Big Data Privacy and Security: Challenges and Solutions

This research focuses on Big data privacy and the threats that come along with it. The study intends to find a solution to the risks that are caused as well as ways in which big data can be secured. The research is based on literature review from articles and journals. The article discusses the challenges to big data privacy and security and provides solutions to these challenges.

Running head: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION 1
Emerging Technologies and Innovation
Name
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EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION 2
ABSTRACT
This research focuses on Big data privacy and the threats that come along with it. The
study intends to find a solution to the risks that are caused as well as ways in which big data can
be secured. In the research big data is explained in detail and why it experiences threat. Many
businesses nowadays use big data, and privacy and security of this data have become an issue
that many try to solve. In this research, it focuses on how this businesses that use computer
infrastructures can manage their data to offer maximum security to their clients.
Big data privacy is such a big issue that needs to be addressed because daily people are
sharing more and more information. Most of the times, this information is private and
confidential. Therefore the people want to know that the data they are sharing the technology is
secured and will not fall into the wrong hands. Most of this information is shared on social
platforms, and therefore, a secure framework needs to be implemented for the platforms. The
debate on whether big data provides top-notch security of information is a hot topic currently
(Anderson, 2016).
Some argue that the traditional systems that have been used to offer security for big data
are not valid. Some of these systems are those like firewalls and zones that are demilitarized.
These systems cannot be applied to the data computing systems because they do not assure the
security of the information. The research is based on literature review from articles and journals.

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION 3
INTRODUCTION
Big data is a large volume of data that is comprised of businesses' day to day activities.
Big data mainly manages a large volume of data that cannot be handled by common software due
to the large size. According to an analysis done, the size of data is expected to double every two
years, and most of these data are usually unstructured. Some of the sources of these big data are
social media, surveillance footage, business transactions, image archives as well as video
archives, medical records and system logs (Bertino, 2015).
Social media has played a massive role in big data. The social media platform is
increasing day by day, and more people are using the internet as a way to connect and
communicate. In the past years, the number of social media apps has grown exponentially from
facebook to twitter. Therefore, more and more data is being shared online and much of which is
private information (Blok & Lemmens, 2015). On the other hand, many more businesses are
feeling the need to protect their enterprises through surveillance footage. Homeowners also are
investing in surveillance technology to protect their homes. This information is part of Big data
security as well (Cuzzocrea, 2014).
UNDERSTANDING BIG DATA
People carry out daily business transactions which are also a part of big data. Large
organizations, for example, are always carrying out business transactions which are confidential
to the company and the people involved in the transactions. Therefore, there is a need to protect
this data from being breached (Crawford & Schultz, 2014).
A lot of hospitals are investing in the electronic computation of medical records. This is
because it is more efficient and more effective. The medical records are very confidential, and it
is essential that the data is kept safe and that it does not fall into the wrong hands. Hospitals

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consider Big data privacy as a very hot topic because they want to ensure that their data and that
of their patients are safe (Chin, Fan & Haines, 2014).
Lastly, we have video and image archives and in this instance, many people are storing
their images and videos on the cloud. This is an efficient way to save the space in their phones
and computers and also practical storage. However, some raise the concerns of whether this
information stored in the cloud is safe. They want to be assured that their data is secured (Da Xu,
He & Li, 2014).
There is an increased number of devices that are connected to the Internet, and this raises
more concerns for big data because more and more data is being produced. This data needs to be
transformed into valuable information for use. Nowadays, one can purchase storage of data from
public cloud providers. Public clouds have managed to help big data to expand. This has led to
the decreased use of traditional ways of data security such as firewalls. This is because they are
no longer effective as they cannot support the massive amounts of data (Dastjerdi & Buyya,
2016).
The security that is required for big data needs to be heterogeneous, and the hardware and
operating systems need to be diverse. For one to make big data secure, then they need to consider
the use of the Software-Defined network (SDN). An SDN is very important to big data and to
solve the issues of privacy and security that come along with it (Hashem et al., 2015). The
network separates the control plane from the infrastructure which allows the administrators to
write programs that can specify how an entire network behaves. This contrasts with the
traditional networks that force the administrator to code the functionality of the system
(Gandomi & Haider, 2015).

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The issue of Big data privacy has caused ripples in the country. This forced the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has come up with a framework to solve this. The
framework provides guidelines that will help organizations maker the computing operations
safer. This includes items such as transactions and the information that these companies store.
The instructions include issues such as risk assessment, protecting the data against threats and
how the organization can recover from attacks and threats. In risk assessment, the organizations
are required to evaluate the information in their data systems and identify the risks that might
occur as a result (Gil-Garcia, Helbig & Ojo, 2014).
The organization is also supposed to come up with systems that will protect their
information in that only the people that are allowed to access the data, can obtain the
information. The organization is also supposed to install ways in which it can recover from the
breach of information without the company experiencing a downfall.
Privacy and security are the primary focus in Big data. In social media, for example,
people can share their videos and images that are copyrighted easily. Copyrights of this
information ensure the privacy and security of the data is enabled. Therefore if one infringes
these rights, they are prone to penalties. Infringement of these rights includes actions such as
copying without permission, unauthorized distribution, use and access without a license and
breaching of the license contract. This is an area that big data needs to focus on to ensure the
privacy and security of data (Hull, 2015).
Also, a lot of users are sharing information on their mobile phones and computer that is
private. Big data needs to put the focus on this area so that users can be able to share their
information over these networks without the loss of control or the loss of data. Another approach

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that big data can take is to create uncertainty for hackers. This way the attackers are unable to
access this information in the data systems (Köhler & Som, 2014).
CHALLENGES TO BIG DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY
Big data might be described just based on its size. Nevertheless, in the generation of a
fundamental understanding, Big Data denote datasets that cannot be processed in traditional
database means to their size. This type of data accumulation assists enhance customer care
service in various ways (Moreno, Serrano & Fernández-Medina, 2016). Nevertheless, such
enormous quantity of data are further able to be accompanied by several issues of privacy,
thereby rendering the Big Data Security a key concern for various organizations. Working in
data security and privacy’s field, several firms are recognizing these threats and subsequently
implementing measure for their effective prevention (Narayanan, Huey & Felten, 2016).
Big Data Security Issues are rising
Big Data (BD) is not novel to huge firms, nonetheless, it is further being famous among
SMEs as a result of reduction in cost and availed ease for data management. The cloud-oriented
stowage has enhanced data mining as well as gathering. Nevertheless, this BD and cloud stowage
integration has triggered a severe challenge to both security and privacy threats (Perera et al.,
2015). The rationale for such breaches could further be that security applications designed for
storing some quantities of data are unable to be big volume of data which the above-mentioned
datasets contain (Pimm et al., 2015). Moreover, such security technologies remain inefficient in
managing dynamic data and are to control static data solely (Popescu, Baruh, Popescu, Baruh,
Messaris & Humphreys, 2017). Hence, just a regular security check is unable to effect detection
of security patches for ongoing streaming data. Therefore, one needs full-time privacy while data
analysis and data streaming.

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Protecting Transaction Logs and Data
Data stored in the stowage medium like transactions longs and additional sensitive
information, could entail varying degrees, however, that is never adequate. For example, the data
transfer between these levels provides information technology managed insights into the data
which is under movement (Raghupathi & Raghupathi, 2014). The size of the data being
uninterruptedly surged, the availability alongside scalability makes the auto-tiering essential for
BD stowage management. But, novel challenges are increasing being posed to the stowage of the
BD as the auto-tiering mechanism fails to maintain track of the destination and storage of data.
Validation and Filtration of end-point inputs
The end-point devices remain the central elements for the BD maintenance. The stowage,
processing as well as additional essential events are executed with the assistance of input data,
which is given by the end-points (Rathore, Ahmad, Paul & Rho, 2016). Thus, an organization
must ensure that it is using an authentic as well as genuine end-point devices.
Securing distributed framework calculations and other processes
The security (computational) alongside additional digital assets in the distributed
framework such as MapReduce function of the Hadoop, primarily lack the security safeguard.
The 2 central prevention s for it include securing the mappers as well as safeguarding the data in
the glare of unsanctioned mapper.
Securing and protecting data in real time
As a result of a huge amount of data production/generation, many firms cannot maintain
regular checks. Nevertheless, it is most gainful to conduct security checks together with
observations in rea time or even near real time (Riggins & Wamba, 2015).
Protecting access control method communication and encryption

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A secured data stowage device remains an intelligent to safeguard the data. Nevertheless,
due to most frequent storage of data devices are susceptible, it is essential to encrypt the methods
for access control (Rotolo, Rafols, Hopkins & Leydesdorff, 2017).
Data Provenance
In data classification, it is increasingly desirable to remain aware of the origin of a given
data to determine the accurate data sources, authentication, validation alongside control might be
the positive packages resulting from such a practice (Sadeghi, Wachsmann & Waidner, 2015).
Granular Auditing
The analysis of various types of logs might be beneficial and such info might be valuable
in acknowledging any type of cyber-attack of even malevolent events. Thus, regular auditing
remains an effective recommendation (Sampson, 2017).
Granular Access control
The big data granular access control stores by NoSQL databases or even the Hadoop
Distributed File System calls for a firm authentication process as well as mandatory access
control (Scholl & Scholl, 2014).
Privacy Protection for non-rational data stores
The data stores like NoSQL have various security susceptibilities that trigger privacy
threats. The profound security flaw is that it cannot encrypt data in the course of data tagging and
logging or while disseminating the data into various cohorts, when it is gathered or streamed.
Firms have to make sure that all BD baes stay immune to threats to security alongside
vulnerabilities. In the course of collecting bid data, all the essential security protection like real-
time management must be fulfilled (Stankovic, 2014). There is a need to keep in mind the
enormous size of the big data to allow firms to remember that managing such data might be

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION 9
challenging as well as call for extra efforts. Nevertheless, talking all the above-highlighted steps
assist in the consumer privacy maintenance (Sun, Song, Jara & Bie, 2016).
SOLUTIONS TO BIG DATA SECURITY AND PRIVACY CHALLENGES
The greatest challenge facing the big data considering security perspective is the user
privacy protection. The big data primarily entails a huge amount of personal specific information
and hence it remains a big concern to maintain the user privacy. As the data stowed is enormous
amount, breaching the big data will impact the big data substantially as there shall be devastating
aftermaths as opposed to data breaches normally seen in the press. The rational for this is that a
big data security break breach shall probably influence a huge quantity of individuals, with the
punishment not only from the perspective of reputation or image but with broad legal
consequences (Terzi, Terzi & Sagiroglu, 2015).
When the information for the big data is generated, organizations have to ensure that they
maintain the correct balance between utility and privacy of the data. Prior to storing the data, it
must be confirmed that it is adequately anonymized, eliminating any distinct identifier for the
user. This remains a big security challenge on its own because subtracting distinct identifies shall
never be adequate to verify that data shall stay unknown (Vargo, Wieland & Akaka, 2015). The
data which is not known can really be cross-referenced with additional accessible ones following
de-anonymization methods (Xu, Jiang, Wang, Yuan & Ren, 2014).
When the firms are stowing the data a challenge of encryption that can face them. The
data users are unable to deliver encrypted data in case they would require to execute operations
on data. To utilize this the best solution is “Fully Homomorphic Encryption” (FHE) that
enhances data stored in cloud to work on operations over encrypted data as then novel encrypted
data shall be formed. Where data is decrypted the outcomes shall be the same that one will

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION 10
observe when functions are undertaken on the plaintext data. Therefore, the cloud shall really be
adequate to work on operations over the data encrypted in absence of understanding the
underlying plaintext data (Zhuang, Ma, Xie, Leung, Hancke & Wang, 2016).
In the protection of data, sufficient access control means is essential. Where the system or
application becomes hacked then access control need to be given by operating system or
applications limiting access to information. The best strategy is to defend the information
utilizing encryption which solely ascertains decryption in case the unit attempting to contract
information is sanctioned by the policy of admission control. The other challenge is that software
that is usually utilized to store big data like a Hadoop are never always available with the
authentication of the user by default. This makes the matter of access control increasingly worse,
as the default installation might deviate the information that is accessible to the unauthenticated
users. The big data solutions are primarily reliant on the conventional firewall or the
implementation at application later for the limiting access to information (Zook et al., 2017).
Solutions:
As the Big Data is a novel idea, there is never an adequate list of practices that are well
acknowledged by the security society/community. Nevertheless, there are many general security
recommendations which can be employed for the big data challenges.
Keeping track of cloud providers
Where the big data is stored in cloud, the company has to ensure that the provider has adequate
protection means in place. There is a need to see that the provider executes periodic security
audits and make consensus of penalties in the context when sufficient security standards are
never met.
A sufficient access control policy has to be established

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The policies must be made in a manner that they permit access to solely authorized users. This
shall bar unauthorized access to data from both external and internal sources.
Do protect the data
It remains increasingly imperative to safeguard the data which is raw data and the result from
analytics. To guarantee non sensitive data spillage, it is necessary to undertake the encryption of
the data accordingly.
Communication Protection
Sufficient protection has to be provided to data being transited to make sure that its
confidentiality as well as integrity.
Real-time security monitoring
There has to be an effective control on the access to data as well as it has to be regularly
monitored. To bar authorized access to the data the threat intelligence must always be employed.
Technological Solutions:
The major technological solution to ensure the protection of data is to adequate
encryption. For instance, encryption that is attribute-oriented is able to assist in the provision of
fine-grained admission control of the data already encrypted. It is imperative to undertake the
anonymization of the data to ensure that privacy issues are kept as required. There must be a
check which from the record gathered all the sensitive info is eliminated. Real-time security
monitoring remains extremely essential for the big data. To guarantee no access by the
authorized persons, the firms has to monitor the data usage effectively. Even the threat
intelligence mist be in place to ensure that more complex attacks ate detected and that the firms
is able to respond effectively to the threats before they have any influence.
OTHER CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS:

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Endpoint Input Validation and Filtering:
As a result of the extensiveness of the sources of data, amongst them, endpoint gathering
devices, a key challenge that face BD schemes is whether data remains valid from the input
point. Provided the size of the pool of data, how best can the data source be validated? How
effectively can we make sure that a data input source is never malicious or merely unfitting?
Moreover, how can malicious/unreliable data be filtered? Data gathering devices alongside
programs are vulnerable to attack. Thus an infiltrator could be a spoof of various IDs alongside
feed bogus data to the system of data collection (ID clone attack/Sybil attack).
Solution: The solution has to be two-fold: tampering prevention, and detection as well as
filtering of data already compromised. Nevertheless, it remains virtually infeasible to build a
compound, elaborate system which is fully inert to tampering. Thus, there remains no secure
manner of ascertaining data integrity at the point, yet make 3 recommendations to address the
situation:
 The collection system design of big data has to consider this inherent unreliability as well
as the inevitability of depending on untrusted gadgets and attempt to create the most
secure data gathering podium as well as applicable feasible
 The system has to be able to recognize probable Sybil and ID cloning attacks as well as
be ready with cost-effective means of mitigating attacks
 Understanding that the determine negativity is able to infiltrate any current system with
false data, designer have to create detections alongside filtering algorithms for finding
and subsequently eliminating inputs identified as malicious
Real-Time Security Monitoring:

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Real-time security monitoring is purposed to alert firms at very initial sign on the attack.
Nevertheless, there is a huge quantity of feedback arising from SIEM systems, whose main
purpose is to give big-image feedback of the firm’s data security in the real-time. Only few firm
enjoy resources for monitoring this feedback with type of oversight as well as anlysis essential
for the identification of real attacks from incorrect alarms. The privacy considerations propel the
need for high security, yet detection is made delicate, as laws on privacy must be navigated
alongside analytics which shall identify attacks effectively.
Solution: The BD analytics independently is used in the identification of threats, including real
threats differentiation from the false positives. Logs are able to be mined for the anomalous
associations to cluster. Enhanced analytics can assist in the separation of false positives. The big
data framework must include monitoring and analysis tools. If they are never available within the
framework, these tools must be put in place specifically in a front-end system whose role is
mainly to give the analytics essential to access SIEM feedback for threats’ identification.
Data Provenance and Verification:
Big Data is gathered from a broad array of sources, and in enterprise contexts that are able to
imply millions of end-user machines. In such an environment, the question of how data
trustworthy could be is of importance. As the big data volume expands, so does the provenance
complexity. The provenance info is entailed in metadata attached to every data object and gives
info relating to the creation of objects. In application of bid data, the provenance metadata entails
big data infrastructure provenance, which is analogous to having meta-metadata. As the progress
continues in respect to development in this field, provenance metadata shall turn out to be
increasingly complex because of huge provenance graphs produced from provenance-allowed

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big data applications. The analytics for such graphs as well as complexity remain extremely
resource-intensive based on overhead computational. The main threats to the integrity of the bid
data applications are the malfunctioning infrastructure, and attacks on infrastructure arising
internally or externally. The metadata provenance individually has to be safeguarded to allow
auditors and additional detections mechanisms can be efficient in the data sources’ verification.
Solution: Extremely granular access control remains a significant stepping stone for provenance
securing and metadata verification. It is hence recommended that data-independent persistence
must further be satisfied when graphs of provenance are updating. This implies that even where a
data object is eliminated, it could be an ancestor of additional data; hence, its provenance must
be upheld. Moreover, access control must remain dynamic as well as scalable, and have to use,
lightweight, fast authentication to reduce overhead. Secure channels between the infrastructure
constituent must be part of architecture, and responsive, un-rigid revocation means have to be
incorporated.
BIG DATA THREATS
There are three main threats to big data, and these are surveillance, disclosure, and
discrimination. Surveillance is the feeling of being watched. As a person, we carry out our day to
day activities freely, but when we start to question who is watching us, then we do things more
cautiously. In the case of Big data, people will avoid searching information from specific
sources. This is because they believe that these sources reveal specific information about them
that they do not want revealed for example medical history and characteristics or hobbies and
interests (Kshetri, 2014).

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION 15
The feeling of being watched arises from the collection of specific information. For
example when a person visits a site, and they feel that their data is being tracked such as the
purchases they make or the information they view then they will avoid the site. In this instance,
we see that a user will avoid the websites because they believe that their data is not secured or
private (Linton, 2017).
Another threat to big data is discrimination. In discrimination, the data collected about a
person or organization is used as a basis on how to treat them. For instance, if one has an
affiliation with a particular class on social platforms, then one might discriminate them based on
this. If their association is to a black website one may automatically discriminate them in terms
of their race which in this case is being black. In this instance, one will not feel safe and secure to
share specific information about themselves on networking platforms because they think it will
be used against them.
Another way of discrimination is through personalized persuasion. Big data has enabled
personalized persuasion greatly. For instance, a company will conduct an online survey to
identify the cognitive bias of most people. The company will then use this bias as a basis for
persuading the people to purchase the particular product. It is a form of manipulation in that
instead of the company changing the price of an item they use the information of their target
audience against them so that they can purchase their product (Martin, 2015).
Another threat to big data is disclosure. Disclosure is when the information shared on a
particular platform, is used out of the context of that platform. For instance, in a hospital, a nurse
may decide to look up information about a particular famous singer admitted to the hospital just
out of curiosity. The nurse may relay this information to her fellow friends or, and therefore the
information is no longer private as it was supposed to be. Another example of disclosures is

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION 16
when a person hacks the database of a corporation and steals the information to use for personal
benefits.
The person can do this so that they can extract ransom from the person who the
information is about or even use it to threaten them into doing certain favors. Disclosures are
closely related to security issues where we see that the information contained in the databases is
not secure. The information can be used for other purposes that it was not intended for.
The lack of transparency can also be categorized as a threat to big data. When an
individual feels that the platform they are using to share personal information is not transparent
to them, then they feel like it is a threat to their privacy and security. Transparency is different
from surveillance in that in openness, individuals want organizations or databases to be faithful
to them by relaying all the necessary information they need to know (Lu et al., 2014).
Why privacy and security of Big data issues are surfacing
As discussed above the security and privacy of big data has become a concern to many
people and organizations. This is because the size of big data is too large and therefore it cannot
be secured with the standard security applications. This is because these applications are only
designed to handle small databases.
The security and privacy of big data have become an issue because first organizations
want to protect their transactional logs and their data. Organisations are carrying out more and
more transactions daily, and this has caused them to be concerned about their safety. It might be
tasking to keep track of these transactions, but it will be satisfying to know that the data is being
protected and is secure.
Second, users on the social media platforms want to know that their information is
secured. As mentioned earlier, more and more people are using the social media platforms as a

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION 17
way to connect with other people. The sharing has both public and private messages. The users
want to share the private messages without fear that the information will be leaked or that it will
be used against them.
Thirdly, Big data privacy and security has become an issue due to the advanced use of
technology. Technology is allowing people to find information about others quickly and even
locate the whereabouts of a person. Therefore if one can search a person and discover facts about
them from the day they were born how can the information that the person shares privately on
the platforms not be found as well. In this instance, people are concerned that technology might
be their enemy because they cannot fully trust that the information shared on this network is
secure (Metcalf & Crawford, 2016).
Cybercrime has increased in the last few years, and this has also raised an issue in
security and privacy of big data. A lot of organization, banks, and individuals have been victims
of cybercrimes where they have been hacked and crucial information about them stolen. This has
raised a concern about whether anyone is safe or protected from this. Is the structured and
unstructured data on the big data secure or is it easily prone to breach?
Cyberbullying is also another issue that has raised the concern for this. In cyberbullying,
people are using the information shared on a specific platform against the person by making fun
of them for it. For example on social media platforms when a person shares an image of
themselves, other people might make fun of it based on the looks and image. Therefore people
want to keep their friends on social media small circle so that they avoid cyberbullying.
Lastly, the issue of securing and protecting data has also raised concerns about big data.
Organisations, as well as individuals, want to be sure that the information on their databases is
secure enough and that it is protected. This stems from concerns about who can access the

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION 18
information and how can it be easily accessed. For example, if certain employees access
information about other employees and spread the information in the organization then this is a
breach of privacy. A person wants to know that the information they share on their platforms or
at their workplaces remains confidential to them and the organization as well (Leszczynski,
2015).
As seen above the issue of privacy and security has become an issue due to many reasons
and with the advancement in technology the privacy of big data will continue being an issue.
This is because people can access information more efficiently and effectively for example
hackers and this might lead to breaching of specific information.
CONCLUSION
The privacy of big data is a crucial issue that needs to be looked into more. Organisations
and individuals need to ensure that the information they share on databases is secure and is
protected. Organisations especially need to find ways to secure their databases because breaching
of such information may result in considerable losses to the company.
The privacy of big data is a crucial issue that needs to be looked into more. Organisations
and individuals need to ensure that the information they share on databases is secure and is
protected. Organisations especially need to find ways to secure their databases because breaching
of such information may result in considerable losses to the company.

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION 19
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