Biodiversity Loss In India

This study explores the issue of biodiversity loss in India, including the laws and policies in place to protect it. It examines the environmental, scientific, and theoretical literature surrounding this topic, discussing the causes and potential solutions. The paper also delves into the concept of the polluter pays principle and its application in domestic and international laws.

Running Head: Biodiversity Loss In India
BIODIVERSITY LOSS IN INDIA

Biodiversity Loss In India
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Section 1..........................................................................................................................................3
Section 2..........................................................................................................................................8
Section 3........................................................................................................................................11
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................15
References......................................................................................................................................16
2

Biodiversity Loss In India
Introduction
The pertaining issue in India is the loss of biodiversity. Loss of biodiversity is predominant in
India. There are several laws set by the Indian Constitution for the loss of bio diversity. Several
protection acts are procured by the government in context to the coveted areas. This study deals
with empirical literature and policy literature in context to the loss of biodiversity in India. The
environmental, theoretical and scientific literature about the biodiversity loss is predominant in
the below sections. There is sufficient hypothetical proof of the monetary, social and political
reasons for biodiversity misfortune; observational proof for the greater part of these connections
is divided, small or non-existent. It is likewise most flawed whether current nature-preservation
approaches give adequate responses to these underlying drivers of biodiversity misfortune and
can neutralize the loss of biodiversity-related social qualities, organic species and biological
communities in a powerful way.
Section 1
Environmental, Scientific and theoretical literature
Empirical history and environmental governance
Essential organic reasons for the loss of biodiversity incorporate the loss of living spaces, the
presentation of outlandish species, over-gathering of biodiversity assets, and homogenization of
species in horticulture. The basic factor of every one of these components is that they are human-
driven. This paper investigates the financial and social underlying drivers behind biodiversity
misfortune. The investigation depends on both hypothetical contemplations and contextual
investigations. It involves five tomahawks: (a) Demographic change: even though from a
hypothetical perspective the connection between populace weight and the effect on biodiversity
is relatively self-evident, no orderly endeavour has been made so far to examine this relationship
quantitatively. (b) Consumption and generation designs: worldwide increments of vitality
utilization and the utilization of characteristic assets drive natural surroundings to change around
the world. In this piece of the examination, specific consideration is paid to financial
3

Biodiversity Loss In India
development, destitution and land residency viewpoints, as reasons for biodiversity misfortune.
(c) Public strategies involve three noteworthy components: unreasonable arrangements that give
motivators which debase biodiversity, inability to consolidate the money related estimation of
biodiversity into basic leadership and inability to incorporate biodiversity worries as a transversal
component into approach1.
Biological causes of biodiversity loss
Even though biodiversity has to do with qualities, species and biological systems, it is likewise
identified with issues a long ways past the bounds of biology. Understanding the dangers to
biodiversity and offering answers for them requires bits of knowledge from the financial and
connected sciences. The real wellspring of the ongoing enthusiasm for the diversity of life on
earth emerges from the sentiment of a fast decrease in biodiversity. For instance, in Europe, just
15% of the landmass is delegated "undisturbed", which is the most minimal rate around the
world. Loss of tropical woodland is the most exceedingly distributed part of this. Somewhere
else, waterways are appropriated, coral reefs devastated by explosive, and characteristic fields
are furrowed.
1 Murphy, Lorraine, Frits Meijer, and Henk Visscher. "Governance Tools." In Sustainable Urban Environments, pp.
341-363. Springer, ( Dordrecht, 2012).
4

Biodiversity Loss In India
Figure 1: Cause of biodiversity loss
(Source: Created by the Learner)
Policy literature
India has taken an interest suitably in all the real generally occasions identified with condition
security and biodiversity protection over the prior decades and has upheld all the basic
biodiversity and condition related by and large traditions. It anticipated an essential work in
working up the concurred substance for the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and
changed into a Party to it in February 19942. The three objectives of the CBD are the protection
of biodiversity, suitable use of its segments, and sensible and reasonable sharing of great
conditions ascending out of the utilization of these favourable circumstances. Seeing the
2 Descombes, Patrice, Mary S. Wisz, Fabien Leprieur, Valeriano Parravicini, Christian Heine, Steffen M. Olsen,
Didier Swingedouw, Michel Kulbicki, David Mouillot, and Loïc Pellissier. "Forecasted coral reef decline in marine
biodiversity hotspots under climate change." (Global change biology 21, no. 7, 2015): 2479-2487
5

Biodiversity Loss In India
sovereign advantages of States over their standard assets, the Convention gives that entrance to
hereditary assets rests with the national governments, and it is liable to the national foundation
(Article 15).
Figure 2: Major multilateral environment agreements
(Source: Created by the Learner)
Existing legislation and policies
The National sway over the hereditary assets is perceived by CBD by its prelude and in Art 328
and Art 15(1)29. As per the CBD, the expert of a nation to control access to hereditary assets
emerges from the sovereign privileges of States. Workmanship 15 to Art 21 manages the
6

Biodiversity Loss In India
arrangements of access to profit sharing of hereditary assets. Workmanship 15 of the CBD
manages the entrance to hereditary assets in an illustrative way. The arrangement identified with
the entrance to the hereditary assets contains the arrangement on collaboration between the part
nations to advance the entrance the hereditary assets between the nations with the similarity of
the sovereign intensity of the state. As the destinations of tradition discuss the protection of and
economical utilization of hereditary assets must be finished by the part nations in a legitimate
authoritative, managerial or by arrangement measure. It incorporates the arrangements on
collaboration, on elevating access to the potential advantages coming about because of the
utilization of hereditary assets. It contains the arrangements concerning the utilization of
hereditary assets and perceives the expert of States to decide access to those assets. At the point
when a microorganism, plant, or creature is utilized for a business application, the nation from
which it came has the privilege to profit. Such advantages can incorporate money, tests of what
is gathered, the cooperation or preparing of national scientists, the exchange of biotechnology
hardware and know-how, and offers of any benefits from the utilization of the assets3. India
marked the Convention on Biological Diversity on fifth June 1992, confirmed it on eighteenth
February 1994 and expedited it into power nineteenth May 1994. This tradition gives a system to
the practical administration and protection of India's regular assets Conservation of biodiversity
incorporates the safeguarding, all things considered, widely varied vegetation, the upgrade of
natural life territory, the control of untamed life issues and the economical utilization of
woodlands and untamed life. The fast rate of eradication of numerous types of creatures is an
expanding concern. Territory safeguarding and upgrade are basic to the presence of untamed life
in a zone. Creatures can't live in a region that does not give appropriate sustenance, cover, water
and exceptional needs. Individuals' exercises modify numerous natural surroundings, which goes
about as a weakness to untamed life. The idea of protection of biodiversity is cherished in the
Indian Constitution in Article 48(A and 51A (g). Real Central Acts significant to biodiversity are
the Indian Forest Act, 1927; the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; the Forest (Conservation) Act,
1980; and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The different Central Acts are bolstered by
various State Laws and Statutes concerning woodlands and other characteristic assets. The
3 Halkos, George, and Steriani Matsiori. "Environmental attitude, motivations and values for marine biodiversity
protection." (Journal of behavioural and experimental economics69, 2017): 61-70.
7

Biodiversity Loss In India
Government of India after a sleep of eight long years presented the Biological Diversity bill in
the Lok Sabha on fifteenth May 20004.
Section 2
The polluter pays rule in context to domestic and international laws
The "polluter pays rule" (PPP or rule) requires the polluter to hold up under the cost of
anticipating, controlling, and tidying up contamination. Its primary objectives are cost
distribution and cost disguise. In 1972, the Organization for Economic Co-task and Development
(OECD) explained the standard expressly and in 1989 showed that it ought to be connected to
agribusiness. In spite of the fact that the rule began as a financial guideline, since 1990 it has
been perceived globally as a legitimate rule.
Figure 3: Progress of PPR
(Source: Created by the Learner)
4 Jackson, Emerson Abraham. "Deforestation on the Freetown Peninsula-A Case of Livelihood and Biodiversity
Loss in the Goderich Community." (2015).
8

Biodiversity Loss In India
Laws based on PPR (domestic laws)
• Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action versus Association of India 1996(3) SCC 212
The Court held that once the advancement continued is perilous or normally risky; the
individual continuing such movement is obligated to make exceptional the affliction caused
to some other individual by his action self-governing of reality whether he took sensible idea
while carrying on his action. The standard is displayed upon the plain idea of the movement
continued5.
• Vellore Citizens' Welfare Forum versus Association of India 1996(5) SCC 647
The Court deciphered the criticalness of the Polluter Pays Principle as the unique responsibility
for mischievousness to nature stretches out not exclusively to repay the misfortunes of the
corrupting yet what's more the expense of reestablishing the ecological contamination.
Remediation of the hurt condition is a touch of the strategy of 'Sensible Development', and
everything considered the polluter is obligated to pay the expense to the individual sufferers and
the expense of turning the hurt science6.
Justification
The polluter pays standard is founded on a presence of mind approach for the alleviation of
natural debasement. It essentially implies that s/he who harms the earth should bear the expense
of correcting that harm. In a more extensive sense, makers of merchandise and different things
ought to be in charge of any contamination which the procedure of generation causes and along
these lines should likewise pay for avoidance or correction of the harm caused to the earth by
such contamination. Basic the significance of the polluter pays standard is the conviction that
5 Joly, Carlos A., B. J. Huntley, V. H. Dale, G. Mace, B. Muok, and N. H. Ravindranath. "Biofuel impacts on
biodiversity and ecosystem services." Scientific Committee on problems of the environment (SCOPE) rapid
assessment process on bioenergy and sustainability (2015): 555-80.
6 Vandermeer, John, and Ivette Perfecto. Coffee agroecology: a new approach to understanding agricultural
biodiversity, ecosystem services and sustainable development. Routledge, 2015.
9

Biodiversity Loss In India
when open experts take measures to forestall potential and real natural harm, the costs brought
about ought to be borne by the individual in charge of the contamination. The Polluter pays rule
starts from the monetary hypothesis of the "disguise of externalities", which forces on the
polluters the social expenses borne by open specialists in charge of assessing, checking and
controlling contamination. By a similar token, the PPP embodies the setting up of an
arrangement of charges by which the polluters (the people who created the contamination by
their items or administrations) bear the money related weight of the general population strategy
to ensure the earth. Be that as it may, regardless of its underlying financial foundation, the PPP
began slowly getting lawful articulations7.
Comparison and contrast of different conceptualisms
The thought of 'changes towards supportability' takes an undeniably focal position in worldwide
maintainability research and arrangement talk as of late. Administration and governmental issues
are fundamental to comprehension and breaking down changes towards manageability. In any
case, in spite of getting developing consideration as of late, the administration and governmental
issues parts of changes remain seemingly immature in the worldwide supportability writing. An
assortment of applied methodologies has been created to comprehend and examine societal
progress or change forms, including socio-specialized advances, social-natural frameworks,
supportability pathways, and transformative adjustment8. This paper fundamentally studies these
four methodologies and ponders them through the viewpoint of the Earth System Governance
structure. This adds to acknowledging existing experiences on changes and recognizing key
research difficulties and openings. Generally speaking, the paper unites different points of view,
that have so far remained to a great extent divided, to fortify the establishment for future research
on changes towards maintainability9.
7 Le Prestre, Philippe G. Governing global biodiversity: The evolution and implementation of the convention on
biological diversity. Routledge, (2017).
8 Sanchez, Pedro A. Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
9 Tilman, David, Michael Clark, David R. Williams, Kaitlin Kimmel, Stephen Polasky, and Craig Packer. "Future
threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention." Nature 546, no. 7656 (2017): 73.
10

Biodiversity Loss In India
Implementation of Polluter Pays Principle
The Polluter Pays Principle is vital for deciding corrective expenses of harms from natural
infringement caused by businesses or people. The standard is connected to guarantee that the
expenses of relieving ecological harm are disguised by the business or the individual found
obligated, and not externalized. It is additionally a vital method for handling general wellbeing
dangers that outcome from natural contamination10. The standard can assume a vital job
informing the execution of ventures/business undertakings and influence them to receive
naturally mindful practices11. In spite of the fact that the Polluter Pays Principle has alleviated the
harm being caused to the earth to some degree, the arrangement remains a deficient cure as
uncertainty endures with respect to clear distinguishing proof of the real polluter12.
Section 3
Measures, Permits and campaigns
In Indian ecological law, the 'polluter pays' rule incorporates natural expenses and also guides
expenses to individuals. The Supreme Court of India inexplicitly connected the standard on
account of M.C. Mehta v. Association of India in the year 1986. The criticalness of this
judgment lies in the court's definition of the standard of the proportion of obligation of industry
occupied with 'unsafe or naturally perilous exercises'. Such a measure must be related to the
greatness and limit of the venture. Hence a creative cure was advanced by the Supreme Court of
10 Reddy, C. Sudhakar, C. S. Jha, P. G. Diwakar, and V. K. Dadhwal. "Nationwide classification of forest types of
India using remote sensing and GIS." Environmental monitoring and assessment 187, no. 12 (2015): 777.
11 Singh, Jay Shankar. "Microbes: the chief ecological engineers in reinstating equilibrium in degraded
ecosystems." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 203 (2015): 80-82.
12 Lewis, Rob J., Francesco de Bello, Jonathan A. Bennett, Pavel Fibich, Genevieve E. Finerty, Lars Götzenberger,
Inga Hiiesalu et al. "Applying the dark diversity concept to nature conservation." Conservation biology 31, no. 1
(2017): 40-47.
11

Biodiversity Loss In India
India for this situation which was aberrant acknowledgement and use of the 'polluter pays
standard'. It was unprecedented for the Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v.
Relationship of India that the court unequivocally related this standard. It was communicated
by the court that recuperation of the hurt condition is a touch of the arrangement of saving
movement and like this polluter is in peril to pay the expense of the individual sufferers and
besides the expense of trading the hurt nature13. Like this, the 'polluter pays standard' infers the
total peril for mischief to the earth stretches out not exclusively to remunerate the misfortunes of
spoiling yet additionally to the expense of reestablishing the regular corruption. Remediation of
the hurt condition is a bit of the strategy of manageable advancement. For this situation, five
concoction ventures were delivering H-corrosive (1-naphthol-8-amino, 6-disciphonic corrosive).
An azo colour and untreated harmful slime were released beyond all detectable inhibitions
compound which, at the appointed time of time, coursed through a waterway over the whole
region and the water washed the slop profound into the guts of the earth14. It caused
contamination of waterway water and underground water up to 70 feet underneath the ground
inside a sweep of seven miles of the town Bicchari. It further left the field's close-by barren,
because of which inhabitants needed to relocate out of the town. The Court while making a
milestone judgment on this PIL, additionally remembered that rule received by it must be
straightforward, functional and suited to the conditions winning in the nation. Taking a gander at
the far-reaching implication of the unsafe or intrinsically risky exercises, people or the
organizations would be held 'obligated completely’; however they have taken all sensible
consideration while doing such activity15.
The developing pattern in preservation strategy is growing quickly in both created and creating
nations around the globe. There are distinctive sorts of instalments for natural administrations
conspires: (a) Direct installment plots: The legislature pays landowners, for common society, and
13 Rajagopalan, Raghavachari. Environmental studies: from crisis to cure. (No. Ed. 3. Oxford University Press,
2015).
14 Singh, Jay Shankar. "Microbes: the chief ecological engineers in reinstating equilibrium in degraded
ecosystems." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 203 (2015): 80-82.
15 Machovina, Brian, Kenneth J. Feeley, and William J. Ripple. "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing
meat consumption." The science of the Total Environment 536 (2015): 419-431.
12

Biodiversity Loss In India
in some cases with commitments from the private area, to receive enhanced land the executives
choices and in this way address a specific ecological issue16. (b) Product-based PES plans:
Consumers pay a 'green premium' notwithstanding the market cost of an item or administration,
to guarantee a naturally agreeable generation process and the insurance of ecological
administrations, which is confirmed through autonomous accreditation17.
PES Scheme
PES gives one intends to expand the supply of a biological community administration or
administrations. Be that as it may, PES is just a single instrument among numerous for fighting
biological community corruption. Others incorporate control; the arrangement of administrations
by the government (for instance, the Public Forest Estate gives various administrations of open
advantage); willful endeavours concerning organizations, networks and people; and incentive or
showcase based instruments, including PES. Contextual analyses of PES plans are set out in the
going with add18. Instances of local plans incorporate the openly financed Environmental
Stewardship plot, which pays about £400 million every year to agriculturists and land
administrators as a byproduct of all the more naturally delicate cultivating19.
Payment scheme
16 Reddy, C. Sudhakar, C. S. Jha, V. K. Dadhwal, P. Hari Krishna, S. Vazeed Pasha, K. V. Satish, Kalloli Dutta et al.
"Quantification and monitoring of deforestation in India over eight decades (1930–2013)." Biodiversity and
conservation25, no. 1 (2016): 93-116.
17 Niedziałkowski, Krzysztof, Agata Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska, Monika Pietruczuk, and Małgorzata Grodzińska-Jurczak.
"Assessing participatory and multi-level characteristics of biodiversity and landscape protection legislation: the case
of Poland." Journal of environmental planning and management 59, no. 10 (2016): 1891-1911.
18 Stępniewska, Małgorzata, Iwona Zwierzchowska, and Andrzej Mizgajski. "Capability of the Polish legal system
to introduce the ecosystem services approach into environmental management." Ecosystem Services 29 (2018): 271-
281.
19 Lewis, R.J., de Bello, F., Bennett, J.A., Fibich, P., Finerty, G.E., Götzenberger, L., Hiiesalu, I., Kasari, L., Lepš,
J., Májeková, M. and Mudrák, O., 2017. Applying the dark diversity concept to nature conservation. Conservation
biology, 31(1), pp.40-47
13

Biodiversity Loss In India
Payments are in a perfect world subject to the proof of the arrangement of the environment
benefit (yield based instalments) and should deliver worries to diminish the expense of approach
execution. Be that as it may, the yield or results-based instalment may be hard to survey or
require quite a while slack for checking and confirmation (for example changes in nature of
water or diminished danger of flooding)20. The option is to dispense instalments dependent on the
adjustment of a specific practice, for instance eliminating compound manures or undertaking of
specific activities, for instance planting trees (input-based instalments). These are exercises that
can be straightforwardly checked and connected to an explicit activity of an individual and
subsequently trigger an instalment21.
The purchaser/recipient of a biological community benefit: the element, either an
individual/organization or the Government that straightforwardly profits by the presence of an
environment and is ready/skilled to pay for its conservation22.
Open specialist: the general population expert (frequently a neighbourhood element) may
dispense instalments and gather compulsory charges and expenses. PES regularly requires the
issuance of law or Government declares/direction whenever intermediated or paid by open
assets. On the off chance that PES is consulted among private gatherings, the Government
generally go about as a merchant or facilitator23.
Controlling emissions
The Indian government had taken out a few crusades and Acts for protecting the decent bio
variety. With the execution of the Kyoto Protocol, a line of thinking has been globalized: the best
20 Soorae, P. S. Global Reintroduction Perspectives: 2018. Case studies from around the globe. By: IUCN/SSC
Reintroduction Specialist Group & Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi, 2018.
21 Maiti, Prabodh K., and Paulami Maiti. Biodiversity: perception, peril and preservation. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.,
2017.
22 Nagorniuk, Oksana, Oleksandr Mudrak, Halyna Mudrak, and Wiktoria Sobczyk. "Analysis of regulatory and
legislative acts on the conservation of the planet's biodiversity, ratified by Ukraine." (2017).
23 Mendoza-Fernández, Antonio J., and Juan F. Mota. "Red Lists versus nature protection Acts: new analytical and
numerical method to test threat trends." Biodiversity and conservation25, no. 2 (2016): 239-260.
14

Biodiversity Loss In India
method to oversee ecological issues is to commodity life forms or normal procedures and utilizes
the market to discover least cost methods for accomplishing natural targets24. The Kyoto Protocol
introduces the biggest tradable allow conspire ever considered. Its top and-exchange plot for
ozone-harming substances takes its line of thinking from neoclassical financial matters that
money-related motivating forces will coordinate social activity far from some malicious conduct
toward relief, reduction, or preservation25.
Conclusion
This study deals with the general actions and polluter pays. The laws and policies are explained
in details. The PES Scheme is subjected in the third section in context to its payment
calculations. Confining natural issues in such a way originates from a position that open
merchandise, for example, biodiversity is "not provided in adequate amounts by people acting to
their greatest advantage". Supporters of this line of thinking keep up that "[m]mechanisms are
required by which asset proprietors are compensated for their job as stewards in giving
biodiversity and biological community administrations”. As indicated by this point of view,
protection is an activity in legitimately adjusting motivating forces, and answers for natural
issues continue from a value component that changes individuals' conduct.
24 Srivastava, Pratap, Rishikesh Singh, Sachchidanand Tripathi, and Akhilesh Singh Raghubanshi. "An urgent need
for sustainable thinking in agriculture–An Indian scenario." Ecological Indicators 67 (2016): 611-622.
25 Martinez-Alier, Joan, Leah Temper, and Federico Demaria. "Social metabolism and environmental conflicts in
India." In Nature, Economy and Society, pp. 19-49. Springer, New Delhi, 2016.
15

Biodiversity Loss In India
References
Descombes, Patrice, Mary S. Wisz, Fabien Leprieur, Valeriano Parravicini, Christian Heine,
Steffen M. Olsen, Didier Swingedouw, Michel Kulbicki, David Mouillot, and Loïc Pellissier.
"Forecasted coral reef decline in marine biodiversity hotspots under climate change." (Global
change biology 21, no. 7, 2015): 2479-2487.
Halkos, George, and Steriani Matsiori. "Environmental attitude, motivations and values for
marine biodiversity protection." (Journal of behavioural and experimental economics69, 2017):
61-70.
Jackson, Emerson Abraham. "Deforestation on the Freetown Peninsula-A Case of Livelihood
and Biodiversity Loss in the Goderich Community." (2015).
Joly, Carlos A., B. J. Huntley, V. H. Dale, G. Mace, B. Muok, and N. H. Ravindranath. "Biofuel
impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services." Scientific Committee on problems of the
environment (SCOPE) rapid assessment process on bioenergy and sustainability (2015): 555-80.
Le Prestre, Philippe G. Governing global biodiversity: The evolution and implementation of the
convention on biological diversity. Routledge, (2017).
Lewis, Rob J., Francesco de Bello, Jonathan A. Bennett, Pavel Fibich, Genevieve E. Finerty,
Lars Götzenberger, Inga Hiiesalu et al. "Applying the dark diversity concept to nature
conservation." Conservation biology 31, no. 1 (2017): 40-47.
Machovina, Brian, Kenneth J. Feeley, and William J. Ripple. "Biodiversity conservation: The
key is reducing meat consumption." The science of the Total Environment 536 (2015): 419-431.
Maiti, Prabodh K., and Paulami Maiti. Biodiversity: perception, peril and preservation. PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2017.
Martinez-Alier, Joan, Leah Temper, and Federico Demaria. "Social metabolism and
environmental conflicts in India." In Nature, Economy and Society, pp. 19-49. Springer, New
Delhi, 2016.
16

Biodiversity Loss In India
Mendoza-Fernández, Antonio J., and Juan F. Mota. "Red Lists versus nature protection Acts:
new analytical and numerical method to test threat trends." Biodiversity and conservation25, no.
2 (2016): 239-260.
Murphy, Lorraine, Frits Meijer, and Henk Visscher. "Governance Tools." In Sustainable Urban
Environments, pp. 341-363. Springer, ( Dordrecht, 2012).
Nagorniuk, Oksana, Oleksandr Mudrak, Halyna Mudrak, and Wiktoria Sobczyk. "Analysis of
regulatory and legislative acts on the conservation of the planet's biodiversity, ratified by
Ukraine." (2017).
Niedziałkowski, Krzysztof, Agata Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska, Monika Pietruczuk, and Małgorzata
Grodzińska-Jurczak. "Assessing participatory and multi-level characteristics of biodiversity and
landscape protection legislation: the case of Poland." Journal of environmental planning and
management 59, no. 10 (2016): 1891-1911.
Rajagopalan, Raghavachari. Environmental studies: from crisis to cure. (No. Ed. 3. Oxford
University Press, 2015).
Reddy, C. Sudhakar, C. S. Jha, P. G. Diwakar, and V. K. Dadhwal. "Nationwide classification of
forest types of India using remote sensing and GIS." Environmental monitoring and
assessment 187, no. 12 (2015): 777.
Reddy, C. Sudhakar, C. S. Jha, V. K. Dadhwal, P. Hari Krishna, S. Vazeed Pasha, K. V. Satish,
Kalloli Dutta et al. "Quantification and monitoring of deforestation in India over eight decades
(1930–2013)." Biodiversity and conservation25, no. 1 (2016): 93-116.
Sanchez, Pedro A. Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics. Cambridge University
Press, 2019.
Singh, Jay Shankar. "Microbes: the chief ecological engineers in reinstating equilibrium in
degraded ecosystems." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 203 (2015): 80-82.
Singh, Jay Shankar. "Microbes: the chief ecological engineers in reinstating equilibrium in
degraded ecosystems." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 203 (2015): 80-82.
17

Biodiversity Loss In India
Soorae, P. S. Global Reintroduction Perspectives: 2018. Case studies from around the globe. By:
IUCN/SSC Reintroduction Specialist Group & Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi, 2018.
Srivastava, Pratap, Rishikesh Singh, Sachchidanand Tripathi, and Akhilesh Singh Raghubanshi.
"An urgent need for sustainable thinking in agriculture–An Indian scenario." Ecological
Indicators 67 (2016): 611-622.
Stępniewska, Małgorzata, Iwona Zwierzchowska, and Andrzej Mizgajski. "Capability of the
Polish legal system to introduce the ecosystem services approach into environmental
management." Ecosystem Services 29 (2018): 271-281.
Tilman, David, Michael Clark, David R. Williams, Kaitlin Kimmel, Stephen Polasky, and Craig
Packer. "Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention." Nature 546, no. 7656
(2017): 73.
Vandermeer, John, and Ivette Perfecto. Coffee agroecology: a new approach to understanding
agricultural biodiversity, ecosystem services and sustainable development. Routledge, 2015.
18