Biological Science: mtDNA, Gene Duplication, Transcription and Splicing, Transcriptional Accuracy, BACE1 Expression

Running head: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
Q 2.a) The length of the human mtDNA genome is 16,569 base pair.
Q 2.b) 22 tRNAs are encoded by the human mtDNA chromosome.
Q 2.c) The forward strand of the mtDNA encodes 12 proteins including one subunit of one
protein.
Q 2.d) The reverse strand encodes the mitochondrial RNA polymerase. This is consists of 1230
amino acid residues.
Q 2.e) The rRNAs are encoded by the forward strand. The rRNAs are 16S and 12S in size and
their average length are 1522 base pair and 959 base pair respectively.
Q 2.f) Permanent link:
http://jan2020.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?
db=core;g=ENSG00000151338;r=14:37197913-37552361
Q 3.a) it has been seen that the gene duplication is one of the most prominent process which
leads to the development of new gene. This new gene in the genome can lead to the evolution of
the whole species. In this context, it can be found that there are different processes present for
the gene duplication process including the polyploidistaion, unequal crossing over, retroposition,
duplicative transposition and others (Magadum et al. 2013). It has been seen that the

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
translocation in the neoplasm leads to the ageing of the human cells and it can be marked as one
of the most prominent gene duplication and evolution process (Wu et al. 2017). Moreover,
another kind of duplication is incomplete dominance which can be seen in the resistance
development against malaria in the human red blood cell. This is one of the evolutions found as
well. However, development of an extra duplicate gene can lead to the development of the sickle
cell anaemia (Archer et al. 2018). Hence, it can be stated that the translocation and the
incomplete dominance can be marked as the way of duplication that effectively accounted for
evolution.
Q 3.b) Subfunctionalisation and neofunctionalisation are the terms related to the gene duplication
process as this focuses on the divergence of the genes after the duplication. Hence, these two are
similar in the functionality of the duplicate gene process. However, the primary difference of
these two process is namely the subfunctionalisation focuses on the divergence of the duplicate
genes mainly, whereas, the neofunctionalisation is focused on the divergence of the functionality
of one of the duplicate gene but also incorporation of the genetic functionality of the ancestral
gene of other one. Thus, it can be found that the divergence of the duplicate gene functionality is
the main priority of these processes. However, the subfunctionalisation is accounted for the
divergence only and the neofunctionalisation is accounted for maintaining ancestral functionality
in one of duplicate gene and also developing divergence in another one. The functionality of the
tissue regulation is the primary focus of these two functional phenomenons (Sandve, Rohlfs and
Hvidsten 2018).
Q 4.a) Transcription is the process for converting or developing RNA from DNA. There are
different factors involved in the transcription process and these factors control the initiation,
elongation and termination of the process. The factors are inducer or promoter binding protein,