Functioning of Body Systems

FUNCTIONING OF BODY SYSTEMS 1
INTERACTIONS OF THE BODY SYSTEMS
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Question one
The Brodie’s body size and shape are unhealthy according to his health status. It is not normal
for a 55-year-old male to weigh 95 kg, waist circumference of 100 cm and being 185cm at the
same time. The abnormal body size and shape of Brodie is due to his health complications of

FUNCTIONING OF BODY SYSTEMS 2
which he has been diagnosed with a cold disease which is also known as mild upper respiratory
infection. The ideal body size and shape for Brodie is supposed to rate at a waist girth of 25cm
lower than his hips. The waist girth for a normal health person should be equivalent to his or her
height minus 100 in centimeters. So, if the height of brodie was 185 cm tall the waist was
supposed to be 185 minus 100 which would be equal to 85 cm. The 95 kilograms of Brodie at 55
years can be termed as overweight while the 100 cm of waist circumference according to his
height can be considered as less like signs of obesity (Boron and Boulpaep, 2012). Brodie had
high blood cholesterol and his blood pressure was 150/95mmHg. All the Brodie’s problems were
due to lifestyles such as eating habits. Brodie requires to engage in activities like regular body
exercises so as to get health approach to reduce weight gain and also decrease the obesity
prevalence. High intake of fiber in the diet and reduction of energetic foods can help to protect
against obesity and weight gain. To decrease the risk of obesity and overweight and to retain the
normal body shape and size can be also be achieved through low intake of glycemic index meals.
The unhealth body size and shape changes is mostly brought by nutrition transition due to
lifestyle changes (Grogan, 2016).
Question two
The roles of muscular system in the body is to maintain the body posture, circulatory system
control and locomotion. During aerobic cell respiration a combination of Krebs cycle and
glycolysis are the efficient but a slower of generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the human
body. Anaerobic respiration involves glycolysis only which is inefficient but it is a quick way of
producing ATP where pyruvate is converted to lactose. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of
carbohydrate component like glucose by enzymes resulting to the production of pyruvate and
ATP. In Krebs there are sequence of reactions that converts the produced pyruvate into water,
carbon dioxide and further resulting to generation of ATP. The skeletal muscle fibers are
subdivided further into fast and slow- twitch and subtypes, these types depend on the metabolism
involved and the corresponding action (Kuznetsov et al, 2008).
The slow – twitch fibers are used during the endurance activities that need repeated and long-
term contractions such as running long distances or when maintaining a posture. The slow-
twitch contractions mostly depends on aerobic respiration where 30 ATP molecules are
generated from each molecule of glucose in the oxygen presence. The contractions are thus

FUNCTIONING OF BODY SYSTEMS 3
slower than in anaerobic respiration and therefore not suitable for rapid movements but, it is
efficient because one does not get tired quickly. As aerobic respiration requires large amount of
oxygen the slow- twitch fibers are accompanied with several blood vessels, myoglobin
concentrations and mitochondria. The slow- twitch plays a key role when a person is standing
(Handler and Coghlan, 2008).
The fast- twitch are commonly useful for quick movements like sprinting and jumping which
requires short durations of fast muscle contractions. Contrary to the slow- twitch fibers, the fast-
twitch fibers depend on glycolysis alone (anaerobic respiration) where two molecules of ATP are
produced per one molecule of glucose. It is not efficient like aerobic respiration but it is
appropriate for quick burst movements because it does not depend on oxygen (Gibala and
McGee, 2008). The lactate, a byproduct of glycolysis, decreases the PH by accumulation in the
tissue which makes it more acidic and produces a stingy feeling in the muscle while a person is
exercising. The accumulation of lactic acid (lactate) in the muscle tissue limits further anaerobic
respiration and this counter intuitive feedback is a feedback process that protect the muscle from
damage and over-exertion. Fast- twitch fibers do not require oxygen and contains fewer
mitochondria, myoglobin and blood vessels than slow- twitch fibers. Though the fast -twitch
fibers that uses anaerobic respiration is useful mostly while performing repeated exercising
alterations of the composition and a number of respirations is necessary to improve individual’s
activity to perform functions that are related to circulatory and respiratory systems improvements
(Johanson et al, 2008).
Question three
The circulatory system is planned in a way to ensure all body cells survives at any moment and
this is enabled through maintenance of the instantaneous chemical environment of all the cells in
the body. The respiration system is responsible for carrying oxygen to and removes the carbon
dioxide from the body cells through the blood. A lot of activities do occur in the body even when
one is at rest. The body cells require a lot of energy so as to perform several body activities like
creation of new cells, sending messages and transporting nutrients (Patel and Wang, 2010). The
cells need oxygen to enable them release energy stored in the food molecules such as glucose.
The cellular respiration path is responsible for the intake of oxygen by cells to breakdown the
food molecules to release energy. The respiratory systems work together to supply oxygen to the