Breast Cancer: Causes, Effects, and Preventive Measures

Breast Cancer

Table of Contents
Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Literature Review.............................................................................................................................4
The causes and effects of breast cancer in females.....................................................................4
The preventive measures used to lower the chance of acquiring breast cancer..........................5
Methodology....................................................................................................................................5
Type of investigation...................................................................................................................5
Research physiology...................................................................................................................5
Research approach......................................................................................................................6
Research design...........................................................................................................................6
Data sources ...............................................................................................................................6
Sampling.....................................................................................................................................6
Results..............................................................................................................................................7
Interpretation...............................................................................................................................9
Analysis..........................................................................................................................................13
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................13
Recommendations .........................................................................................................................13
References......................................................................................................................................14

Abstract
The cancer is being believed as the leading cause of female mortality worldwide
especially in United Kingdom. There are around 55,200 cases of such disease happens every year
in UK which make the condition of the women worse. Such cancer is mostly concentrated in
breast but may get to other part also depending upon the stage of the cancer. Mutation has been
regarded as the major cause of causing majority of the cancers, which ultimately result in
abnormal growth of normal human cells. The risk factors like smoking and drinking associated
with such disorder have to be managed and proper preventive measures like exercising and
healthy diet have to be adopted for avoiding the chances of getting such state.

Introduction
Cancer has been considered as uncontrolled growth of normal human cells. Due to such
abnormal growth the normal cell gets converted into cancerous cell which have the potential to
spread from one organ to another part of the body. The benign tumour on the other hand does not
spread and get localised only in on part whereas the Malignant tumour get transmit from one part
to another organ of an individual (Finn and et.al., 2016). Breast cancer is a type of a cancer
which begins to develop specifically in the breast cells. The cancer majorly builds in the ducts or
in the lobules of the breast and the females in UK are greatly affected by such cancer. The
lobules have been considered as the glands which have the power to make milk and the ducts act
as the road which assist in channelling the milk from the lobules to the nipples. The potential of
cancerous cells are very high and they can reach the tissues of the fats or in the connective
tissues of a female breast. The cancer cells in the breast have the capability to travel down and
affect the healthy cells under the arms particularly in the lymph nodes, thus the lymph nodes
actually aid the cancer cell to locomote in various organs of the the body.
Research aim: To analyse the impact of growing Breast Cancer in females. A study on UK.
Research objectives To analyse the causes and effects of Breast cancer in females. To identify the preventive measures used to lower the chance of acquiring breast cancer.
Research questions What are the causes and effects of Breast cancer in females?
 How to identify the preventive measures used to lower the chance of acquiring breast
cancer?
Literature Review
The causes and effects of breast cancer in females
As per the view of Whelan and et.al., (2015), it has been analysed that the exact cause of
the breast cancer in not known, though it has been seen that it primarily caused by the DNA
damage. The healthy cells get mutated either spontaneously or through induction by some
chemicals or harmful rays which damage the DNA and the cell become mutated for whole life
unless it gets repaired effectively by the repair machinery of the cell (Francis and et.al., 2015).
The mutation can be either point or frame shift which lead in the formation of abnormal protein