Biology Study Material

This biology study material provides information on various topics including monomers, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and their functions in the body. It also discusses the role of water in cooling the body through sweat evaporation. Access solved assignments, essays, and dissertations on biology.

Biology 1
Biology
Name
Course
Institution
Date

Biology 2
Biology
Question #1
Type Monomers Specific examples other
than those found on
question 2 (at least 3, except
nucleic acids).
Manufactured by this
organelle/structure
Carbohydrate Monosaccharides Fructose
Lactose
Galactose
Sucrose
They are
manufactured in
plant cells
Protein Amino acids Alanine
Valine
Proline
Isoleucine
Cysteine
Methionine
The 20 amino
acids can be
produced by the
body, but the body
cannot produce the
essential amino
acids. Essential
amino acids come
from the food

Biology 3
people eat1.
Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil
Guanine
Nucleotides are
shaped in the
region in the cell
of a prokaryote,
which has all or
the majority of the
generic substances
called genophore2.
Lipid Glycerol and fatty
acids
Oleic acid
Omega-3 fatty acid
Stearic acid
palmitic acid,
They are
manufactured in
human body and
derived from
different foods3.
Question #2
a. Phosphorus has fifteen protons and the atomic mass of phosphorous is 30.97 amu.
1 Karp, Gerald. Cell and molecular biology: concepts and experiments. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2010).
2 Marcus, Abraham. Proteins and Nucleic Acids: the Biochemistry of Plants. (Saint Louis : Elsevier Science,
2015).
3 Hermanson, Greg T. Bioconjugate techniques. (Amsterdam : Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier,
2013).

Biology 4
c. Phosphorous can form up to 5 covalent bonds.
d. This can be seen in the case of phosphoric acid (H3PO4)4.
Question #3
Substance Organic (O)
or Inorganic
(I)
If organic,
what type of
organic
molecule?
Brief Description
(polar/bipolar, relative size,
etc.)
Role in the body (Describe at
least one, be specific)
4 Toy, Arthur D. F. Theœ Chemistry of Phosphorus Pergamon Texts in Inorganic Chemistry, Volume 3. (Saint
Louis Elsevier Science & Technology Ann Arbor, Michigan ProQuest, 2016).

Biology 5
Glucose Organic (O),
where it is a
carbohydrate
or sugar
molecule
Bipolar molecule; It contains 6
carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen
atoms and 6 oxygen atoms
(C6H12O6)
Provide both structure
and energy to the body
of organisms
It is needed in the body
to offer the precursors
for neurotransmitter
synthesis and the ATP
to promote its
activities5.
Glycogen Organic.
Glycogen is a
polysaccharide
molecule
Polar molecule that dissolve in
water;
Functions as a storage
form of energy in
animals, fungi and
bacteria.
Na+ Inorganic Non-polar substance; it has no
electron but has positive charge.
Regulate the osmotic
pressure in the body
cells that help to
maintain the function
of muscle, as well as
nerve cells
5 Karp, Gerald.

Biology 6
Cholesterol Organic;
belong to
steroid family
Bipolar with polar head group
(hydroxyl and non-polar sterol
tail. Present in blood plasma and
all the animal tissues; the
molecular formula is C27H46O
Manufacture essential
molecules like
hormones, fat-soluble
vitamins along with
bile acids to assist in
digestion6.
Ca2+ Inorganic Non-polar They have a role in
signal pathways, in
which they function as
a second messenger in
neurotransmitter
release from neurons,
in contraction of all
muscle cell types plus
in fertilization.
Water Organic Polar; it has even distribution of
electron density, where oxygen
is strongly electronegative.
Regulates the body
temperature and other
body functions. .
O2 It is not Non-polar molecule; contains Regulates metabolic
6 Hermanson, Greg T.

Biology 7
neither
organic nor
inorganic, but
an atom.
two molecules that are bonded
together7.
processes in the body
Elimination of cellular
and metabolic wastes
from the body
Actin Organic;
protein
molecules
Polar; it is family of globular
multi-functional proteins, which
form microfilaments
Has a role of
promoting contractile
property of muscle, as
well as other cells.
Lipase (a
digestive
enzyme)
Organic Non-polar Help in the breakdown
of fat molecules in the
body.
Question #4
The evaporation of water as a sweat is an essential mechanism used by human beings as a
way of cooling the body. Water being a polar molecule, it has the capacity to absorb a
considerable quantity of heat before changing its state because of the hydrogen bonding between
the water molecules-the hydrogen bonds must be broken before a change in state and needs an
absorption of energy. This energy comes from the surface of the skin when it is hot; hence, when
the sweat evaporates, the skin is cooled as the heat has been absorbed. Since water has a greater
7 Karp, Gerald.

Biology 8
specific heat capacity, it will absorb a lot of heat before it evaporates8. Hence, as the sweat
evaporates from the surface of the body, the surface of the skin will get cooler as the heat in the
body has been absorbed by the water before changing to sweat. Therefore, water serves as a
hugely efficient coolant that makes it a primary element of sweat.
8 Auerbach, Paul S. Wilderness Medicine E-Book: Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online
Features (Mosby, 2011).

Biology 9
Bibliography
Auerbach, Paul S. Wilderness Medicine E-Book: Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced
Online Features (Mosby, 2011).
Hermanson, Greg T. Bioconjugate techniques. (Amsterdam : Academic Press is an imprint of
Elsevier, 2013).
Karp, Gerald. Cell and molecular biology: concepts and experiments. (Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley, 2010).
Marcus, Abraham. Proteins and Nucleic Acids: the Biochemistry of Plants. (Saint Louis:
Elsevier Science, 2015).
Toy, Arthur D. F. Theœ Chemistry of Phosphorus Pergamon Texts in Inorganic Chemistry,
Volume 3. (Saint Louis Elsevier Science & Technology Ann Arbor, Michigan ProQuest,
2016).