Biodiesel Production and Challenges

This assignment delves into the world of biodiesel production, examining the processes involved, economic factors, and environmental impacts. It analyzes the technical aspects of biodiesel synthesis from various feedstocks, including waste cooking oil. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges faced by the biofuels industry, such as cost competitiveness, sustainability concerns, and engine performance optimization.

Running head: Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 1
Biodiesel and the Combustion Engine
Kranti Kiran Kongara
ID: 12033197
Research Report

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 2
Abstract
Statement of the problem: The contemporary focus on performance and emission characteristics
of biodiesel fuel in CI (diesel) engine paves the way for the analysis of alternative sources of
energy.
Approach: Biodiesel has come out as one of the sustainable sources of energy in replacement of
fuel energy. Its benefits includes the fact that it reduces the greenhouse effect and it is a natural
resource. However, critics have come out strongly against its use in engines pointing at low
performance characteristics.
Results: The inability of biodiesel to blend at high temperature affects its operation ability
limiting its performance. A comparison of biodiesel with the fuel energy performance shows a
dismal performance. In addition to the temperature factors, biodiesel shows lower reusability,
which is important in engine oils.
Conclusion & Findings: This report provides empirical research from secondary sources in
contemporary engineering studies reveal models for strategic development of the biofuel for CI
engines. Its findings provide concrete evidence for use in multidimensional subjects including
business and environmental studies.
Keywords: (Biodiesel industry, fuel, energy, biodiesel market review, sustainability,
greenhouse emissions, alternative energy sources, Production technology, performance)
Biodiesel and the Combustion Engine

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 3
Introduction
Whenever topics about environmental pollution arise, the automobile industry stands out
as a leading producer of greenhouse gases. The daily use of vehicles for transportation means
increased air pollution from car exhaust fumes. These emissions have a negative effect on
humans and the ecosystem at large. Although there have been global efforts to implement legal
restrictions against the exhaust-gas releases, consumers remain adamant. As a result, the diesel
engine (CI) features among the highest in green gas emissions because of this exhaust fumes
(Resitoglu, Keskin, & Altinski, 2015). However, customers continue to prefer it because of its
high efficiency and low costs. It is durable and reliable for high power or heavy-duty engine
performance. The exploration of biodiesel as an alternative source of energy shows dismal
reception from the business world. It shows similarities in physical properties with petroleum
diesel and it even has an advantage as greener production. Based on my background in
engineering, I set out to understand the business viability of biodiesel as a renewable energy
needs for Australia. This report highlights this fact giving recommendations for future studies.
Through secondary data research, I tabled the following findings.
Research Background
Biodiesel
Biodiesel is an excellent alternative source of fuel generated from feedstock, extraction as
well as production methods. An attempt to use it in a diesel engine shows that it has high
lubricity and combustion that normal diesel. Research in the fuel economy is keen on finding an
alternative to the diesel engine fuel (Annalamalai & Jaichandar, 2011).

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 4
Performance
However, there are concerns about its ultimate performance under certain conditions such
as cold weather. An insight into fuel related attributes is crucial because it reveal the ability of
biodiesel properties in terms of power, thermal efficiency, fuel consumption and emissions. The
biodiesel properties, qualities and potentials raise challenges of its economic viability thereby
raising concerns about its future use (Silitonga, Mekhilef, Masjuki, Mahlia, & Badruddin, 2012).
Diesel Engine
The diesel engine is an internal combustion engine, which depends on high temperature
and compression. Also referred to as the compression-ignition (CI) the engine loses air during
the internal and external combustion processes. Commonly used in automobile industry, the
engine is also applicable in locomotives, electricity generation plants and heavy equipment
machinery.
Pros and Cons
Factors contributing to the performance includes efficiency, high performance and low
cost production. The CI engine is also simplified and more economical. This makes it a
household name in the manufacturing sector and big locomotive machines such as ships, trains,
cars and trucks (Woodford, 2017). However, the CI is one of the leading in air and sound
pollution and diesel cars release high carbon emissions to the environment.
Justification
As a professional in the Engineering field, my agenda is to find sustainable sollutions for
the contemporary world (Hasham, 2017). Energy concerns in the transport sector and electricity
generation as a major cause of pollution in Australia is the inspiration behind this project.

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 5
Biodiesel provides a concrete solution because of low emissions from combustion energy. It is
also secure, reliable nor sustainable. Like other developed nations, Australia releases carbon
emissions to the environment at a high rate. This places its people at a risk. I sought to find out
the effectiveness of measures such as individual cuts on unheathy energy and alternative sources
of energy.
I wanted to prove whether the optimization of biodiesel as an alternative source supports
a sustainable supply chain. My plan was to confirm whether production needs to make use of the
optimization models for its production processes. Using influencing factors such as cost
reduction, advanced combustion, improved control and integration I sought how to improve on
the CI engine perfomance (Devaradjane & Venkatraman, 2011).
Project Aim
The aim of this research is to investigate the economic viability of biodiesel by looking at
its use in the CI engines. The secondary data analysis looks into sustainability and cost effective
production of biodiesel for its maximum benefits. An analysis of the optimization models reveals
its benefits across different industries.
Its objectives are as follows:
 To indicate the benefits of biodiesel in contemporary industries
 To provide an analysis of its sustainable supply chain
 To analyze its cost reduction benefits
 Project maximum utilization of biodiesel for the transport sector and CI machines
 To identify gaps for future research

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 6
Literature review
Research into the history of the biofuel production shows an increased demand in the 21st
Century (Guo, Song, & Buhain, 2015). This is based on the high demand for alternative sources
of energy to In Australia the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel in the trans meet the
increasing demand for electricity and transport energy. Although the production of alternative
enery sources started with a focus on bioenergy, research into its production has increased to
include other alternatives like bioethanol, biofuel gas and bio oil. Progress in the energy sector
includes the engineering element of the combustion mechanism. This was a major factor in the
production of liquid biofuels manufactured from biomass residues or wastes (Nigam & Singh,
2011). In this study, Nigam and Sigh acknowledge the challenge in commercial production of the
biofuel on a large scale creating the need for further research.
Azad, Rasul, Sharma, & Hazrat (2015) reviews its use in Australias transport sector
which is the highest consumer of energy at 24%. The discussion makes suggestions for the use of
second generation fuels as better placed to fill the gap in fuel energy for the transport system.
This is because of the improved supply chains in the production of the contemporary biofuels.
Research into the sustainability of biofuel points to the link between biofuel and food prices
stating that biofuel production does not threaten agricultural production (Ajanovic, 2011).
Biodiesel optimization defines the supply chain as well as its peformance mechanism. A
study into the control parameters of a combustion model shows the importance of using
optimization models in the diesel engine (Ogai & Wahono, 2014). The model based approach
helps to develop a control mechanism that ensures the manipulation of the required parameters
for the most effective optimization technique. The study further recognizes that the combustion

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 7
engine is the central power system of a vehicle. Therefore a focus on the improved perfomance
of the engine reduces carbon emission and fuel consumption factors. This incudes its water
cooling system, turbocharger, inection and speed parameters. A comparative study between the
rate of combustion and biodiesel emissions reveals the importance of an effective and efficient
internal CI engine for the biofuel and the fue based one. This study explains why most producers
opt for a blend of the two depending on the blend ratio. The analysis states that the higher the
blend ration, the higher the consumption, but the low the energy power of the biodiesel.
Consequently, this tecnique also lowers the carbon emmissions. The study recomneds the use of
small percentages of biodiesel in the fuel powered engines as a way to reduce emissins and reap
from the advanatges of bio fuels.
Ozener, Yuksek, Ergenc, & Ozkan (2014) study the ability of biodiesel blends of the B10,
B20 and B50 to test its combustion, perfomance and carbon emission capabilities. The study uses
a direct injection single cylinder and measures the fuel consumption rate, exhaust temperature
and pollutant emissions. The results reveals significant reduction in carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide emissions of between 28%-46% and 1.46-5.03% respectively. It also showed a lower
carbon dioxide heatig value in the biodiesel mechanisms. The mechanism also reduced the
ignition delay and premixed peak to prove the ability of biodiesel’s to feature indipendenty as an
alternative energy to the fuel. Experiments on the ethanol-biodiesel ( BE) has proved successful
in Europe and it works best through a direct injection diesel engine (Zhu, Cheung, Zhang, &
Huang, 2011). This means combustion, engine perfomance and engine perfomance interconnect.
Mixing te blends and expsoing them to different operation levels shows changes for researchers
to narrow down on the most efficient approach.

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 8
For intensified biodiesel production, Singaram, Jachuck, & Lodha (2012) carried out an
experiment to investigate the use of a rotating tube reactor ( RTR) in the contiinnous production
of biodiesel fuel. The study pointed out that this would increase temperatures for better delivery
and rotational speed. This is a solution for the lower heat disadvantage of biodiesel as an
altenative fuel. On the factors affecting biodiesel engine perfomance, an expereimental study
shows differences in engine emisions and perfomance between the biodiesel and petrol-diesel
engines (Pullen & Saeed, 2014). In the findings biofuel contaminants such as water and
vegetable oil do not have a considerable effect on the perfomance of the engine. However, the
biodiesel had notable reduction in engine power.
Devaradjane & Venkatraman (2011) investigates the strengths and weaknesses of
biodesel and fuel technology using a computer based analysis. From the study, the computerised
modelling achieves optimization through the operating factors. These are the compression ration,
injection pressure and injection timing. They enhance perfomance in a CI engine model.
Scientifists have also found out that biodiesel supports different features such as the combined
blend with diesel fuel in heating systems and lubricating oil (Iluz, Dubinsky, Fixler, & Abu-
Ghosh, 2015). However, these arguments point out that biodiesel tends to cost more because it
needs a planting and harvesting process. The study also identtified the need for future
improvements in biodiesel infrastructure and filters.

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 9
Figure 1: The long cycle of quality biodiesel production has cost implications (Iluz, Dubinsky,
Fixler, & Abu-Ghosh, 2015)
The availability of land use is one of the major threats faced by biofuel production. Kocar
& Civas, (2013) idetifiy energy farming as an emerging trend in the economic field. This
involves the production of crops specifically for biofuel. This is a sustainable process that
developed countries can use for natural energy sources. Therefore, biofuel has technical and
quality challenges to overcome. The bioeconomy challenges include policy framework,
economic opportunities and supply chain management among others (Lane, 2013)

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 10
Figure 2: Lack of standardization in the renewable energy factor poses policy challenges (Lane,
2013)
Research Questions
1. What is the most effective integration framework model for affordable biodiesel that
meets demand and supply?
2. What is the economic viability of biodiesel in the auto care industry
3. What factors affect performance in a biodiesel powered CI
4. How does the performance of a biodiesel engine compare with a fuel powered one
5. What are the cost implications
6. Which factors influence the success of a largescale production of biodiesel
7. To what extent is biodiesel implication in Australia effective?
8. Which industries does biodiesel influence?

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 11
Methodology
This research project involved a data collection process using secondary data from
contemporary data within the last 7 years. These are manly research journals in the energy
industry targeting research findings and reviews on biodiesel and the CI model. It covered topics
on the economic benefits of biodiesel, its integration with fuel varieties, production and the cost
factors. The qualitative data studies used focused on quantitative analysis in order to understand
the viability of using biodiesel in the transport industry. The table below shows the quality of
data collected.
Article Category Date Number of articles
Quantitative Studies 2011, 2015, 2017 10
Qualitative Research 2011, 2012, 2016 13
Scientific Research 2011, 2012, 2017 5
Article Reviews 2013, 2017 3
Table 1: Table showing research materials in their categories
The qualitative data explored research on the factors affecting the performance of
biodiesel in the heavy-duty mechanisms. The quantitative analysis shows the rate of adoption of
the biodiesel in Australia, a fuel economy with adverse effects on the environment (Hasham,
2017). It also focused on the relationship between the combustion engine and biodiesel blends
(Ogai & Wahono, 2014). The principles used in drawing conclusions about biodiesel advantages
and challenges focused on a model approach on the compatibility of biodiesel with different
engines capabilities (Iluz, Dubinsky, Fixler, & Abu-Ghosh, 2015). To support these arguments, a
comparative analysis featured in highlighting gaps identified by computerized analysis of the
blend method (Lane, 2013). This analysis looked at reviews and studies in the energy sector,
engineering, government, organizational and business records for an analysis on the effectiveness
of biodiesel in CI engines.

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 12
The Research Plan
In order to simplify the data I had to get a plan on how to collect background information
for study. Although there were challenges in validating the information, I was able to gather
information within a short time as shown in the plan in table 2. This is a reliable baseline study
for deeper research on the topic because it contains reviews and scientific publications (Bryan &
Bell, 2015).
Research Plan
Task Start Date Duration ( Days) End Date
Selection of Topic 25/08/2017 3 28/08/2017
Data collection 26/08/2017 7 1/8/2017
Literature Review 1/09/2017 4 5/09/2017
Research
Methodology
6/09/2017 2 7/09/2017
Techniques 8/09/2017 1 8/09/2017
Data Analysis 9/092017 6 15/09/2017
Interpretation 17/09/2017 5 20/09/2017
Presentation 23/09/2017 1 23/09/2017
Table 2: Data collection table for Chant Chart
Task 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
1
12 1
3
14 15 16 1
7
18 19 20 2
1
22 23 24
Topic
Data
collection
Literature
Methodology
Techniques
Analysis
Interpretation
Presentation
Table 3: Gantt Chart of the Secondary Data Process

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 13
Findings
From the secondary data analysis it is evident that biodiesel is a sustainable means of fuel
production. (Babazadeh, Razmi, Pishvae, & Rabbani, 2017). I also found out that there are
challenges about its effective implementation in industries such as transport and manufacturing
because of the cost implications (Mohammadshirazi, Akram, Raflee, & Bagheri, 2014). The CI
engine model in the study has mechanisms, which may not be cost effective for biodiesel. This is
because of its high power performance as a combustion engine. Biodiesels low temperature and
energy element is a major hindrance to its ultimate performance. When used alone, biodiesel is
expensive. Part of this cost comes from its supply chain process and production. This brings to
question the need for innovative mechanisms that combine both fuel and biodiesel capabilities
for an effective and energy efficient mechanism that performs. The second-generation bio fuels
are promising and have these capabilities.
The combustion engine needs to use the biodiesel blend of improved fuels for reduced
exhaustion and better performance (Devaradjane & Venkatraman, 2011). The model-based
assessment revealed that reduced carbon is evident in the biodiesel fuel supply. That is why its
use in the CI lowers direct emission from the engine thereby addressing its utilization in the CI.
The quantitative analyses defines the combustion cycle and percentage inputs for the best biofuel
blends. This determines the effectiveness of the engines performance. From the data, higher
blends have better performance outcomes. Its cycle-by-cycle (CB) changes show the ability of
the fuel to accept the variations and operate under specific conditions (Pullen & Saeed, 2014). It
also reveals the power differences in the biodiesel and fuel energy performance despite the
reduced rate of carbon emissions. The use of multiple injections mechanisms in the combustion

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 14
engine affects the costs and engine speed as well as thermal efficiency to point out the biodiesel
limitations.
Analysis Discussion
Biodiesel is a sustainable mode of fuel production because of its availability in natural
form. Obtained from soybeans and vegetable oils, it is also available in ethanol plants and
vegetable oils. As a motor oil, it works in form of a blend of fuel diesel and bio diesel. Its
renewable oil comes from vegetable oil, yellow grease and petroleum. Biodiesel efficiency
includes its combustion temperature, heat loss and reinjection strategies. Different conditions
indicate varied responses hence changes in cost and performance (Hoelman, Broch, Robins,
Ceniceros, & Natarajan, 2012). Australia still lags behind in biodiesel Innovation but China leads
in creating alternative solutions as shown in the chart below. This is a call to action because there
is a connection between sustainability and economic development.
Figure 3: rate of adaptation for biodiesel innovation across the world (Graff, Berklund, & Albers, 2016)

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 15
Figure 4: The wide variety of biodiesel options (Wisner, 2017)
In a biodiesel, economy a continuous process of change is necessary for advanced
applications of biodiesel innovations. In order to overcome the cost and performance challenges
of the biodiesel, it is necessary to measure its capabilities. Figure 4 above shows high cost
variations for soy biodiesel compared to wholesale fuel costs. This point to the production costs
of this renewable energy source. Biodiesel has advantages including the reduction of carbon
emissions which surpass its production costs in the contemporary biodiesel market. This is a plus
for Australia where demand for renewable energy is high. The table below shows the
classification of second generation biofuel that is used to blend with diesel.
Type of Biofuel Specific Production process
Bioethanol Cellulosic Ethanol Hydrolysis and fermentation
Synthetic Biomass-to-liquids ( BTL)
Bioethanol
Butanol and mixed
Gasification/Synthesis
Methane Bio-synthetic natural gas
( SNG)
Gasification and sythesis
Bio-hydrogen Hydrogen Gasification and
Sythesis/Biological processes
Figure 5: Example of biodiesel fuel blends for second-generation biofuel

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 16
Business organizations continue to search for solutions that are sustainable. The energy
sector is adverselly mentioned in environmental sustainability as a leading cause of pollution.
The discussion confirms that biodiesel is a leading solution in meeting this demand. It provides
solutions for the energy sector, transport, automobile, manufacturing and fuel production among
others. The integration of the fuel model gives a concrete analysis of how to overcome
challenges of biodiesel as a car fuel. A good number of researchers support this improvised use
of biodiesel in the CI engine as a solution for its weaknesses. Figure 5 shows examples of second
generation biofuels for Australia to try but figure 6 emphasises that the capital cost of biofuel is
higher than the cost of electricty. This brings to question concerns over its reliability and
transmission costs (Barry, 2012).
Figure 6: Cost of biofuel compared to electricity (Barry, 2012)
Although biodiesel provides a reliable source of energy in developed countries like
Australia, there may be challenges about its applicability in developing countries where
resources and technology for production is limitation. The question of land that is important
because it is a requirement for production of its raw materials is also a great concern. Since it is a
new phenomenon, biodiesel needs improvements. Investing in biodiesel affects different

Biodiesel Perfomance and emission characteristics 17
industries (Puri, Abraham, & Barrow, 2012). Its challenges in the CI engine reflects on other
industries such as manufacturing where the combustion engine is in use.
Conclusion
The combustion engine is a heavy-duty machine, which requires power to operate. It is
also clear that the biodiesel technology has potential to function in the CI. Business is about
customer satisfaction. Although the biodiesel idea is good for the present and the future, it shows
limitation in performance. This is due to the cost factor, which limits its ability to stand out as a
sustainability solution in the energy sector. Efficiency is not just a cost factor but also
performance oriented. The failure of biodiesel to satisfy the contemporary consumer is a
challenge for scientists to research on ways to make it work for the market. This calls for an
investment agenda into different models of incorporating biodiesel into the performance
techniques like the CI. As seen from the findings, the integrated approach is one way to satisfy
this demand. However, this secondary research suggests action into future research on how to
improve its combustion and control properties in readiness for biodiesel. Research ensures that a
clever discovery in renewable and sustainable energy reaches its full potential. Its optimization
process includes its ability to function effectively in the CI engine. Its analysis benefits different
sectors including the agricultural sector, energy, engineering and business sector. The use of
biodiesel technology is incomplete without its performance effect because it unfolds its potential
of replacing the fuel energy, which has been a major cause of air pollution globally.
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