Blood Pressure: Effects of Posture on Arterial Blood Pressure
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This article discusses the effects of posture on arterial blood pressure. It includes a methodology for measuring blood pressure, data analysis, and conclusions.
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Introduction Hydrostatic pressure of blood (fluid) helps in producing the blood flow pressure against the blood vessels walls (Funamoto, Nam, Kimura et al, 2010). In general for a flow of fluid to be initiated then it must move from the area where the hydrostatic pressure will be higher to area where there is a low hydrostatic pressure. In arteries, the area where we expect to have a higher hydrostatic pressure is the area near the heart, therefore blood will be pumped by the heart and will flow through the arteries but this will slowed by narrow arterioles openings. During systole, the walls of the arteries stretch when new blood is allowed to enter the arteries (Levy, Ehret et al, 2009); therefore the stretch helps in accommodating the pressure that is increased by extra blood. During diastole (Conen, Tedrow et al, 2009, the walls of the arteries return back normal positions this is due to elastic properties they hold. The blood pressure reading for both systole phase and diastole phase is shown in figure 1 below. For example if a blood pressure reading is recorded as 130/50 will indicate that during systole the reading will be 130 mm Hg, while during diastole the reading will be 50 mm Hg. In process of cardiac cycle the arterioles blood is emptied at a constant flow rate. The blood flow resistance experienced during the cardiac cycle is called peripheral resistance.
Figure 1: The relationship between blood pressure to blood velocity through the arterioles and arteries (Brothers, Bhella et al, 2009. The volume of blood that is pumped at one minute by the heart is called cardiac output (Mayer and Suttner, 2009). Its calculation entails a multiplication of the number of contraction of heart which occurs per minute by the stroke volume, which is the pumped blood volume per left ventricle contraction into the aorta. Therefore an increase in heart rate will increase the cardiac output; this can be experienced majorly during exercise activities. Furthermore an increase in stroke volume will similarly increase the cardiac output, this will be experienced when their will be a greater contraction of the heart with a higher strength. In order to increase the stroke volume then the speed of the blood circulation must also be increased throughout the body as more blood will be allowed to enter the heart as it contracts and expands. The blood vessels will relax during high exertion and in the process it will increase its diameter, moderating the heart rate and ensures that the muscles are supplied with adequate oxygenated blood. The blood vessels diameter can be decreased by stress and in the process increasing the blood pressure. The high blood pressure can also be resulted from signals of nerves, hormones, lying down and also standing. Objectives To determine the posture effect on arterial blood pressure
Methodology Apparatus 1.Sphygmomanometer, which consists of cuff that is an inflatable bag, inflated bulb, manometer where the pressure of blood is read and a valve which is mainly used for deflation. 2.Chair 3.Stethoscope 4.Table Procedure 1.The age of the subject, the subject’s stature, the subject’s body mass and the subject’s sex were recorded. 2.The left brachial artery by palpation was identified. 3.The sphygmomanometer cuff was positioned on the left arm of the subject on the table while the subject was seating on the chair. 4.The sphygmomanometer cuff was inflated to approximate suitable value between 170 mm Hg to 180 mm Hg. 5.The stethoscope was positioned over the brachial artery. 6.The sphygmomanometer cuff was deflated until the tapping rhythm sounds could be heard and the mercury column reading was recorded, the reading recorded is known as systolic pressure 7.The process of deflation of sphygmomanometer cuff was continued until the sounds disappeared. The reading recorded at this point was known as diastolic pressure. 8.The procedure was repeated for 2 more trials. 9.The results on the table below was then completed
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Data Date:18thJanuary 2019Age: 41 Height (cm): 177.80 cmWeight (kg): 65 Sex: Male Blood pressure (mmHg) TrialSystolicDiastolic 117585 217887 317084 Data analysis The systolic pressure was higher for all the trials while the diastolic pressure was almost normal to where it was supposed to be. The high category on which systolic pressure and diastolic pressure will fall into is used to indicate the status of the order that the blood pressure of a subject is experiencing. The risk that may result to death that would be caused by heart attack or stroke will be indicated when the flood pressure will rise above 120/80 The reading recorded to the subject aged 41 years, the blood pressure of systolic that is greater than 175 is more fundamental to result to cardiovascular disease risk factor as compared to diastolic blood pressure.
Conclusion The diastolic and systolic increased when the subject involved himself in an exercise together with the pulse rate. The normal status of blood pressure for diastolic and systolic will be resulted when the subject is subjected to a recovery time. The pulse pressure that is resulted from the different between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure was less when the subject person was not involved in exercise than when the person involved in an exercise. During this process the left ventricle will ejects blood and these results to aorta pressure. The changes are caused by the ventricle stroke volume. The maximum heart rate is normally experienced when one involves in a rigorous exercise, where the heart rate will increase the supply of oxygenated blood throughout the body. The recovery time was noted to be faster since the subject person mainly involves in doing exercise.
References Brothers, R.M., Bhella, P.S., Shibata, S., Wingo, J.E., Levine, B.D. and Crandall, C.G., 2009. Cardiac systolic and diastolic function during whole body heat stress.American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology,296(4), pp.H1150-H1156. Conen, D., Tedrow, U.B., Koplan, B.A., Glynn, R.J., Buring, J.E. and Albert, C.M., 2009. Influence of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women.Circulation,119(16), pp.2146-2152. Levy, D., Ehret, G.B., Rice, K., Verwoert, G.C., Launer, L.J., Dehghan, A., Glazer, N.L., Morrison, A.C., Johnson, A.D., Aspelund, T. and Aulchenko, Y., 2009. Genome-wide association study of blood pressure and hypertension.Nature genetics,41(6), p.677. Funamoto, S., Nam, K., Kimura, T., Murakoshi, A., Hashimoto, Y., Niwaya, K., Kitamura, S., Fujisato, T. and Kishida, A., 2010. The use of high-hydrostatic pressure treatment to decellularize blood vessels.Biomaterials,31(13), pp.3590-3595. Mayer, J. and Suttner, S., 2009. Cardiac output derived from arterial pressure waveform.Current Opinion in Anesthesiology,22(6), pp.804-808 .