Issues Relating to Brain Computer Interface

Running head: BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE
Brain Computer Interface
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1BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE
Discuss issues relating to BCI, brain-computer interface
Ahn and Chan Jun1 stated that the brain computer interface (BCI) is such a system which
can measure action of central nervous system in addition to convert into simulated output to
replace, restore, enhance as well as improve output of central nervous system (CNS). It leads to
change ongoing interactions among CNS as well as external and internal environment.
Abdulkader, Atia and Mostafa2 discussed that BCI are systems which can use signals recorded
from brain in order to enable interaction as well as control applications for the individuals. Azab
et al.3 illustrated that BCI are devices which can determine signals from brain as well as convert
it into executable outputs by help of machines like computer. This BCI technology is used from
assistive devices to hinder persons to move forward towards video game control. According to
Burwell, Sample and Racine4 main usage of BCI is followed by the researchers is assistive
technology for the persons to debilitate loss of management over motors like amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis plus spinal cord injuries. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients are entered locked in
state where they lose all functions of motor included aptitude to speak. In order to help the
individuals, BCI electroencephalogram-based spelling system is being developed. The devices
are used electrodes for recording brain signals from surface of scalp in addition to the users can
type messages based on specific mails on the screen.
1 Ahn, Minkyu, and Sung Chan Jun. "Performance variation in motor imagery brain–computer interface: a brief
review." Journal of neuroscience methods 243 (2015): 103-110.
2 Abdulkader, Sarah N., Ayman Atia, and Mostafa-Sami M. Mostafa. "Brain computer interfacing: Applications and
challenges." Egyptian Informatics Journal 16, no. 2 (2015): 213-230.
3 Azab, Ahmed M., Jake Toth, Lyudmila S. Mihaylova, and Mahnaz Arvaneh. "A review on transfer learning
approaches in brain–computer interface." Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Brain-Machine
Interfaces (2018): 81-98.
4 Burwell, Sasha, Matthew Sample, and Eric Racine. "Ethical aspects of brain computer interfaces: a scoping
review." BMC medical ethics 18, no. 1 (2017): 60.

2BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE
Burwell and Racine5 discussed that there is direct connections among BCI which can
create among brain as well as computer by means of peripheral nervous system. Fingers are used
to form email on the laptop as well as vocal muscles are used to produce speech as well as
cooperate with the voice recognition systems. National Science Foundation6 argued that BCI is
used to capture signals directly from the central nervous system to the brain. Azab et al.7
mentioned that users of BCI can carry out intention to carry out motor tasks throughout changes
into the system occured by means of electrodes detecting signals. Success into the
commissioning the system can base on grouping of unconscious operant conditioning of
responses of brain as well as purpose oriented opportunities of the subjects. It impairs subject’s
ability to appreciate benefits plus risks of the techniques and processes and provides informed
consent to contribute into BCI research along with treatment.
Abdulkader, Atia and Mostafa8 argued that there is direct connections BCI can create
among brains as well as computers to raise ethical questions. The user can interact with the
computers by means of peripheral nervous system. There are moral implications ranging from
questions of security to humankind losses. The users have less control over thoughts as
compared to actions. Ahn and Chan Jun9 stated that there is other ethical question based on
5 Burwell, Sasha, and Eric Racine. "Ethical Questions Raised By Brain-Computer Interfaces - BMC Series
Blog". BMC Series Blog. (2017). https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2017/12/18/ethical-questions-
raised-by-brain-computer-interfaces/.
6 National Science Foundation. Mysteries Of The Brain: Brain-Computer Interface Video (2015).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7t84lGE5TXA.
7 Azab, Ahmed M., Jake Toth, Lyudmila S. Mihaylova, and Mahnaz Arvaneh. "A review on transfer learning
approaches in brain–computer interface." Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Brain-Machine
Interfaces (2018): 81-98.
8 Abdulkader, Sarah N., Ayman Atia, and Mostafa-Sami M. Mostafa. "Brain computer interfacing: Applications and
challenges." Egyptian Informatics Journal 16, no. 2 (2015): 213-230.
9 Ahn, Minkyu, and Sung Chan Jun. "Performance variation in motor imagery brain–computer interface: a brief
review." Journal of neuroscience methods 243 (2015): 103-110.