Biology Physical Effects of Receptor Bind Epinephrine

Running head: BIOLOGY
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF RECEPTOR BIND EPINEPHRINE
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1BIOLOGY
Epinephrine is a hormone, which is secreted by the adrenal medulla, which functions
to increase the cardiac output and increase blood glucose levels. This hormone is mainly
released during acute stress conditions. Epinephrine has been found to act on all body tissues
which varies by tissue types and expression of adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine has been
found to control the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles which are in turn
controlled through epinephrine receptors (Deeney et al., 2018). Contraction of the muscles
occurs by the binding of calmodulin to calcium ions. Binding of epinephrine to the receptors
has been found to activate adenylate cyclase to produce cyclic AMP from ATP. This process,
in turn, leads to the phosphorylation of MLCK which helps in the relaxing of smooth muscle
tissues. Due to this physiological function associated with the attachment of epinephrine to
the receptors, it has been used for asthma, cardiac arrests and anaphylactic shocks. Changes
in functions associated with the liver have been found to be connected to the binding of
epinephrine to the receptors. When epinephrine binds to the receptor outside lover cell, a
conformational change occurs. The change in the receptor shape causes G protein to bind and
get activated. Finally, the same process associated with breaking down of ATP to AMP in the
presence of adenylate cyclase occurs glycogen is further broken down to glucose (Baynes,
2018). Thus. From the above discussion, it can be stated that epinephrine performs various
physiological functions associated with receptors.

2BIOLOGY
References
Baynes, J. W. (2018). Biosynthesis and Storage of Carbohydrate in Liver and
Muscle. Medical Biochemistry E-Book, 147.
Deeney, B., Cao, G., Himes, B. E., Orfanos, S., & Panettieri, R. A. (2018). Epinephrine
Induces Human Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction Through the Alpha-1 Adrenergic
Receptor After Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor Desensitization. In A29. NOVEL
MECHANISMS FOR AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND
RELAXATION: POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR MODULATION (pp. A1218-A1218).
American Thoracic Society.