2 Table of Contents Table of Contents.........................................................................................................2 Introduction...................................................................................................................3 High risks construction works.......................................................................................3 A systems model of construction accident causation...............................................3 Legislations and technical guidelines...........................................................................5 Legislations...................................................................................................................5 Construction Workers Registration Ordinance (Chapter 583)..................................5 Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance” (Chapter 509).....................................5 “Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance” (Chapter 59).............................5 Cap 618 Lifts and Escalators ordinance...................................................................5 Technical guidelines.....................................................................................................6 Safety Measures on working in Hot weather version 3 2019...................................6 Guidelines on safety on design, installation and cast maintenance anchors version 2017..........................................................................................................................6 Guidelines on Work-Above-Ground Safety (November 2016).................................6 Guidelines on Safety of Lift Shaft Works: Volume 3 – Throughout the Occupation Stage of Building (November 2013)..........................................................................6 Guidelines on Safety of Tower Cranes (Version 2 - July 2010)...............................7 Effectiveness of the registration system.......................................................................7 Recommendation..........................................................................................................8 Conclusion....................................................................................................................8 References...................................................................................................................9
3 Introduction The construction industry continues to be one of the most dangerous and hazardous occupation field globally despite the changes in safety Acts since the implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Workers in this sector are continuing to experience increased rates of fatalities compared to other types of industries according to the Bureau of Labour Statistics (2011). In the year 2012, the construction industry was coupled with an estimate of 856 fatalities accounting to 19% of all industries based on data collected by the Bureau of statics (BLS, 2013). It is estimated that there about 60,000 fatalities globally being reported (Lingard, 2013). In the United States, the number of fatalities in the construction industry rose by 16% from the year 2011-2014 (BLS, 2015). In the United Kingdom between 2010 and2014,therewereabout217reportedfatalinjuries(YiandChan,2016) meanwhile in Hong Kong there was a total of 3467 accidents and 20 fatalities in 2014 (Labour Department, Hong Kong). In the year 2018, there were 3726 injuries with44fatalities (OSH,2018).Inthissense,constructioncontinuestobea fundamental avenue for danger and many safety measures have been formulated to improve the safety and health standards (Lingard, 2013). Majority of the construction workers are the frontline of job sites and are subject to various chemical hazards and physical dangers in the building process. These hazards are a risks factor of leading to acute and chronic illness among the workers. In this focus, assessment of high risks construction works, legislations and application of registrationsystems as safety precautions will be highlighted. High risks construction works Building and construction industry has been viewed for a long time as an industries and dangerous filed involving difficult work and tasks such as lifting operations and working in heights. The accident rates are often used for benchmark in construction safety performances. The construction workers continue to spend an increased amountoftimeinhighrisksconstructionplaceswhichincreasestheoverall incidence of fatality among this group (Chan, 2016). Accidents are frequent due to increased access to dangerous sites leading to an increase in injuries and reported fatalities. In Hong Kong, the prevalence of construction accidents is high due to low implementation and availability of safety measures and the presence of unskilled labour. The underlying consequences are increased rates of injuries (Jazayeri and Dadi, 2017). A systems model of construction accident causation Various models have been postulated in the past to explain construction industry accidents in a bid to predict accident occurrence. A systems model of causation in thefigurebelowdemonstratesacause-effectrelationshipintheHongKong construction industry and how various interplay factors contribute to occurrence and spike in accident and fatalities. A positive sign showcase changes in the factor of X and Y changes in the same direction while a negative sign signifies a change in the opposite way.
4 Figure1System Model of accident causation (Mitropoulos et al., 2005) This model illustrates that unpredictable tasks linked in the construction industry and theworkingenvironmentareincreasingtherisksofaccidentsoccurrenceand elevates hazardous states and production levels (Mitropoulos et al., 2005). High risks construction works have been categorised as those that engage high repetitive motions, increased backward postures, and segmental vibration of the body and high force tasks. Concerning these musculoskeletal disorders is the major source of occupational injuries suffering this state. Further repetitive tasks in the construction site lead to musculoskeletal diseases with increases states of disability, sickness absenteeism and days of lost work which increases the rate of productivity, worker costs compensation and health care costs (Yi and Chan, 2016). Majority of occupational injuries in Hong Kong are increasing every year most of these injuries are occasioned by height and slip fall injuries while carrying objects. A most dangerous type of accident causing more occupational injuries is linked with trips and falls. In analysing on the incidence and mortality rates, data have shown thatinjuriesfromfallsandtripsweretheprevalentcausationwithincreasing incidence and mortality rate. Falls from occupational tasks dealing with heights accounted for increased incidence rates and have shown more rates of occupational injuries. Studies globally have demonstrated that falls accounts for larger proportions of injuries and deaths globally (Spring, 2007). Further, according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, falls from Height are the leading fatality causation in the construction industry (Merchant, et al., 2013).The elevated mortality rates in Hong Kong construction industry at 24.3 and average fatal accidents rate 78% are predominant across all industries. The increased rates of mortality in Hong Kong could be attributed to a high number of temporary workers, aging workers, poor workingconditionsandlimitedconstructionsafetyattitudesintheconstruction industry (Shafique and Rafiq, 2019).
Paraphrase This Document
Need a fresh take? Get an instant paraphrase of this document with our AI Paraphraser
5 Legislations and technical guidelines Workplace Safety and Health Institute studies report that increased fatality cases linked to occupational accidents were high in Asia compared to other regions of the world (Kines and Mikkelsen, 2003), further, in this category, construction workers are at n increased risks. A study by Sunindijo and Zou (2011) showed that in various countries, construction industry accidents were high compared to any other sector. Majority f these accidents are due to lack of awareness of safety precautions (Dejus, 2011). Further, construction industries are faced with multifarious activities due to difficult sites and challenging work conditions. Further, they are termed as temporary projectssincetheyarenotonpermanentbasisdoingthetasks.Construction workers thus spend a lot of time in high risks construction sites leading to elevated fatalities (Feng, Zhang and Wu, 2015). In Hong Kong, the high prevalence of construction accidents is due to low safety measures and the presence of unskilled labour. Legislations Construction Workers Registration Ordinance (Chapter 583) This is an ordinance to offer registration of construction workers through the payment of a levy by the contracts in respect with the operations of the constructions, workers regulation and other related matters. This act prohibits workers who are engaged in constructionworkwithoutpriorregistrationandoffersguidelinesonworkby employees should be carried concerning skills and type of registration. Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance” (Chapter 509) This act Cap 509 offers an ordinance avenue for ensuring the safety and health of people while at work and ensures that safe working places are adhered to. Further, it offers employees at work stations avenues for improving employee safety at the workplace. This is crucial at the construction industry to ensure safety standards and injury reporting guidelines are implemented. “Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance” (Chapter 59) This act offers an embedment for the law relating to factories and industrial aspects in the employment of young persons, women and children in the work industry. It offers guidelines and expectations of various personnel such as the proprietor in industrial undertaking to ensure their is saftey for those. Further, the employee must take reasonable care of himself and other persons at the workplace. Further roles of other key personnel such as the power of commissioner are highlighted concerning industrial construction works. Cap 618 Lifts and Escalators ordinance An ordinance essential in providing safety of lifts and escalators including registration of contractors, engineers and workers tasked with work of lifts and escalators. It
6 offersguidelinesforapplicationtoworkinthesaidunit,registrationsoflift contractors, the registration process of lift engineers and all the safety protocols in the construction industry about lifts and escalators. Technical guidelines Safety Measures on working in Hot weather version 3 2019 This guideline is a good practices recommendation offered by the construction industry council (CIC) offering guidance in the construction industry measures in protecting workers in hot weather. Based on the occupational safety and health ordinance(Chapter59)andFactoriesandIndustrialUndertakingsOrdinance” chapter59,employersneedtoensuresafetyandassuresthehealthofthe employees. The employers have the sole responsibility of proving and maintaining systems of work which are safe and without health risks. The construction workers havetheresponsibilityofbeingawareofthephysicalconditionandlimit overexertion, further, they need to comply with safety guidelines while working in hot weather. Guidelines on safety on design, installation and cast maintenance anchors version 2017 With the increase in the rise on frequent accidents linked to repairing, maintenance and alterations in work buildings, committee on construction safety offers permanent safety issues entailing aspects such s the gondola system, service platforms and anchor devices to be installed in the external walls of the new building while being constructed. These safety features allow future repair works smooth and reduces occurrences of falls among workers due to heights. This document offers technical guidelinesfor design, location andmaintenanceeof thecastinanchorsand equipment. Guidelines on Work-Above-Ground Safety (November 2016) Unsafe work done above the ground has been linked to increasing rates of falls from heights leading to serious injuries and fatalities. This guideline offers avenues where work above ground should offer platforms to stand on. Suitable light-duty platforms need to be used. This guideline offers a reference for fundamental elements of a safe work system and safety management system to enhance safety on above groundworkinconstructionsites.Furthersafeuseguidelinesofplatformsare documented in the guideline (Kong Legislations Online). Guidelines on Safety of Lift Shaft Works: Volume 3 – Throughout the Occupation Stage of Building (November 2013) This publication offers good practice management for enhancing personnel safety for those who works near or inside shafts during the occupation period. The guideline offer practice measures through the construction stage, lift installation stage and during the occupation stage.
7 Guidelines on Safety of Tower Cranes (Version 2 - July 2010) This guide offers safety measures to be undertaken while using lifts and enhance the safety of the tower operations. The guidelines cover avenue of checking before the erection of tower cranes, improving site operations, qualification and experiences of specialist contractors and working with experienced and competent workmen's and persons. NoticeoftheCodeofPracticeforReasonableMeasuresof“Instructionand Supervision” Further notices of instruction and supervision guidelines in the construction sites have been formulated to be adopted and followed by supervisors and site managers in how to manage workers at sites as an avenue of reducing harm and injury (Hong Kong Legislations Online). Effectiveness of the registration systemas an implementation tool The Construction and workers registration bill was passed in 2004 and became the Construction Workers Registration Ordinance Cap 583 Laws of Hong Kong. In this act, the Construction Workers Registration Authority was established to implement. Construction workers registration systems were developed as a requirement as per theConstruction Workers Registration Ordinance (Cap.583). This system offers the industry with an automated and easy platform manner to manage and collect the attendance records of registered workers.This system has been fully in operational since September 2017 which replaced the Computerized Registration Management System (CRMS) and Site Attendance Module Programme (SATM). Each worker who has been registered according to skill level are issued with smart cards valid for 3 years. The card has the portrait, relevant categories, validity period and the relevant electronic data embedded in a chip insider. Every construction worker has the fundamental responsibility to produce his registration smart card while entering and exiting a construction site. This will allow for verification of the workers throughbiometric authenticationand the record holder information are forwarded to the CWRA. Through a combination of automatic registration, card reader, authentication of the biometric system at the site entrance, monitoring and management of construction workers at the construction site at a single site are essential and effective processes. Currently, the majority of the workers are using the optical scanner palm point as dirtyhandscanoftenleadtoproblemswhilereadingthescans.Therecords capturedaresentperiodicallytotheCRWAaspartofthefulfilmentoflegal requirements. Further, contractors and sub-contractors have used the system for managing human resources issues and wage payment processing. Despite this scanning of the palm is often time-consuming bearing in mind a large number of workers and a significant amount of time lost in productive work. This necessitates the use of more palm –print scanning machines which is often limited to processing space at the site. Workers spend an increased amount of time queuing often results in the lost time leading to be being recorded to as late for work, leading to unnecessary labour disputes. Other employers in the construction sites have been
Secure Best Marks with AI Grader
Need help grading? Try our AI Grader for instant feedback on your assignments.
8 forced to set up a separate system for workers registration on actual arrival and departure time. Further another challenge has been the aspect of random checking of workers at site is often impractical as it leads to lost time going for verification at palm print machines at specific sites. Even though the majority of the constructions sites offering single point locations, the scattered nature of the construction sites all over makes it hard for the single point locations. Further, some of the construction sites have a smaller area to allow the installationofthegadgets,duetothischallengecontractualrequirementfor authentification process are waived. This will necessitate the foreman to use the personal digital assistant device to read the smart cards for site registration. This problem often leads to the following issues; -It casts doubts on the actual number of workers at the construction site as it may lead to falsification of cards -There is a high chance of impersonation and illegal practices of working in construction site exist. -Time record in the personal digital assistant can be falsified. -The determination of the registration place often remains largely unknown due to the challenge of worker identity issues. This aspect increases the construction costs and alleviates operational cost leading tojeopardyontheactualintendedaspectsofregistrationatconstructionsite hampering safety practices (Yeung, 2017). Recommendation To solve such issues and challenges at a construction site, developing a personal digital device which can be moved easily without compromising the intent of the registration is crucial for the development of a mobile identification site which can be moved at the site is fundamental for tackling challenges occasioned by the current singlepoint registration system mechanism. Further, settingregulation toallow defined arrival times at construction sites cutting across the industry is essential to allow essential time for preparation and documentation process before workers can start work at construction sites. This further enhances safety issues as all have to arrive before gaining entry into the site. Conclusion Workplacesafetycontinuestobeafundamentalissueinconstructionplaces. Enhancing the safety of the employees through the application of good and safe practices at worksites is essential. Hong Kong construction industry has laid down various regulations and laws which given and managed the affairs of the workers. Majority of the issues have been aligned based on the requirements and adherence of the laws and regulation for the sector. Implementation of the worker registration system was a fundamental avenue for managing workers. Despite the tremendous achievements observed in the system, the underlying challenge has been noted. The aspect of single-point verification assessment has often brought challenges in the manner in which workers cue to be verified. Introducing an innovative personal digital assistance device to aid in this process is essential. Further provision of mobile machines for allowing for faster verification process is inherent.
9 References ChanO.2016.MeetingChallengesofHK’sConstructionIndustry. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2012-12/14/content_16016231.htm. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2013. National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2012. (December, 2013). Mitropoulos,P.,Abdelhamid,T.S.andHowell,G.A.,2005.Systemsmodelof constructionaccidentcausation.Journalofconstructionengineeringand management,131(7), pp.816 825. Jazayeri, E. and Dadi, G.B., 2017. Construction safety management systems and methodsofsafetyperformancemeasurement:Areview.JournalofSafety Engineering,6(2), pp.15-28. Lingard, H. 2013. "Occupational health and safety in the construction industry." Construction management and economics 31(6): 505-514. BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics). 2015. “2003–2014 census of fatal occupational injuries.”http://www.bls.gov/(Mar. 15, 2015)〈〉 Dėjus, T., 2007, May. Accidents on construction sites and their reasons. InThe 8th International Conference on Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques (pp. 16-18). Kines, P. and Mikkelsen, K.L., 2003. Effects of firm size on risks and reporting of elevation fall injury in construction trades.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,45(10), pp.1074-1078. Labour Department, Hong Kong . Occupational Safety and Health Branch, Labour Department,HongKongGovernment;2016.OccupationalSafetyandHealth StatisticsBulletinIssueNo.15(August2015). http://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/osh/pdf/Bulletin2014.pdf. Hong Kong, Legislations (Online ). https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/ Lingard,H.2013.Occupationalhealthandsafetyintheconstructionindustry. Construction management and economics,31(6), 505-514. Merchant, J. A., Lind, D. P., Kelly, K. M., & Hall, J. L. 2013. An employee total health management–basedsurveyofiowaemployers.Journalofoccupationaland environmentalmedicine/AmericanCollegeofOccupationalandEnvironmental Medicine,55(12 0), S73. Spring, B. (2007). Evidence‐based practice in clinical psychology: What it is, why it matters; what you need to know.Journal of clinical psychology,63(7), 611-631.
10 Sunindijo, R.Y. and Zou, P.X., 2012. Political skill for developing construction safety climate.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,138(5), pp.605-612. Yeung, A.T., 2017. A mobile biometric authentication system for site management in HongKong.ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers-Management, Procurement and Law,170(4), pp.172-180. Yi, W. and Chan, A., 2016. Health profile of construction workers in Hong Kong. International journal of environmental research and public health,13(12), p.1232.