Big Bang Theory and Solar System Formation

BIOLOGY AND PHYSICS
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Task One
Big bang theory and solar system formation
The term “universe” has been used to collectively refer to space, matter, time and energy.
Actually, it refers to everything that is known to a human being. Everything from the tiniest
particle to the clusters of galaxies that are sometimes called super-clusters is held together by the
universe. The Big Bang theory states that the universe was actually formed several million years
ago. According to this theory, the universe formed as a result of the giant explosion of hot and
very dense matter. This particular matter expanded and started to cool down by going down
through several transitional phases. It suggests that the earth has been expanding ever since1.
The idea or the theory of the big bang was first suggested by a scientist called Friedrich Franz
Friedman who was an astrophysicist. He was the first person to come up with the relevant
equation to prove the continuous expansion of the universe. This theory was later proved by the
observations by Edwin Hubble who discovered the concept of shifting red galaxies measured the
distance between the earth and these variable stars that she referred to as Cepheids. The theory of
the redshifts has now come to be known as the Hubble's Law.
According to the theory of the big bang, the solar system was formed from the clouds of the
space gas and dust that was actually compressed and squeezed by an explosion of a supernova.
As nebula underwent contraction, it increasingly spun rapidly resulting in the frequent collision
between grains of the dust. The gravity was responsible for pulling the dust and gas tougher
leading to the formation of the solar nebula. The solar nebula became hotter and denser leading
to the formation of the disc of dust and gas at its Centre. The particles of nebula dust started to
1 Batáry, P., Dicks, L.V., Kleijn, D. and Sutherland, W.J., 2015. The role of agri‐environment schemes in conservation and
environmental management. Conservation Biology, 29(4), pp.1006-1016.

stick together leading to the formation of clumps. These clumps eventually formed planets and
their satellites. The center of the nebula that remained hot eventually formed the star called the
sun. There are various particles of planetary left over which resulted from the initial explosion
that can still be seen flying around the space. The particles are commonly referred to as the
meteorites
The big bang theory, however, has weaknesses and one of them is as explained below:
The cosmic radiation that is used to support the theory of the big bang mainly comes from
widely different or separate parts of the sky. The points or the regions are naturally too far for
them to interact with each other even if it is assumed that their signals are traveling at the speed
of light. This is commonly referred to as the horizon problem.
Task Two
Evidence that the Universe is changing
Introduction
The expansion of the universe is considered to be very fundamental to the cosmology of the big
bang. In case there is no expansion process then the theory of the big bang will not be valid. It's
the expansion that became the basis of the big bang theory.
Hubble Law Evidence
By having a projection of cosmological expansion in background radiation whose time is known,
there is an assertion that one would eventually come to the hypothetically proven time when all
the points will be the same. Considering that all these points are all present, it follows logically

that no time or space existed before this particular moment. It is basically singularity2. At the end
of the year the 1920s, a scientist by the name Edwin Hubble made one of the significant
discoveries. In his research work, he discovered that there is a proportionality between the
number of spectral lines in the light that originates from relatively nearby galaxies that are
normally redshifted. This has been denoted as (z). Their distances from the earth were marked as
(r). He established a relationship between these two parameters which later came to be known as
Hubble Law c z = H0 r, In this equation, c is the speed of light while H0 is the commonly known
Hubble’s constant of proportionality. This law has since extended to greater redshifts in the
cosmos by the use of redshift-distance relationship.
The interpretation of the redshifts has been done by the use of velocity recession
concept.According to this concept, the galaxies are continuously moving in space. The recession
implies that the universe is expanding. The best and the surest evidence for the expansion of the
universe is for one to just take a simple look at numerous galaxies that are ta successive redshifts
including at z = 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, etc. Considering that the redshifts are normally meant to represent
different past epochs or time steps, the variation in the density if the numbers of galaxies
indicates an evidence of expansion that has been taking place over time and which would be
redshift is a universe that is expanding3.
The strength of this evidence
The theory uses the equation to substantiate the argument which is later proven to be right.
Weaknesses of this evidence
2 Bennett, N.J., 2016. Using perceptions as evidence to improve conservation and environmental management. Conservation
Biology, 30(3), pp.582-592.
3 Clayton, S., Litchfield, C. and Geller, E.S., 2013. Psychological science, conservation, and environmental sustainability. Frontiers in
Ecology and the Environment, 11(7), pp.377-382.