Observation as a Research Method: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Minimizing Observer Bias

This document discusses the main purpose of observation as a research method, outlining its advantages and disadvantages. It also explores the four dimensions of observation approaches and provides ways to minimize observer bias. Additionally, it critically evaluates the ethics of using concealed observation as a research method. The document is relevant to BMG827 coursework.

BMG827 Coursework

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Describing the main purpose of observation, outlining its advantage and disadvantages of the
research approach for collecting data-....................................................................................1
Discuss the four dimensions that have the distinguish the various approaches to the
observation.............................................................................................................................3
A disadvantage of observation is observer bias. Discuss at least two ways of minimizing
observer bias...........................................................................................................................5
Providence of critical evaluation's of the ethics which is using concealed observation as
research method......................................................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
Discussion of different level of mechanism which have the administration of the online
questionnaires regardless various advantages and disadvantages..........................................7
Explain the principles of wording, stating how these are important in questionnaire design,
citing examples not in the book..............................................................................................9
How are mixed methods of data collection and from multiple sources related to the reliability
and validity of the measures.................................................................................................10
Provide a critique regarding the statement of Every data collection method has its own built-in
biases. Therefore, resorting to mixed methods of data collection is only going to compound
the biases..............................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Observation is the huge level of technical job. The two individual could judge similar
criteria in different way. The observation which is more ranging from detached observation with
having no more participation to have the immersing completest in level of environmental. There
is researcher have the study of certain groups which can have usually the come to proper
experiments which have the prior level of knowledgeable along with subjective feelings about
the group is being studies.
As the researcher there is essential to have conduct the research with purpose for
observing with document their respective activities. There is major involution of the major mood
sensing retail devices that is personalizing the shopping experiences it is considered to be more
powerful tools in order to have increase in level of market shares along with understanding the
various needs and apperception of customer. There can be more appropriate level of evaluation
along with research design which have the major consideration over the corroboration finding
along with triangulates or convergence. In this report there will be clear discussion regarding the
research method and their respective implementation.
MAIN BODY
Describing the main purpose of observation, outlining its advantage and disadvantages of the
research approach for collecting data-
Observation-
It is the data collection method, through which knowledge of research phenomenon can
be collected by making observation. Observation is systematic approach for data collection. It
can have several purposes for which an observation could be conducted further are as follows-
 High level of flexibility in term of the application and generating permanent record of
phenomenon which are to be preferred later.
 For having a full understanding regrading the tactical & methodological improvisation is
to be developed for setting the interest.
 The individuals observations can be recorded which is further helpful in data collection.
 It has prolonged engagement in setting up or the social situations (Bloomer and et.al.,
2017).
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 This is helpful in maintaining the standardization with regard to gain imparting
attentions. The accurate information and data about individual, their task, and needs can be
developed through observation.
Advantages and disadvantage of observations-
Advantages-
 Simple method- It is most common and simple method of the data collection method. It
does not require so much of the technological knowledge into data collection. Whereas
scientific controlled observation need some technical skills of research, but still it is much
easier than another method. Each and every individual in today's world observes many
things into their routine life. For this a little training could make them perfect individual
for observing their surroundings.
 Helpful in framing the hypothesis- Observation is main base for formulating
hypothesis. By observing phenomenon frequently, the researcher can got acquainted with
observation. The researcher while collecting the data get to know about likes, dislikes,
problems, habits, various activities, perception and so many more thing (LaDonna and
et.al., 2017). All This is helpful in observing the overall data which can be observed by
the researcher.
 Great Accuracy- In another methods of research like questionnaire, interview etc., the
researcher is being depended on the information which is rendered by respondent. Thus,
it is indirect method and here investigator do not have any mean for examining accuracy
from the observed data. The several data can be further utilized for testing the relatability
of the individual behaviour. The data which is collected by observation is more reliable
than the data which is gathered through questionnaire or interview.
 Independent of individual's willingness for reporting- The observation do not need
any willingness of individual for providing information about them. Some individuals do
not have that much time or specific skill for rendering information to the researcher. This
can be possible whether there is no information and knowledge of the respondent.
Disadvantage-
 Some occurrence could not be open to the observations- There are many of the secret
activities or individual behaviours that are not open for the observations (Spradley,
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2016). In some cases individual so not allow any outsiders to study their activities thus
somehow this can bound observer to collect appropriate data for research.
 Lack of the reliability- As the due to this phenomenon can not be controlled or utilized
for laboratory experiment, generalization made by the observation methods are not such
reliable. The relativeness of social phenomenon and individual bias of observation again
develop difficulty for making valid generalization into the observations.
 Faulty perceptions- Observation is the huge level of technical job. As one can not
observe that what they are observing is same as it has been appeared. The two individual
could judge similar criteria in different way. An one individual could found something
useful and meaningful from the situation but the other can not find anything from it. The
scientific observation can be made by the observes while collecting the data if they are
having the technical knowledge.
 Personal biasseness of observer- The personal view, bias or looking at things in specific
way could often create obstacle for making it valid in generalization. The observer could
have their own idea of wrong and right or an individual could have various pre-
conception with related event that harms the overall objective of research.
 Slow investigation- It is very time taking process. The investigation can not be
conducted in short time period by observation it needs time for observer to investigate
and observe each and every thing and then further collect the data (Mintzberg, 2019). As
it is time taking it reduces interest of both observed and observer for continuing the
process of observations.
 Expensive- Observation needs plenty of time, cost and huge efforts. It includes staying
charges, gravelling and purchasing of sophisticated equipments which will be further
helpful in conducting the research. This is known as one of the most expensive method of
the data collection
Discuss the four dimensions that have the distinguish the various approaches to the observation.
There are four types of the observation which is more ranging from detached observation
with having no more participation to have the immersing completest in level of environmental.
Observation is the considered as the key data which have collections techniques in order to have
the understanding that people interacts along with challenges they have actually facing.
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The four types of the role for an observation research project which should be application of any
field or reach.
1. Complete observer
This is the detached observer which is notices by participants which is more way in
minimization which is likely to have the act of natural being observes. There is the consideration
of objectivist roles for the ethnographers which its fallen fall to have raising the ethical question
about possible decapsulation. The complete observer the role which have the ubiquity of video
camera along with remote observation remains to be viable option.
2. Observer As Participant
Here the researcher have the known level of knowledge along with being recognized by the
level of participants which is considered in many cases so that the participants have the knowing
of the research goals of observer (Thorpe and Olive, 2016). There is same level of
intercorrelations with the participants but the intercession is considered to be limited. There
researcher have the aim to plays the level of role of neutral participants as much as it is
considered to be possible. The approach is generally had the following the customer homes to
have the understanding how someone uses the level of software product to be accomplished.
3.Participant As Observer
In this case the researcher is considered to be fully engaged with participants as the friend or
colleges rather than the neutral level of third party. While here is full interaction with participant,
they have the still known as the that is more researcher. This is method which is Moffett where
the studying the remote indigenous population or inner city culture. The participant observer is
the considered to be more formal sense which have inclusiveness of the little systematize ans the
organized the inherently fluid in more appropriate way (Durbha, Kurte and Bhangale, 2017). But
even when it is used on a limited basis, there is no denying the power of this technique to
produce penetrating insights and highly contextual understanding.
4. Complete Participant
This is considered to be fully embedded research which is more about only to be spy. The
observer has the proper level of engagement with the participants along with partakes in their
level of activities (Gould and et.al, 2017). The participant are not ware with regards of
observation along with research is being more to be conducted which have fully level of
interactions with the researcher. This is timesome is being considered as the going narrative in
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referencing to have performance in indigenous field work. In this the researched is conducted
without the awareness of product early having proper interactionism of researcher.
A disadvantage of observation is observer bias. Discuss at least two ways of minimizing
observer bias.
Observer basis is the type of the detections which have the efficient the level of assessments on
the observational and interventional studies. There is more level of systematic references in
differences in between the true values along with variety which is actually observed due to
because of the observer variation.
On basis in recording the level of objective data will have the result in inadequateness level of
training with the different sue of measurement devices along with data sources along with
unchecked habit.
As the observer bas which can be more in tie of the experimentation bias or the research
bias is the tendency which have the expectancy to see as when the researcher have the studies a
certain group which they have usually to an experiment with proper level of knowledge along
with development of subjective feeling about the group which is being considered to be studies
(Popović and Thomas, 2017).
With the rerecords of the subjective data have the results in the formation of inadequate training
with the use of measurement services along with the due of measurement of data sources and
unchanged habits. In order to have the recording of the subjective data's, there is more level of
predisposition of the observers which are likely to have the underpinning of observer basis.
This is the observer known as the developmental of expectancy which is more over known as
the
expectancy bias
experimenter effects
Experimentation - expertness effect.
Information bias.
Observer Effects
Observer - Expectancy Effects
Researcher Basis.
The observer should have the conscious of their own biases along with having
unawareness of factors which have the influencing of decision making when recording the study
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information (Wu and et.al., 2018). On the other hand, randomized the controlled trial are having
proper deigned in order to provide the fairest controls as the test of different intervention.
Observer bias can be reduced or having the elimination through or being eliminated by -
 This can be reduced to have the prepose level of assurances that the observers is
considered to be well trained.
 There is requirement of the screening of difference observers on the potential basis's.
 This is done by havering the and making clear rules along with procedure in the place
different experimentalist.
 There is need to have making is the sure behaviours which are more clackers defines .
 This have the more setting time frames which is collecting data for the durations of the
experiments along with experimentalist parts.
Providence of critical evaluation's of the ethics which is using concealed observation as research
method.
Concealed observation is considered to be method where the occurrence of situation prevails
where observer have remained hidden from he different subjects which is related to study. This is
considered to be common of the wildlife situation where the human presences have the major
level of effect in ration to different subjects.
There is major role of providing the ethical approach where the observer participant is paying
major emphasis in collecting data rather than having participation in the activity. It is the major
responsibility of researcher.. On the other hand, researcher have to take some level of times
regarding the field note publicly which is reinforcing the researcher is non-performing to have
collections data for the research purpose. On the other, the author contradict that research should
share the sufficient level of information regarding the question and presence of different
authority. This means there should be constant level of introducing oneself regarding as
researcher.
On the other hand, the other ethical responsibility is to have proper preserving of the anonymity
of the participants in order to have preventative of identification along with filed notes be sub
opened for respective inspection.
There the () point about that there is need of ethical concerns regarding the establishment of
relationships in order to have conduction of the Concealed observation. In addition to that there
are needs by researcher to have the development of close relationships. On the other hand the
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contradict that it as those relationships are difficult to have maintenances which can be due to
connectivity and distant issues. In addition to that it has been already maintain that the concealed
observation or the covert participant have considered to have the providence of detailed
informations or portraitist of contextualized level of social realities. On the other hand, argued
that there researcher with an advocacy and emancipatory paradigm, who have the aim of
experiencing and representation of social representativeness by facing continues level of
challenges regarding ethical restriction on the veracious research methods. In addition to that
researcher have found it more level of difficulty as the Concealed observation is found about to
be more level of complexity and challenging in ethical manners when it comes out to be
originally anticipation. The researcher are level in facing the more level of ethical challenges as
were not psychologically prepared regarding the embedded problem they have identified in the
field in order to conduct the research. The researched have identified as atmosphere is trying to
became more level of increasing regulations and hammed by the ethical constraints. There is
widespread level of confusion which in between the deceptiveness along the Concealed
observation activity which means to have the developmental of conventional literature reviews
which have the basic level of focus on the clarifying of the major ethical issues.
In addition to the ethical terms, it is turning out to be difficult for the researchers in order to
have been aware of things which are happening all around them. There are still the preferences
of choices to be made as the researchers have to use the informations which is available to them.
It is not uncommon regarding the ethical decisions which is to be made after the events which
can have reference to material that has been obtained to the decision without the adequate level
of disclosure.
TASK 2
Discussion of different level of mechanism which have the administration of the online
questionnaires regardless various advantages and disadvantages.
With the advancement of various technologies along with communication systems, researchers
have found out the better methods of data collections which have the clear involvement of the
telephone survey, computerized data along with cell phones, pagers in order to have collection of
information at the regular and random interval. Although it has been identifies as internet is
becoming more common fixtures in contemporary life as remain relatively unused for primary
data collection in a good deal of research filed.
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There are involvement of different level of mechanism which have major level of
involvement of the online level of questionnaire. There are joining of the major level of
involvement which are such as the joining of social media into the party among with
improvement in data collection. In addition to that there is creation of new research roles which
have providence of informations about the data which is obtainer from different level of mobile
devices which is translated in more effective and efficient manner.
The different types of the mechanism which will be helpful in dealing with increase in level of
questionnaire in more perfect ways. The more basis level of questionnaire with the use of
technology are such as the -
Social Media Platforms
It is on the basis of the template which is deigned to have the selection of information
with regard to the social media advertising. This stage is being proffered as the template which
consisting a lot of potentiality in order to have the gathering of informations about the social
media usage in more particular way. This platform is this is analysed as the more level of
interactions to have the creating an increase engagement in more way of sharing the people who
share opinions, ideas, and information of interest with one another. This platform have been
identifies as the one beneficial as It is helpful in creating the increase level of awareness of the
social and political issues which have organised the level of demonstration. On the other have it
has decrease the real world perpetuity along with peroneal connectionless and possibilities of
cyber bullying.
Email Based Survey
The embedding of email questionnaire are considered to be most effective method in order to
have accurate conduction of the survey itself. There are respondent which have the clear
formation of the questionnaire in the email body which are considered to be usually short. This
have the clear recommendation in order to not makes them more level of exhaustive. This
research has been limited in more personalized way to have collection of the easy creations
regrading with email based questionnaire.
The advantages of this method is all about the giving the respondent the level of flexibility in
order to have the completion's of the particularistic convinces and more quality in the awarding
the research. On the other hand, there is involvement of low level of respondent which results in
inaccurate statistical analysis.
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Explain the principles of wording, stating how these are important in questionnaire design, citing
examples not in the book.
The principle of wording is regardless the appropriateness of the contents which is regards of
questions. The nature has variable which be tapped to have the determination of question as
asked. The purpose of the each question should be carefully which is considerate to be variables
which are needed to be adequately measured which have no superfluous question has been
asked.
There are five basic principles in order to have the designing effective level of questionnaires to
have the fowling if the researchers should have followed is the better writing.
Be comprehensive
Here should be clear and comprehensive uses of languages to have ease cognitive burden in term
of respondent. As the each and every questionnaire have the reduction in respondents capability
of concentration. Therefore, it is necessary in order to keep attention are regarding the question
be more level of comprehensives as possible. This is especially to have the less educated people
in research sample.
Be clear
The questionnaire should be more clear along with being unambiguous as the vague buzz along
with unfamiliar terms which will have effective bluing the results. Ever though the respondents
have the clear understanding, the analysis will be done in some other perception. There should be
proper carefulness as every thing being comprehensive and contrary. There should be always
keep the respondent in mind.
Be Neutral
The researcher should have the clear avoidance of the suggestive questionnaire along with one
which is considered to be unbalanced answering questions. The respondent have not necessarily
but have the major leaning towards one or another answering options. In this case, there are not
the facts of measuring any objective but have the approvals toward simplicity the subjective
standpoints. Hence, there should understanding of the data which not biased taking the
standpoint which is neutrals along with being objectives whenever a writing the questionnaire.
Operational
It is considered to be more identifying the various level of attitudes along with behaviours
which cannot be directly evaluated. There should be proper level of operational pricing as the
9

concepts along transliterate them into to have clear along with tangible indicators. On the other
hand, lifestyle oriented is regards to have the specific products or hyperactivities during the last
few weeks.
Mind the order.
As the clues which is regarding as the questionnaire which have the effectors to have the
answering the question which is needed to be follow. There are respondents any have the effects
to have resplendent choices along with answering option. There is in effects to have the short
term's memory of making accurate decision making. It is to have the optimization of the all the
questionnaire which is needed to get as per naturals and unbiased feedback.
How are mixed methods of data collection and from multiple sources related to the reliability
and validity of the measures
The mixed approach have rise up to the prominences as the researcher are more in way of opting
the type of research in both qualitative and quantitative approach. In addition to that the data are
collected there are mixed methods of data collection which can be extended as the s,
questionnaires, interviews, classroom observations, diaries, journals, etc. Quite often,
quantitative designs use tests and closed-ended questionnaires in order to gather, analyse and
interpret the data. These methods have the anticipation of the multifaceted approach that have
the combination in order to capitalize the different level of strength along with resurfacing the
weakness while using the single level of research design. This is approach will be beneficial in
collection all level of informations along with evaluating data which have the increase in level of
assistances to have the validity ans reasonability of the research.
The major common areas in which there can be applicability in regards the mixed method
approaches have the clear inclusiveness of antialiasing, designing, developing along with having
reprover level of interventions. In addition to have
On the other hand, the mixed approaches are facsimileing major level of challenges which have
the delineation complementary qualitative and quantitative research question. In adaptation to
that there is more level of time intensive data along with analysis which is inclusion of decision
regardless the various level of research methods to have the major level of combination's in more
perfect way.
There are more level of challenges for the respective level of call for training and
multidisciplinary collaborationist which have the acquirement of the greater level of resources
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which have the identifying of the other key issues along with ensuring participation of experts in
qualitative and quantitative research in more perfect way. On the other hand, the mixed methods
which is useful highlighting complex research problems such as the more level of health
disparities which can be transformative in addressing the major issues for vulnerable or the
marginalised sub population which have clear involvement of the community participation. So
the surveys are considered to be variables by using designed along being tested for validity
along with reliability with target groups who are completing the survey.
There are various strategies which are used to have the validity of data with the
implication of triangulation methods to have the due of multiple forms of data which can have
the major level of focus along, such as focus groups, observation and in-depth interviews to
investigate the evaluation objectives. Utilising multiple data collection methods leads to an
acceptance of reliability and validity when the data from the various sources are comparable and
consistent.
Many of the participants which have the major assembling of the role individually in
more manners to have the quantitative trend along with assessing the level of trustworthiness of
the qualitative strand. In has been understood that there I the major level of importances of
assessing the more level of validity with trust worthiness of the ex individuals which is
implemented in more appropriate manners. So there is more level of acceptances to have the
researcher in order to have the careful level of analysis all the stages of the process in form of
qualitative, quantitative am mixed approaches.
Hence, there are the various in order to have the boosting the availability and
reasonability of the data which are the instrumental which is delineated at the length in more
erect manner. It has been believed that the qualitative research have the usually presented the
numerical forms which have the television table, diagram along figures. This results will have
the presented the descriptive with narrative form in which researcher effort are made researchers
to makes in efforts have the process of representation in outcomes which have investment of the
recounting process of research.
The decision in the mixed approach as the combination's of descriptive along with statistical is
predominated so the approached are considered which is statistically or mainly qualitative which
is predominates of the to have development of mixed designing to be in more workable optician
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to have the reporting the evaluation's process. On the other hand the has been argued any
researcher have need to have the enhances the validity and irresistibility of the data.
Provide a critique regarding the statement of Every data collection method has its own built-in
biases. Therefore, resorting to mixed methods of data collection is only going to compound
the biases.
The data are considered to be more level of valuable as the to man level of informations are
unweighted along with existence of wrong data will be considered to be useless. The choice of
having the right data collection method can have the understanding in terms to have differences
between the useful insights along with time wasting misdirection. On the other hand using more
than one method of data collections in the research is considered to be the well established
methods to have the particular level of mixing in terms of the qualitative and quantitative
methods which is often called as the mixed method research. This have received that greatest
level of attentions in more recent years which have the intrinsic values.
As per, there is major focus of the various combination as the rationale have tends to major focus
n process of validation as per the data analysis which is gaining more level of popularity to the
fuller prices of the subject under investigation's. More level of modest note of complexity as the
notion of the complementary where there are captures of complexity or different aspects of the
phenomena. There are additions to mixed methods which is more level of allowing as the mixed
approaches are facsimileing major level of challenges which have the delineation complementary
qualitative and quantitative research question. In adaptation to that there is more level of time
intensive data along with analysis which is inclusion of decision regardless the various level of
research methods to have the major level of combination's in more perfect way.
The multidisciplinary methods have the facilitated the different understanding in regards with
the people who are comprehending the which is used to have the multiple methods which would
be increase the level of chances of greeting one method that has the anteroposterior the
individuals participant.
In addition to that the mixed methods which is useful highlighting complex research problems
such as the more level of health disparities which can be transformative in addressing the major
issues for vulnerable or the marginalised sub population which have clear involvement of the
community participation.
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In addition to that the researcher who are using the quantitative and qualitative research, there
are more gains in breath and depth of the different understanding long the collaboration which is
helpful in setting the weakness inherent the using of different approach by itself. In addition to
that the researcher may have the undertaking the mixed method researcher for the pragmatics
reasons as there is more level of risk which is running in there respective study without having
the sufficiency embeddedness to the discipline theory in more perfect manner. As one the other
hand, it has been argued that there rise in level of issues at dissemination stages as it may be
considered to be more level of difficulty to have the present the numbers and words coherently.
In addition to that the multidisciplinary research have the major inclusion of the problem which
are associated to have the multiple level of focus on the sustainable field. In addition, that the
researcher which have inclusiveness in term of complex issues where is difficult to have reach
with the help of questionnaire which having the necessary level of applicability to have the
implementation of the quantitative methods, there this strategy will be considered as successful.
In adaptation to that the complex and particulate content as to bring out the important different
perspective to counterbalance. There are more practicals and policy related academic research.
This results will have presented descriptive with narrative form in which researcher effort are
made researchers to makes in efforts have the process of representation in outcomes which have
investment of the recounting process of research.
CONCLUSION
From the above file it can be concluded that There are many of the secret activities or individual
behaviours that are not open for the observations There are four types of the observation which is
more ranging from detached observation with having no more participation to have the
immersing completest in level of environmental. This is timesome is being considered as the
going narrative in referencing to have performance in indigenous field work. In this the
researched is conducted without the awareness of product early having proper interactionism of
researcher. Research should share the sufficient level of information regarding the question and
presence of different authority. The ethical terms turning out to be difficult for the researchers in
order to have been aware of things which are happening all around them. The purpose of the
each question should be carefully which is considerate to be variables which are needed to be
adequately measured which have no superfluous question has been asked. Utilising multiple data
collection methods leads to an acceptance of reliability and validity when the data from the
13

various sources are comparable and consistent. The multidisciplinary methods have the
facilitated the different understanding in regards with the people who are comprehending the
which is used to have the multiple methods .
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