Big Data & Business Analytics

This article explores the impact of big data and business analytics on international trade in Saudi Arabia. It provides an overview of the country's economy, trade environment, and data visualization techniques. The article discusses the geographical, demographic, political, and economic features of Saudi Arabia. It also examines the international trade environment, including the top trading partners of Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the article explains various data visualization techniques such as charts, plots, and maps. The conclusion highlights the importance of international trade for Saudi Arabia's economy and suggests measures to improve trading.

Big Data & Business Analytics

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………. 3
INTRODUCTION OF THE SAUDI ARABIA……………………………………….........4
THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE ENVIRONMENT OF SAUDI ARABIA………...……5
DATA VISUALISATION AND ANALYSIS………………………………………………7
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………..10
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………......................11

INTRODUCTION
Big Data is a tool that is used to reveal information like any invisible design, client
inclination, current market status, and relationships between data. The information is analyzed,
which helps an organization to improve the business. Saudi Arabia is one of the biggest countries
in Asia. The country covers the major part of export in crude oil. In this report, an understanding
of the country and its international trade environment will be discussed. Overall assessment of
the big data and international trade of the country will be analyzed.
Introduction of the Saudi Arabi
Understand the country, its international trade and Data visualisation and analysis
Saudi Arabia is a developed country, as its economy is growing at a high rate. The country
is emphasizing more on the private sector to boost the economy and reduce the unemployment of
its people. (Alfayad and Abbott-Halpin, 2017.) The powerful government of Saudi Arabia has
18% of the world's crude oil. The country is also the largest exporter of crude oil and petroleum.
One can understand the country by looking at its geographical, demographic, political, economic
features.
Geographical
Saudi Arabia is spread mostly in the desert area. The world's largest desert is situated in
Saudi. The countries located near Saudi Arabia are Jordon, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Yemen,
and many more. The country covers an area of approximately 2,149,690 square kilometers. Over
the past years, the country has agreements with nearby states, but some disputes are still
continued. For example - Saudi places allegations on Egyptian authorities that the island Tiran
and Sanafir are part of their country. (Pickering, 2016.) Saudi Arabia faced conflicts with Egypt,
Yemen, Iraq, the UAE, and Kuwait in the past.

Demographic
The total population of the country is 34,254,000 as estimated in 2019. Based on the
population, Riyadh is the largest state of Saudi Arabia, with 4,205,961 population. The urban
population covers 83.8% and the rural population cover 16.2%. The biggest group of population
is between 15 - 64 age group, sharing 64.8% of the total population. The language mostly used
by the people of Saudi is Arabic. 90% of the Saudis follow the Muslim religion.
Political
Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, where the king is the Prime Minister of the country. Saudi has
13 regions divided into different districts. The participation of women in politics was very
limited in Saudi Arabia. There are no political parties, instead, there is a Basic Law with 83
articles based on Sharia i.e. Islamic law. Saudi Arabia is the founding member of many Arabic
and Gulf organizations. It is also a member of the United Nation Organizations.
Economic
The economy of Saudi Arabia is primarily based on crude oil and petroleum reverses. It is
one of the countries which has developed very rapidly. The GDP of Saudi is approximately $680
billion in 2020. It is predicted that in 2021 the GDP growth rate will increase by 3.7%. Saudi
Arabia is focusing on the private sector to expand its economy. (Khan and Khan, 2020.) The
country faced once financial deficiency but years later it grown-up by making a reduction in
electricity, water, and other resources.
The international trade environment of Saudi Arabia
The international trade environment refers to the combination of all the external forces
covered under the country and organizations that functions in the foreign and domestic market.

Mainly four environmental forces that impact international trade, which is political, economic,
cultural, and technological.
Saudi Arabia globally exports around $261,603 million and imports around $153,163
million. The top export goods of Saudi Arabia are Crude oil and Refined Petroleum, alcohol,
Ethylene, and Propylene Polymers. (Saudi Arabia Top Trading Partners. 2018.) The goods
imported are Gold, pharmaceutics, cars, iron and steel, precious metal, and broadcasting
Equipment. The top five trading partners of Saudi Arabia are -
 China
 United States
 India
 UAE
 South Korea
Let's understand the relationship of the top 5 countries with the Saudi Arabia and other
trading aspects.
China
The relationship with china of Saudi Arabia is of crude oil only. It is a mutual trade that
has brought two countries together. China exports textile, electronic products, and energy
resources. Saudi top exporter is China, which mainly buys oil from the country. Both countries
share a diplomatic bond with each other. China also supports Saudi during conflicts with Iran.
With the increase of trading between both the countries, some small countries like Malaysia and
Japan were targeted for export.
United States
When Saudi Arabia started exporting oil, since then n Saudi and the United States share a
close relationship. President Donal Trump helps Saudi to protect the military and in return will

receive economic benefits. (Wu and Chen, 2017.) The United States and Saudi Arabia both are
concerned about supporting the Gulf region and work together on provincial and global issues.
Saudi imports aircraft, arms and weapons, machinery, and some agriculture products.
India
India and Saudi Arabia share welcoming and friendly relations since after India's
independence. After China and the USA, the highest amount of the oil exported by Saudi is to
India. Saudi Arabia also exports LPG to India in large numbers. There are about 476 companies
registered to entry in the Saudi market. The goal of both countries is to develop the economy and
decrease unemployment. Saudi and India sign a partnership to help each other in the growth of
both counties. Both are working on Vision 2030 for the increase in the economy rate.
UAE
Saudi Arabia exports to the United Arab Emirates about $8.13 Billion in 2018. Goods
exported to the United Arab Emirates by Saudi are Plastics, iron and steel, dairy products,
precious stone, coins, ships, and boats. Saudi Arabia and UAE trading include non-oil products
mainly like food products, building materials, and metal and jewellery.
South Korea
The relationship between Saudi Arabia and South Korea is 58 years old. Both countries have
economic and business corporations. Saudi Arabia and South Korea signed an $8.3billion
economic cooperation pact. Saudi Arabia exports a large amount of oil and construction material
to South Korea. Saudi future plan is to invest in South Korea in the energy, health, and tourism
sector.

Data visualisation and analysis
Data visualization is an illustration of information and data with pictorial tools like charts,
graphs, and maps, to analyze and interpret the data. (Bak and et.al., 2017.) It is an easy way to
understand market trends, patterns, and demands in the market. Data analysis is the process of
creating a framework or structure of the data collected. Data is used to form information, which
is used in the growth of an organization. Data visualization is an essential part of data analytics
as it represents data in the framework using big data collected. There are various techniques and
tools for qualitative analysis of data, understand them in details -
Charts
One of the easiest and common techniques of data visualization techniques is using charts.
(Sadiku and et.al., 2016.) There are different types of charts used for some particular purposes.
Line charts - A line chart is like a line or curves display in the chart showing a series of data
in two variables. It is mostly used in the population, Sensex, export-import data, and sales and
forecast.
Bar charts - It is a chart showing bars on a scale which can be horizontal or vertical. It
compares different data at a time, each bar representing a particular category.
Number charts - Whenever specific data are to be analyzed then a number chart is used. It is
very important in KPIs.
Pie charts - It is used when there are limited components and have to show them in a single
chart. It is very clear and easy to understand.
Gauge charts - It only shows one-dimensional progressive value. When a single data is to be
represented, to compare with other elements gauge chart can be used.

Plots
Plots spread the data among two or more data sets in a 2D or 3D visualization to display the
relationship between sets and elements on the plots. There are three types of Plots –
Scatter plot- It is a flatter two-dimensional plot describing the common difference of two
data elements. Every mark that can be dot, square, or circle shows an observation. When more
than two observations applied the marks scattered in the plot. (Shao and et.al., 2016.) It is used in
examining relationships, says like between A and B data.
Bubble plots - It shows three dimensions of data. Each element with its triplet of associated
data is plotted to compare with X and Y variables.
Histogram plot - It sequentially shows the fluctuating number in a particular time period.
First, the data is divided into intervals, which are called bins. Every bin contains the data
observed.
Map
When the data is collected every minute, this huge number of data is called Bid data. It is a
very challenging task to visualize this data because of the speed, size, and different variety of
data at a time. It requires software and technologies to analyze this data. The maps visualization
technique is used to analyze this data. There are two types of map visualization technique -
Heat - A Heat Map visualization is a combination of colored rectangles, which display an
attribute element. It is used when a large number of data are available at the same time. (Yuan
and et.al., 2019.) To analysis the data with Heat, the use of a web edit dashboard and web run
dashboard is mandatory.

Dot distribution - Dot distribution - It is a map that shows a three-dimensional pattern in a
geographical region. It distributes the dot equally where the region of data is applied. (Arnold
and et.al., 2017.) There are two types of Dot Map, one-to-one and one-to-many.
Kernel Density Estimation for Non-Parametric Data
When the knowledge of the population of data is not available, that type of data is known as
non-parametric data. These data are examined with Kernel Density Estimation Function. (Chen,
2017.) It is based on probability, using random samples and observing these data collected from
samples.
Reflect on the visualization
After studying all the techniques of data visualization, the best technique for international
trade is HeatMap. In my opinion, Heatmap can show a detailed country analysis of import and
export data. When the data are big and lots of elements are included in it, then HeatMap is the
best option. HeatMap visualization graphically used color scheme. The warm color can be used
where the percentage of import is more like in the country like the China and US. Cold color can
display a country where the percentage of import-export is less like Pakistan and Ireland.

CONCLUSION
The international trade of Saudi Arabia is mostly based on crude oil and petroleum. The
country produced a GDP of $ 782 billion. Saudi is the largest exporters of crude oil all over the
world, which means the countries established a Monopoly in the market of oil and petroleum.
The analysis explains that the economy and international trade are related to each other. If the
trading in the international market is more then their economy increases and when export-import
data decreases the rate of GDP also falls down.
There are some changes to be initiated by the country to increase trading like -
 The country should improve its relationship with neighboring countries like Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, and Egypt. If the connection with nearby countries will be good, the changes in
export and import will constantly improve.
 The government of Saudi Arabia implemented VAT on some products with a very
percentage. Due to VAT, many products are getting out of the list of imports, which
affects the international trading of Saudi. Removing such barriers will raise trade.
 Standards Organization and the Gulf Standards Organization formed the technical
guidelines which should be followed by importers. Some relaxation should be given in
this policy.
 The tariff rate of import should be lowered down, to welcome other importers from all over
the world.
 To enter the Saudi market, lots of documentation and formalities are required. The process
of documentation should be made easy and clear.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Alfayad, M. and Abbott-Halpin, E.F., 2017. Understanding the current situation of E-
Government in Saudi Arabia: A model for implementation and sustainability.
Arnold, N.D., and et.al., 2017. Automation and evaluation of graduated dot maps. International
Journal of Geographical Information Science. 31(12). pp.2524-2542.
Bak, S.H., and et.al., 2017. Implementation of public data contents using Big data Visualization
technology-Map visualization technique. Journal of Digital Contents Society. 18(7).
pp.1427-1434.
Chen, Y.C., 2017. A tutorial on kernel density estimation and recent advances. Biostatistics &
Epidemiology. 1(1). pp.161-187.
Khan, M.K. and Khan, M.B. eds., 2020. Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Saudi
Arabia: Vision 2030. Routledge.
Pickering, S., 2016. understanding geography and war: Misperceptions, foundations, and
Prospects. Springer.
Sadiku, M., and et.al., 2016. Data visualization. International Journal of Engineering Research And
Advanced Technology (IJERAT). 2(12). pp.11-16.
Shao, L., and et.al., 2016. Guiding the exploration of scatter plot data using motif-based interest
measures. Journal of Visual Languages & Computing. 36. pp.1-12.
Wu, X.F. and Chen, G.Q., 2017. Global primary energy use associated with production,
consumption and international trade. Energy Policy. 111. pp.85-94.

Yuan, K., and et.al., 2019. A quad-tree-based fast and adaptive Kernel Density Estimation
algorithm for heat-map generation. International Journal of Geographical Information
Science. 33(12). pp.2455-2476.
Online
Saudi Arabia Top Trading Partners. 2018. [ONLINE] Available through: <
https://oec.world/en/profile/country/sau>