery Management Systems, Volume II: Equivalent-Circuit Methods,
Volume 2. Paris: Artech House.
Rand, D. A. (2013). Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources. Chicago: Newnes.
Savage, R. ( 2014). DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A BATTERY
MONITORINGDESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A BATTERY MONITORING.
Texas: Fort Worth, Texas.
Schneider, M. (2016). Proceedings: September 18 - 22, 2005 in Berlin ;
Www.intelec2005.de. Berlin: Informationstechnische Gesellschaft.

BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM 17
Shannim, V. (2015). Design and construction of battery monitoring system sensor modules.
Chicago: IET.
Talib, M. S. (2014). Battery monitoring system using arduino in solar battery charger.
London: Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
Turah, N. (2015). Performance Specification for the Battery Monitoring System of the
Program Executive Office Ground Combat Systems (PEO GCS). London: Defense
Technical Information Center.
Wang, C.-Y. (2016). Battery Systems Engineering. Texas: John Wiley & Sons,.
Wright, G. (2015). Fundamentals of Medium-Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicle Systems.
Chicago: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, .