Impact of Brexit on Foreign Investment in UK

This study aims to determine the impact of Brexit on foreign investment in the UK. It includes an introduction, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, and conclusion. The study aims to assess the influence on the trade volume of UK after the exit of the European Union, evaluate the challenges faced by UK while carrying out its business operations, determine the benefits of foreign investment in terms of Brexit, and identify the framework of foreign investment in the context of Brexit for the trade of goods and services in the United Kingdom.

To identify the Impact
of Brexit on the foreign
investment of UK

Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................6
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................29
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ....................................................37
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................37
Recommendation.......................................................................................................................39
Limitation of research................................................................................................................41
Reflection...................................................................................................................................41
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................43

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Overview of the topic
BREXIT is the name given by the European Union for the departure of the United
Kingdom. It enacted the foreign investment in a certain way which resulted in investing outside
of the country for expanding the existing business. In all the countries the WTO manages all the
trade protocols which have to be followed by all the nations. But, Europe has its different
committees in which all the countries comprising in Europe have to follow the structure and the
regulations of the merchandise for the products and services (Eichengreen, 2019). But when the
UK withdrew itself from the EU, it majorly impacted
the policies and the market of Europe adversely. The principles changed, the
immigration of various people across the borders flipped and lead to the downfall of the
economy. This led to an increase in foreign investment. Foreign Investment is done for
enhancing the business opportunities in the international market, which synonymously upgrade
the companies for expansion. It is the expenditure that the domestic organisations tend to make
in foreign countries. This helps the entities in making a new investment and helps in sustaining
in the market for the long – term.
Research aim and objectives
Aim: To determine the negative or positive impact of Brexit on the foreign investment flowing
into UK.
Objectives:
1. To assess the influence on the trade volume of UK after the exit of the European Union.
2. To evaluate the various challenge that UK faced while carrying out its business
operations.
3. To determine the benefits of foreign investment in terms of Brexit (Henry and Smith,
2021).
4. To identify the framework of foreign investment in the context of Brexit for the trade of
goods and services in the United Kingdom.
Research questions
1. Find out the impact of Brexit on the trade volume of UK?
2. What are the challenges that are faced by UK for carrying out the business activities?

3. What is the impact of foreign investment in Brexit and to other countries?
4. What are the frameworks of the foreign investment related to the merchandise of the
goods and services?
The rationale of the study
The reason behind the conduct of this study is to find out the impact of Britain’s exit
from the European Union. It thereby addresses the research aim and is very significant for
knowing the impact of Brexit. This study will help the economies of various nations to before
think about their doings (Moskal, 2018). It should be highlighted that this research can be
accomplished when the data about the post-impact of Brexit can be collected. This can happen
by analysing the results and position of various economies of the countries in Europe which have
been affected due to the exit of the UK from the European Union. For the students, the research
will assist the students in the improvement of the general knowledge about the happening in the
world which can affect the economy of several nations. It will help the students in knowing
about the business which has flourished in the times and how the non–following of the WTO and
the trade committee regulation affects the organisations adversely.
Outline of the methodology
The methodology defined what research techniques are being utilised for the
accomplishment of the research objectives. It will help in analysing the data regarding the
fulfilment of the topic. In research, several methodologies are given which are used for the
collection of the data. In this study, secondary research is done. The methodologies which will be
are interpretivism philosophy, inductive approach, qualitative choice (Napiórkowski, 2018).
These are the key and the essential methodologies that need to be fulfilled for carrying out the
research for getting valid outcomes within the minimum period.
Structure of the report
The research paper consists of various chapters which will help the researcher in
systematically completing the activities. For this the structure of the report is to be framed which
is defined below:
 Introduction: It is the first chapter of the study which encloses the understanding of the
topic for the researcher. This chapter includes the topic of the study, aims, objectives, and
the research question. It also includes an overview of the topic, the reasons behind the

study and the methodology that the investigator will use for the completion of the
research.
 Literature Review: This is the second chapter through which the secondary data about
the topic will be collected. Therese are various sources through which the investigator
can gather information regarding the impact of Brexit on foreign investment. The number
of sources can be books, publications, articles, research and many more.
 Methodology: The type of approach that the research uses regarding the study is covered
in this chapter. These approaches are qualitative, secondary, inductive approach,
interpretivism philosophy and qualitative choice (Simionescu, 2018).
 Results and Analysis: This is the other chapter that assists in the evaluation of the
information which has been gathered from the question and through the secondary
research. It can be analysed with the help of any research analytical tool. For this
evaluation, the thematic analysis.
 Conclusion and Recommendations: This is the last chapter from which the conclusion
will be made regarding the research study. The finding and the suggestion for the
investigators will be made here according to the whole study which will be proceeded. It
will help in attaining the aims and objectives of the researcher successfully. The
suggestion will help the researchers for doing further research on the topic similar to this
for finding the research gaps.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Find out the impact of Brexit on the trade volume of UK?
From the point of view Sebastian Whale and George Arnett (2022), the impact of the Covid
19 and Brexit has affected UK trade volume and their performance has been considered to be
worse than comparable EU economies. Despite they are being a part of the European Union, the
supply chain system they had with the UK has been enormous. The trade of the UK with the EU
has been dropped immediately at the end of the Brexit transition and the exports made by the UK
falls by 45% and imports by 33% from 2019 to 2021 which affected the businessman and their
businesses.
The other countries such as Gemrany, France, Spain, Italy are some of the nations which are
the part of European union and have mostly recovered from the Covid 19 but in the case of the
UK where flows in the Quarter 3 of 2021 were lower in the context of GDP since 2009.

The worst is that trade in the rest of Europe was going to be increasing and in the case of the
UK it is decreasing. The head of international affairs, James Sibley, of the small business told
that small and medium enterprises have been severely affected disproportionately due to the
impact of Covid 19 and Brexit as they were experiencing low trade volume or their business
practices have been disrupted or their exports have been hampered completely.
According to Michael Gasiorek (2022), a decrease in trade with the European Union has
been expected due to the trade and cooperation agreement taking place between the UK and the
EU from the 1st of January.

Figure 1 Change in UK exports compared with the average of 2018-20 for the same months
The trade made by the UK in January shows a higher amount of decline. However, the
figures for February show some sign of recovery but trading significantly lowered as compared
to the previous year. The export made by the UK has been down by 13% in February 2021 and
the figures for January show a decline of 25%. The conclusion for such results is that the decline
in the exports that have been made to the European Union is almost twice the decline in trade to
non-European Union countries. The above indicators show that there is a high degree of
fluctuation in the statistics listed month-wise. However, there is some reverberation in February
but there is clear evidence regarding the negative influence of leaving the EU customs union and
single market on the UK trade with the EU.
As per the viewpoint of Thomas Pope (2021), On 31st December 2020, the UK left the
European union singly market and that’s made the highest change in UK terms of trading activity
in s generation. The new trade and cooperation agreement has been entered on 24th December
which provide maximum ventures and companies hardly a week to judge new changes that has
been taken place.

Figure 2Outward foreign direct investment by origin
On the basis of the above statistics present in the graph regarding the UK trade, they show
the dramatic fall between the UK and the bloc. However, such fall is related to both brexit and
non brexit factors which includes covid 19 pandemic too. The new statistics shows towards short
term fluctuations and the official cannot discard such data point as it helps the business person
towards reducing the disruption. Some of fall that has been taken place to the European union is
due to disruption at the end of transition period which consist of those entities which opt not to
go for trading as they are considering the new rules so that they can avoid getting caught up in
delays.
According to the point of view of Alasdair Sandford (2021), after implementation of the
brexit, there are various areas in the life that may seem differences and their impact can be seen
on both the people and businesses. However, the impact of the pandemic has a separate impact
on the economy of UK. The exports that has been made by UK is the severe hit on European
union despite such deal has been made on the last minute corner ensuring tariff free trade. There
are several sector which shows improvement but the problem run deeper and their impact in
higher, the UK government has highlighted at that time. The official figures that has been
released showed that UK recorded the deeper fall in trade with the European union and the
economy has struggled a lot post Brexit rules and the pandemic respectively. The goods that has
exported showed the downfall of nearly 41% and imports showed the downfall of around 29%
with the separation of the United Kingdom from the European union. Not only this higher

amount of taxes and cost also affected the economy very badly and it makes difficult for the
entrepreneur to carry out their business in the smooth manner as their business in generating
losses on the regular course of interval. There has been a survey which has been conducted on
small number of firms showed the result that their sales volume has been temporary halted due to
post brexit rules.
Source: Alasdair Sandford (2021)
The figures that has been released on march 18 showed that the import that usually made
from the Britain fall by 68% in January month as compare to last year same month.
Source: Alasdair Sandford (2021)

The import that has been made from UK shows the decline of 56% and such figures drop
page is 1/3rd. Not only this there are several sectors that has been affected individually such as
foods and agriculture, fishing and so on. Such impact is not only for one period but it would hold
for the longer period as there are enjoying the treaty when the business of all the countries are
working together and if separation has been made in the form of Brexit its effect can been seen
amongst all categories of individual and business persons in the respective manner.
According to Hantzsche, Kara, and Young (2019), Brexit came into force and 2 years since
UK left the European Union and since then the change started happening. From then the
enactment of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) started at different levels in both the
channels. EU had imposed full check and customs on UK exports in 2021 while UK had
imposed the full checks and security on EU imports in the late 2022. In the following year the
trade of UK fell tremendously with some effects as follows:
Goods: Even after having stronger restricts on the EU border the imports of UK from EU were
smaller than the exports of EU from UK. In the last quarter of 2021, the imports from EU were
down by approximately 20% compared to 2019 while the exports fell by nearly 10%. The non
EU imports rose by 10% while EU imports were falling, shows a swapping between them.
Services: UK's trade with EU had fallen comparatively with the non EU trade in 2019. It can be
concluded that this fall is because of the Covid-19 pandemic as it majorly affected the travel &
tourism as it provided greater source of revenue to the Europeans than the non-Europeans. UK's
exports have risen by nearly 7% post the transition period while the imports from EU are down
by more than 30%.
The improbable weakness in UK exports to EU compared to imports to EU is due to a
number of factors. Rising prices of energy from non EU countries. Since UK provides a small
market for EU exporters, the people were not convinced enough that it is worth spending on
paperwork to export due to the Brexit. After the transition period it was noticed that around 15%
of the German companies had stopped exporting to UK. Weakness of EU imports was also due
to global supply shortfall, having machinery and transport tool import shortfall of more than half
as compared to 2019. Looking at the overall trade performance, it can be seen that UK has also
shown fall in exports at the beginning of the pandemic which has still not be healed. During the
first wave of covid in 2020 all the advanced economies including Uks economy fell by 20% and
in the fourth quarter of 2021, all the advanced economies trade volumes bounced back to 3%

above but Uks trade volume still remains 12% below the pre pandemic levels. Therefore, we can
conclude that UK is falling behind as a trade intensive economy because the trade in GDP ha
fallen by 12% since 2019. The non-trade barriers of will affect UK more than the EU. The Uks
economy will not be able to revive even if it starts trading with other countries like Australia,
US, India, New Zealand, etc. The impact of the Free Trade Policy with Australia shows an
estimate that it would raise the exports & imports by 0.4% and GDP by 0.1% within a span of 15
years. Two things that pandemic taught us is that diversification of supply is really important and
the location on the map is a major factor, countries usually trades more with their immediate
neighbours. Europe also lost around one-sixth of its global economic power and a loss of its
foreign exchange with the exit of a global influencer. There was a shift of power after Brexit
which means that EU might have to follow a protectionist policy rather than making reforms in
future. The assumption of 15% fall in trade due to Brexit will not be treated as principle estimate.
The exact effects will take several years to be realised.
What are the challenges that are faced by UK for carrying out the business activities?
As per the point of view of David Lowe, Kieran Laird and Bernardine Adkins (2022), every
business organisation has affected due to BREXIT as it has impacted various accepts of business.
It has caused manpower issues as many of the skilled workforce have migrated to their origin
country. Trade got affected by the new norms of the country after the BREXIT. Businesses that
supplies their products within the country got effected by this new trade barrier between the
allied countries. The risk arose due to his factor has increased the supply chain cost and also
increased their cost hikes. It is crucial for the exporters and importers to know the new custom
implications and tax laws which will affected after the BREXIT. There has an enormous impact
on the Economic activities of a country. Every sector of economy has seen effects of BREXIT,
this exist has caused change in the intellectual property law. These new challenges have to face
by the new businesses and existing businesses. This has impacted various sectors of the economy
such as public sector, tech, financial services and real estate.
According to Chris Hunt, Lee Nuttall and Bernardine Adkins, BREXIT have caused a
significant change in the property law and the perspective of the local people that the changes or
positive or negative. The power has been delicate to the state and the possibilities of challenging
a decision of a state is not possible. United Kingdom left the European Union has left UK alone

as a country and imposed various obligations and rules and regulations on the country. The
reason behind the exit of Europe is still be found. The pandemic has also caused the misery in
understanding the impact of Covid on the business. This exit has caused shortage of labours and
additional custom checks. The future of the UK will depend on the new policies and implication
of policies that is to be faced by the economy in order to run the economy. UK needs to update
its legislation and find attractive laws in order to find out the partner with which the country will
deal in the future. The implication of exit will be seen in the future with respect to the additional
changes and outcomes of the management. This exit will impact the registering property and
construction permits as it takes approximately 100 days in order to complete the regulatory work
in completing a construction contract. The nations need to reduce the procedure time of the
framework followed by the organisation. Supply chain of the country will also be affected as the
goods which have to cross the boundaries of the country. Now the nation has to pay customs for
cross border transactions. The business will ensure that the business have sufficient workforce
available at the right time and right place. Any shortage or unavailability of workforce will lead
to decrease in the availability of resources. Changes in the tax laws and implication of the tax
law may vary and interest charges may be increased. New tax pricing policies and shortage of
funds needs to be properly accessed. The nation has exited from the European Union has caused
changes in the regulatory framework. The mitigation of potential disruptions of data between EU
and UK. It has also reduced the availability of the product at lower prices and accessibility to the
international market. Earlier it used to have access to various markets which is tax free that
consists of countries which falls under the European Union. With new regimes the country has to
carry its economic operations accordingly. Various functions will be affected such as licenses,
product standards, approvals, authorisations and various tariffs that are applicable on the various
products which are imported or exported (Angioloni and et.al., 2022).
As per the point of view of Rose, (2020). Brexit is a combination of two words 'Britain'
and 'exit'. It refers to the withdrawal process of United Kingdom (UK) and European Union
(EU). The withdrawal process of any member state is regulated. As per the rule, any member of
the European Union can decide to withdraw the pursuant to its constitutional law. After
announcing the decision, the European union will have to agree with the state as to the method of
its withdrawal and its future relations with European Union.

After the exit process of the United Kingdom, it started to begin with the following poll held on
23rd June 2016 and the succeeding notification to the European council on 29 march 2017.
Trade and cooperation movement: The Trade and Cooperation movement is a complex
agreement with a content that is divided in four major sections -
1.The very first agreement is on free trade, in which it is mentioned to eliminate the quotas and
custom duties between the United Kingdom and European Union.
2.The second sections define or establishes a framework for the social, economic, environmental
and fishing cooperation. In this, all the provision is mentioned about connectivity of transport
and energy in areas related to social security.
3.The third section focuses on that is based on association on internal security based on such
mechanisms as Europol and euro just and including provisions on fight against money
laundering and finance.
4.Lastly, the fourth section emphasis on common governance framework that has an ''association
council'' which is ruled by a representative of British government at a ministerial level who will
supervise and take control over the agreement.
Withdrawal agreement: The withdrawal agreement states the conditions of withdrawal of
United Kingdom and the European union and also from the European Atomic Energy
Community(EURATOM).The context of the withdrawal agreement was agreed by negotiators
on 14th November 2018 and European council (Article 50) endorsed the context on 25th
November 2018.After the change of British Governance, the two parties negotiator's revised the
context of Withdrawal Agreement which particularly related protocol on the Republic of Ireland
and Northern Ireland. On 17th October 2019 the negotiator reached to a new agreement. And on
the same day European Council ratified the next context. European Union and United Kingdom
signed the withdrawal agreement on 24th January 2020. The favourable vote of the European
parliament held on 29th January 2020 and the decision of the European council for the
withdrawal agreement was held on 30th January 2020 and after that the agreement was enforced
on 1st February 2020.
TRANSITION PERIOD: The withdrawal agreement directly impacted the transition period, in
which the transition period is provided until 31st December 2020.The transition period is could
be extended for one or two years and had to be decided on by mutual agreement between the

European union and United Kingdom prior to 1st July 2020. Moreover, during the transition
period, the agreement was to govern relations between the two parties from 1st January 2021.
What is the impact of foreign investment in Brexit and to other countries?
According to the view point of Mihaela Simionescu, (2021), after the Brexit the effect on
it on the FDI is proved to be negative. As it will impact adversely the labour market in UK and
many problems would be faced by the economy. So, according to this study, it could be said that
Foreign direct investment helps in safeguarding the inflow for the country and it can be detected
the percentage amount of gross domestic product (GDP). Assessing the critical impact of Brexit
on FDI inflows is critical not only for the United Kingdom, where FDI is a driving force in the
development, as well as for the majority of the world's FDI partners. It cited a few reasons why
FDI will decline if the UK leaves the EU. Due to the obvious trade restrictions and lower costs
associated with exporting to other EU nations, the United Kingdom is an excellent export
platform for many international companies. Multinational corporations have complex supply
chains that require a great deal of coordination among headquarters and regional representatives.
It will be hard to apply these businesses in the event of a Brexit. However, to the UK's
membership in the EU, FDI inflows have surged. Furthermore, after the UK leaves the EU, FDI
is projected to fall. The assessment of the impact of Brexit on FDI is crucial for the UK's future
economic policy.
As per the view point of Eichengreen, B., (2019), the influence on FDI with in UK, as well
as the motives for FDI, should be taken into account. MNCs may use FDI for domestic
manufacturing or export. Their decision has an impact on site competitiveness, as well as trade
expenses due to trade restrictions and distance. When trade barriers are high, exporting is costly,
and FDI in international markets is more appealing. Industrial relocation from of the UK to other
areas is an option for European nations after Brexit. Large EU enterprises may face significant
transition expenses in the United Kingdom. Competitors will increase significantly of Brexit, and
the UK should enhance its workplace environment and regulatory structure. Competitiveness
will suffer as a result of Brexit, and one option to regain it is to reduce public regulation and
taxation, with the exception of environmental legislation. Because of the constraints and
obligations, the UK may opt to operate as Ireland, posing numerous hazards to the EU.
International logistics optimization with industrial sites in several countries could be an example

of FDI. The effect of Brexit on Financial development and economic growth in the United
Kingdom, with projections for FDI or GDP declines. The consequences of Brexit on FDI may
well be investigated in conjunction with those other nations which heavy investment in the UK.
Despite the fact that substantial challenges are foreseen on the UK labour market, none of the
prior research considered the impact of Brexit on jobs associated with FDI projects.
According to Nigel Driffield1 and Michail Karoglou, (2022), various variables determine
where companies decide to seek and contribute. Larger, more extravagant business sectors
generally attract more organizations that need to be close to their customers. The UK has a solid
law and order, an adaptable job market and a well-trained workforce, all of which make it an
attractive location for foreign direct investment, both in the EU. In any case, since EU
participation reduces transaction and speculation costs, it may have an impact even after
controlling for these different variables. With Brexit, the UK leaves the EU's single market and
customs union, as well as the environment of the EU's normal guidelines, strategies,
management and requirements tools. Subsequently, the fundamental concern of the UK (and its
unfamiliar financial backers) is that it no longer appreciates full EU membership, taking into
account the free development of people, goods, administration and capital across the EU, as it is
happy to be a member country. To this extent, the European Commission has noted that the EU
and the UK will now create two separate business sectors, with two clear administrative and
legal spaces, bringing new opportunities for labour and product exchange as well as cross-line
versatility and trade obstacles. both directions. With these changes, Brexit has had important
implications for the financial implications of international organisations, including India, in the
cross-line exchange of labour and products between UK and EU markets. In terms of a possible
Brexit, these findings are instructive on two levels. Right now, BrExit has serious vulnerabilities
and implications for the UK economy. While supporters of Britain's departure from the European
Union do not give in to their desire for Britain to remain within the deregulated zone, there are
serious vulnerabilities to the fallout of withdrawing from a foundation that has largely helped and
dealt with a streamlined business zone. As many business leaders and political analysts have
argued, this will lead to a period of vulnerability, arranging exit clauses (and re-entry into lean
business areas) both during and after the approach to the mandate. Our findings suggest whether
this instability will turn into a prolonged period of high unpredictability that will in all respects

determine whether and how any financial or cash impediments (especially those affecting
internal risk) will worsen the normal decline of key FDI.
As per the view of Lowe, Adkins and Laird (2020), there are number of issues of adverse
consequences does Brexit foundations for UK retail industry. Every single business faces
different quantities of issues when they come to the United Kingdom disappear from the
European Union. Store network will be disturbed and may need to reconsider provider contracts:
Brexit take to give number of chance or issue by boosting the business tasks cost and
furthermore delays in inventory network. This is a significant issue for retail industry since it
impacts on business activities by expanding how much material that will be required for
assembling, handling as well as providing items or administrations to the clients and in
commercial center. These all are profoundly affected by reason of expanded expansion rate. For
instance: Some 59% expected the store network the executives cost to continue as before in any
case expand somewhat, simultaneously as 15% naturally suspected Brexit would cut down costs.
The Monetary test, due to Brexit, each piece of the UK economy and retail areas are being
affected in light of the fact that each monetary exchange and exchange of United Kingdom is
connected with the European Union. Hence, it remotely affected the UK economy that go to
impact on by and large development of retail industry by decreasing the quantity of clients
because of unfortunate pay status of individuals.
As per the point of view of Eichengreen (2019), FDI contributes to raise the national
productivity, wages and the resulting output. The FDI investments helps the multinational firms
to bring in the world class technologies and their well versed know-how both managerial and
technical hence working directly to raise their output and taking production on another level. FDI
also gives the domestic firms opportunity and stimulates them to improve their production and
working which includes better supply chains and aiming for tougher competition through
increased and quality production. The FDI stock with UK was more than £1 trillion, in which
half of the amount was from the other member nations of EU. The most attractive and eye
catching part was the easiness offered to the member nations to access the single market of
European Union (EU). But after the Brexit, situations have changed on a larger basis and have
made a greater impact. Most proportionately post Brexit the FDI has been expected to decline by
significant 37%. As the Brexit has affected the trade costs aligned with the EU with UK exports
to EU nations decreasing by 45 percent on and imports depreciating by 33 percent in January

2021. By their state, the consequences of FDI are intense and more long-lasting than those of
trade in goods. In order to counterpoise this and continuously drawing in FDI, the UK
Government Authorities are required to focus investment in technology and R&D to assist the
development of advanced hi-tech organisations. Brexit has also affected the position of UK in
the European parliament which led to the seats previously allotted to UK being vacant post
Brexit. The European parliament redistributed few seats to other countries who are part of EU
and has kept some seats reserved for the new member states. The sectors which would be most
affected by the withdrawal of UK from the European union are processed foods, motor vehicles
& parts and electronic supplies as the estimation of the impact of Brexit on the UK’s car industry
express that UK manufacturing would reduce by 181,000 automobiles (12%) and prices would
rise by 2.5%. Even if the UK negotiates an all-inclusive trade dealing and keeps tariffs at zero,
production would cut down by 36,000 cars. Brexit has also changed the global market situation
as now UK goes on to be EU's 3rd biggest partner in trade and EU becoming the UK's largest
exchange partner. While the European union is no longer has its application to the United
Kingdom, it will still cooperate with the EU on matters related to law enforcement and situations
of criminal justice. The biggest loss that Brexit caused to UK was the damage caused to its
economy and growth that led to a significant decline. It also played its part to throw the status of
its world renowned financial centre London in to uncertainty leading to making this loss suffered
by London to be a win-win situation for New York. Initially the Brexit decision was supported
by a few number of votes in the referendum of 2016, to it gaining a constant support growing
since then. The major chunk of this vote comes from the low wage voters, low skilled who felt
that they were left out of the Europe's constant changing economy.
What are the frameworks of the foreign investment related to the merchandise of the goods
and services?
According to Federico Carril-Caccia and Elena Pavlova, (2018), for foreign direct
investment to yield results, organizations should trace their way into unfamiliar territory to
rehearse their businesses and structure their portfolios. Organizations can do this in a number of
ways. This suggests the type of FDI, which is greenfield speculation or unfamiliar acquisitions.
Greenfield access implies that an organization enters a host country and uses capital then
acquired elsewhere to build the business element without any preparation. At the same time,
another unfamiliar acquisition hinted at entry into the host country by purchasing an omnipotent-

manufactured substance or by merging with another organization. The advantages from FDI
flows are gradually paying off, and in any case, each country has its own standards and
guidelines for accomplishing FDI. This is the birthplace of the European Union (EU), which
provides a stable single market platform that makes FDI more direct. This will change due to
Brexit. In addition, FDI is not shared fairly, and advantages from unfamiliar venture capital are
not similarly shared between countries and firms. The government's approach and guidance have
had a significant impact on determining the attractiveness of FDI, which is deeply aligned with
other emerging countries where the importance of FDI appears to be growing.
With the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union also being negotiated, as well
as the current uncertainty over whether a company will exist with or without the ability to trade
their goods and services, there is still a lack of clarity about the repercussions of Brexit on the
retail industry. Retailers across the United Kingdom are already dealing with the fallout from the
referendum, including the devaluation of sterling as a result of the vote, as well as the effect on
customer confidence that comes with economic uncertainty. It is critical that UK retailers
immediately prepare for the post-Brexit world and the positive effects on their business activities
and operations (Atik, 2021).
EU countries have less FDI restrictions than that of the rest of the globe. However, that
since Great Recession, the EU has gradually lost its position as the world's leading FDI investor
and beneficiary. EU countries have, on average, fewer restrictions on FDI than the rest of the
world. Since the Great Recession, however, the EU is no longer the world’s main FDI investor
and recipient and its share has gradually declined. However, the decline in IFDI and OFDI has
been more marked for non-euro area EU countries than for euro area countries. The latter have
continued to receive sizeable IFDI flows, stemming mainly from other advanced economies
outside of the EU (Tsvirko, 2021).
According to Afi, Boubaker and Omri, (2022). FDI is investment in foreign country's
goods and service by a concern situated outside the border of the country. It allows to channelize
technology, innovation and creativity to follow across boarder, which is must for proper
utilization of the assets among the countries. FDI basically helps to maintain strong relationship
among different countries, resulting in helping developed countries to invest better and earn,
developing countries to pace growth of the economy and also least developed country (LDC) to
develop and grow.

Such investments help in proper utilization of resources by channelizing money from developed
country to developing countries. FDI are worked under certain frameworks which is set by the
central bank of the respective countries, also world trade organisation (WTO) helps and
facilitates such international trades and maintains such frameworks on international level so that
smooth exchange and investment takes place, though in-case of disputes it provides resolution to
the membered countries. United Kingdom being the thirds largest foreign direct investment
receiver enjoyed free trade barrier with free moving of technology, idea and innovation basically
it all result of the EU membership. EU membership helped with high productivity, management,
high technology and skilled labour. Basically membership has helped in rise in GDP and overall
growth of the company. UK was the member of European union since 1973 but in 2020 it
withdraws its membership from the European Union which now restricts the free moving of
goods and services between the countries, which is termed as BREXIT. The membership of EU
attracts more inward foreign investment due its policy of free trade. BREXIT will repel as such
FDI. FDI results in growth in GDP of the economy especially county like UK whose financial
sector is developed lesser FDI would result in fall of GDP. Lower FDI will have direct impact on
productivity, lower the productivity lesser the income of the economy therefore BREXIT might
effect a lot the income and overall GDP of the income. PRE-BREXIT UK was dependent on EU
for technology and R&D. Post BREXIT expenditure scenario is UK have to spend more on
technology and R&D. This is because of the restriction it cannot free trade and EU used to export
its technology to UK by way of FDI hence EU too is suffering loss. UK was depended on EU for
FDI as well as imports but EU was depended only for FDI in UK. When countries trade between
each other it benefits both the economy, so BREXIT effected negatively on the country resulting
in decline of 0.19 % of welfare of EU. Foreign trade investment in this era is very important
aspect for an economy to grow, it helps the economy to utilize better its available resources and
profitable for the government and household as well. Restrictions are certainly more harmful for
UK, it will affect the real capita income and going to create a huge loss in the long term.
As per the viewpoint of Tamberi, (2020), when a company or an investor purchases
interest of a company which is outside its borders this is termed as foreign direct investment. FDI
of a company goes beyond the capital investment of the company. Provision of management,
technology, techniques and equipment’s may be included in it. It is used to acquire substantial

interest and to expand the area of operation of the company to a new region across the world and
developing its multinational presence.
Brexit is a combination of words 'British' and 'Exit' which refers UK's decision of polling to
leave European Union (EU). UK and European Union entered into an agreement which states
that the two sides i.e., the UK and European Union cannot trade goods without tariffs or quotes.
However certain details remain undetermined which leads to importantly damaging the economy
of UK. Also the deal does not mentioned regulation of financial service.
Relationship of Brexit and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Imposition of higher FDI barriers
on UK by the European Union had effected the economy seriously. Trade in goods and services
and FDI, up to some extent, could be replaced in relation to tariff skipping in which subsidiaries
are being created by foreign investors in order to transfer import tariffs. Also the removal of
FDI barriers in European Union single market provides an opportunity to create European
production networks which was fortify by the two stage EU eastern enlargement in the year 2004
and 2007.
For macroeconomic and also for some structural reasons, in a single market, FDI and trade can
be substitutes and complementary:
1. Trade boosts specialisation and specialisation gives a rise to factor productivity.
2. For regional production network there are specific opportunities due to the
implementation of the combination of regional free trade and free capital flows.
3. Specialisation to trade uplifts per capita income and also boost demand for differential
products .
4. The single market promotes trade in intermediate products which will increase
productivity of internationalised which creates a reciprocal relation between FDI and
trade.
5. FDI inflows goes parellel with international technology transfer.
6. When the trade gravity model is being followed it gives rise ti impoerts and ecports if the
host company
Gravity FDI flow: Membership and effect of currency and trade unions in trade creates or
explores attractive interest within its researchers and its policy makers consisting of thousands of
studies in literature. And hence the main focus is on FDI flows and FDI stocks and have an

impact on EU membership that has a potential order to predict the value of FDIs concerning
membership.
In this context , a wide variety of data, methods and techniques are being used to compare results
within the organisation and also with preceding studies, in a venture to anticipate a clear picture
of this controvert subject. Turning from prior FDI studies which proses that flow and stick rely
on factors such as GDP and population of a country. The purpose was to close the gap and
disclose EU's effect in a combined model on FDI.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology can be defined as a systematic process that helps in determining,
analysing, interpreting the information about the selected research topic (Tabuena, Hilario and
Buenaflor, 2021). Research basically refers to the designing of the study for addressing the
problem or issue in an effective and scientific manner. This is considered as the third chapter of
the research which helps the researcher in carrying out the research as per the given requirement
and on the given selected topic. Research methodology helps the researcher in providing a
elaborated plan on how to the make the specific process of conducting the research smooth,
effective and manageable. The particular procedures and productive technology that helps the
researcher in carrying out strong and effective data that is reliable and valuable. The part also
helps readers to the evaluate the reliability and validity of the particular data in order to reach the
final conclusion. By the collected data they address their goals and objectives in a valuable and
effective manner. It is very necessary for the researcher to design the process of research in a
systematic manner by using approaches, philosophies, strategies, choices and so on. The
following research methodology is divided into different components that are discussed below by
using the Saunders research onion framework.
Research philosophy – The philosophy of the research is defined as a set of principle and belief
about the way or method that the researcher use to collect, analyse and interpret data in their
specific research. The philosophies related to the research are mainly classified in three types
that is defined as interpretivism, positivism and realism (Jacobson and Borowski, 2019).
Interpretivism philosophy helps in collecting and measuring subjective data in order to gain
detailed information from the community, positivism philosophy helps in gathering and
analysing objective data from the society. Realism philosophy helps in gathering both objective
and subjective data about the human thought process on the selected research topic. In the
present ongoing investigation, the researcher has selected interpretivism philosophy. The main
reason behind selecting this philosophy is through the effective research that it can be carried out
in a detailed manner for better understanding. It will also help in collecting and analysing
qualitative secondary data in order to get deep insight about the following chosen topic. This
philosophy also helps the researcher in carrying out the specific research in a short span of time
and this results in attaining the main aims and objectives about the selected research topic.

Research approach – Research approach can be defined as a planned and systematic process
that helps the researcher to gather data and evaluate this information in order to test the theories
and hypothesis (Leatherdale, 2019). By the help of the research approach, researcher can address
the problem of the research in a more effective and reliable manner. The research approach can
be classified into two types that is primarily known as inductive and deductive approach.
Inductive approach can be defined as a process in which the researcher do not test the existing
theories instead of they create new theories with the following collected information. On the
other hand, deductive approach is defined as a collection of present theories which is being tested
by the researcher for reaching the conclusion about the hypothesis that needs to be rejected or
accepted. In the present research, researcher has selected inductive approach for conducting the
following research on the particular selected topic. The main advantage of selecting this
approach is it helps in evaluating qualitative information within a minimum time period. This
also helps in creating new theories that results in achieving aims and objectives in a valid way.
Research strategy – Research strategy is defined as a process of taking step by step action or
plan that helps in providing direction to the ideas and thoughts of the researcher. This stage
included in the research methodology helps in carrying out the following research in a more
quality and reliable manner (Livingstone, Stoilova and Nandagiri, 2019). There are different
types of research strategy which are known as survey, research action, experimental research,
systematic literature review, focused group and so on. In the current investigation, the
investigator has selected case study method which helps in collecting information in an effective
manner. The case study method is defined as a process of collecting detailed data from the large
pool of respondents by asking them certain valuable questions. Focused group is the research
strategy which helps in gathering true information from ten or more people in order to acquire
accurate feedback from them. Systematic literature review is defined as the method that helps in
collecting secondary information from different secondary sources such as journals, books,
articles, online sites, magazines and many more. The main reason behind selecting this strategy
is that it will help in collecting qualitative data in a detailed manner. This is also considered as
the most cost effective method which helps in gathering information in less time.
Research choice – Research choice is defined as the strategy that helps the researcher in
identifying the type of data collected for the selected research topic. It can be classified as the
two parts which are defined as qualitative and quantitative method (Vasiliev, Goryachkina and

Budnikov, 2020)). Qualitative research method is defined as the form theoretical information. On
the other hand, quantitative research method is defined as the process of collecting, analysing
numerical data for the carried on research. Collecting quantitative information is generally much
easier in comparison with qualitative information. In the present investigation, the researcher has
selected qualitative data for carrying out the process of research in a smooth and effective
manner. The main benefit of selecting this type of research method is that is helps in collecting
and analysing detailed information in a more easy and reliable manner. This is also regarded as
the most cost effective method as qualitative data is more easy to calculate and understand. The
another advantage of conducting research by using this method mainly helps the researcher in
getting more detailed information about the chosen topic and industry.
Time horizon – It is defined as the framework of time which helps researcher about the
investing timeline. This helps the researcher in identifying the value of time-period for
conducting the following research topic. Time is considered as an important factor of the
research or study as it is not possible for the researcher in completing the whole research in the
given period of time. This particular section of research methodology is divided into two types
which is defined as cross-sectional and longitudinal method (Haydon, Browne and van der Riet,
2018). In this research, cross-sectional approach is particularly based on the actual time period
and helps the researcher in completing each and every activity related to research in a given
period of time. Whereas, longitudinal approach is defined as the research that is generally based
on the existing studies or topics and requires maximum period of time in completing the full
process of dissertation. Thus, both the approaches are reliable for carrying out the research in an
effective manner but cross-sectional approach is selected by the researcher in the current
research as it do not require much time in completing the research. The main idea behind
selecting this approach is that it is less time consuming and is a cost effective approach, helps the
investigator in achieving valid outcomes affordable way to conduct research and provide relevant
information on the basis of real time situation.
Data collection – Data collection is defined as a process of gathering, evaluating and measuring
reliable and appropriate information as per the following chosen topic. There are mainly two
types of methods that helps in collecting data which are defined as primary and secondary
methods. Primary data is defined as the process of gathering and evaluating first hand
information about the selected research topic (Purdon and Thornton, 2019). On the other hand,

secondary data is defined as the process of collecting and analysing second hand data about the
selected topic of the research. In simple words, primary method generally collects fresh data
from sources and secondary method collects past data from different sources. In the present
research, the researcher has selected secondary for carrying out the research in a more reliable
and valuable way. The main reason behind choosing these methods help the researcher in
identifying and gathering information in less cost and time. The secondary data can be collected
by various different sources such as journal, books, online website, magazine and many more.
Data analysis – Data analysis can be defined as a process of inspecting and evaluating the raw
and fresh information for getting useful and reliable data. This can be classified into majorly two
types that is defined as frequency distribution and thematic method for conducting research
(Elgort, 2018). Frequency distribution can be defined as the method which helps the researcher
in analysing quantitative information whereas in thematic method helps in evaluating qualitative
data. In the frequency distribution method, the data is being organised in a more systematic way
and in the thematic method the collected information is presented and described in paragraph
form. In the present research, the researcher has selected thematic analysis for carrying out the
process of research properly and effectively. The reason behind choosing this type of method is
that it helps the researcher in evaluating qualitative data in a more effective way and this can be
done in a more reliable and valuable manner. The main advantage of selecting thematic analysis
method in the research is that it helps in analysing the in-depth information easily as it is more
easy to understand and calculate for the researcher.
Ethical consideration - While conducting an investigation, ethics hold great importance because
because it helps in making study more relevant, authentic and reliable (Saeed and Al Qunayeer,
2021)0. In simpler words, ethical principles give importance to doing good and and not harming
anyone. In simpler words, ethical principles simply mean that as an investigator they need to
getting informed consent, minimising the risk of harm to human participants, protecting human
participant's confidentiality & anonymity, avoiding utilising any deceptive procedures &
practices, providing respondents the right of withdrawal from the investigation. Thus it becomes
necessary for researcher to follow each ethical principle in a significant and systematic way.
 Minimising the risk of harm: The major ethical principle is not harming any selected
each respondent. Respondents are kept away from any physical harm, psychological

discomfort, social disadvantage and many more. This helps in creating interest of the
respondents in the investigation and they can give right piece of information.
 Informed consent: The other significant ethical principle is informed consent. It simply
means that respondents are clear that they are part of the proposed investigation and the
expectations of investigation have with these chosen respondent. In this purpose of the
study is explained to each selected respondents and clear explanation of possible results
of the research (Wilson, Mikahere-Hall and Sherwood, 2022).
 Protecting anonymity and confidentiality: Another ethical principle that holds great
importance is protecting anonymity and confidentiality. In this respondent’s volunteer
data especially which is of sensitive nature. Researcher focuses on keeping personal
information of each respondent confidential so that respondents do not fear from taking
participation in the investigation.
 Providing the right to withdraw: The other significant ethical principle is that each
selected respondent has the right to withdraw from the investigation. Participants are
provided with an option of withdrawal from investigation at any point of the
investigation. Thus, it highlights that researcher does not force any respondent to not
withdraw from the investigation.
Validity – Validity is defined as a process of how accurately and correctly the method selected is
used for evaluating the right information about the following research topic or study (Iovino and
Tsitsianis, 2020). It is the quality of the correct value and method that helps the researcher in
carrying out the process of research in a more reliable and effective manner. When a statement is
right and has a strong backing up evidence, this shows that the evidence assists the validity of the
given statement. If the research is showing high validity, then it means that it produces strong
results that correspond to the real characteristics, properties and variations in the social or
physical world. The researcher has selected secondary method that is why it is more efficient and
reliable in carrying out the data in a more proper way and this is beneficial for the researcher
more as more valid information will bed gained from the perspective chosen topic.
Reliability – Reliability can be defined as a process of how consistently a method can be used to
measure and evaluate general information about some topic. If the same type of result is
achieved by using the same methods under same situations than the measurement done is

regarded as the most reliable one (Batallán, 2019). The researcher has selected qualitative
methods that helps in collecting relaible information within minimum time period.
Research limitation – In the present research, there are certain types of research which is faced
by researcher in order to conduct the research on the selected topic (Saha and Paul, 2020)
(Sovacool, Del Rio and Griffiths, 2020). The major limitation that researcher might face is time
consuming which becomes difficult in managing the time so that each activity can be gained in
the particular time period. Lack of knowledge is considered as another limitation that researcher
face as it makes the understanding about the topic difficult and challenging at the time of
investigation. Other limitation about the research that researcher face ta the time of carrying out
this process is budgeting problem as it becomes difficult to allocate the right amount of budget to
each and every activity.

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Theme 1: Impact of foreign investment in Brexit and to other countries?
As per the above analysis, it can be said that foreign direct investment (FDI) are the entities
present outside the country which provides monetary funds to a nation in order to start-up new
subsidiaries, to improve the existing establishment. The foreign direct investor also tries to
acquire the local company of that different nation by buying the complete share of that
organization. In case of United Kingdom, the FDI have an estimation stock value of more than 1
trillion dollars (Opoku and Boachie). Most of the FDI members are from European Union (EU).
After the Brexit movement take place it negatively affects the foreign direct investors of both the
country that is United Kingdom and European union. This movement has unfavorably impact the
migrant labor market sector present in United Kingdom (Foreign direct investment and its
drivers: a global and EU perspective). In addition to this, Brexit movement has damaged the
economy of both United Kingdom and European Union in a very huge way. As pert the above
mentioned analysis, it could be examining that Foreign direct investment plays a very crucial
role in a countries overall economy as it protects the cash-flow of the nation by giving monetary
funds. FDI can be perceived by the percentage amount of Gross domestic. Brexit movement will
critically impact the United Kingdom as well as Foreign direct investors. Partners of FDI will
have to face various hazards of these movement. There are various reasons which has been
included that has to be faced by the FDI if UK leaves the EU. United Kingdom is a very
appropriate trade platform for various big multinational company because of this they are able to
trade between various EU nations in a very low tax rates. Multinational organizations have
complex supply chain to run their business in which there should be a clear coordination between
the headquarters regional representatives. Hence, it will very difficult for the commercial
enterprises to run their business. Moreover, FDI will fall miserably if United Kingdom leaves
the European Union. Multinational company generally use FDI in order to done their
manufacturing and exports of products and services. After, this movement various trade
restriction will be implemented between these countries which will make very difficult for the
companies to conduct their business. In result the cost of trade and export will increase which is
very difficult for the companies to pay. The present industries have to change their plant location
to the other areas accept EU nation due to this separation movement. This also helps the
competitors to get the benefits from this movement as the small companies of UK will get the

chance to enlarge their business operation in their country. With the decline of FDI and GDP it
affects the financial and economic growth of the United Kingdom. Those investors who have
invested a huge amount of money in UK has to face huge loss because the business activities are
stopped in the country. After the study it has been concluded that various challenges have to face
by the labor sector of UK. The government of UK has implemented solid rules and regulations in
their nation. The people of United Kingdom are well trained and educated which make's UK an
attractive location where the foreign investors can invest their money and time. After the Brexit
movement, UK has to leave the market of EU and custom union. The companies of UK are not
allowed to follow the guidelines, strategies made by the UK government. For this the UK
government should lower the rate of trade and FDI cost on their nation, then it will very
beneficial for them as it attracts more and more investors to invest their money which can
enhance their overall welfare gain. In addition, to this, both United Kingdom and European
Union the countries have created two separate business sector, with the different clear
administration and legal spaces. Both the sector is trying to bring new opportunities for labor and
products exchange as well as versatility of products and trade obstacles. Foreign direct
investment tries to enhance the national productivity by appropriate output and wages. The big
international companies utilizing various technological and management techniques in order to
raise the overall productivity directly. FDI also support the multiple domestic to enhance their
business operation by providing them effective supply chain and adequate resources. India is
one the of important source of investment in the United Kingdom. Both Indian government and
big companies are contributing significantly to the employment generation program and tax from
the past years. In addition to this, the supporter of Britain has been departures from the European
union as the government does not want anybody in their nation who are supporting United
Kingdom. The retail industry of UK has to face numerous amount of complications by this
movement. After the United Kingdom has been detached from the European union then every
single business present in the both the countries have to experience various type of negative
issues. The ongoing supply chain will completely disturb and may need to redesign all the plan
which is best suited for them. The main issues are that it is very difficult for a retail industry
organisation to successfully do their business activities such as collection of raw material, needs
and demands of the customers and many other important issues. All of this activities are affected
by the increase in expansion rate. Hence, this movement will enlarge the economic growth of the

country because the people of the United Kingdom has to purchase the product from their
manufacturers deals in their nation. Client will have to choose the product from the United
Kingdom companies.
Theme 2: Frameworks of the foreign investment related to the merchandise of the goods
and services
Foreign direct investment organisation should identify the best way in order to run their business
operations successfully into unfamiliar nations. The management of the company should make
such an effective business structure and portfolio. Various organisation can adopt most effective
way from various choices. There is various type of FDI present in today's world. Horizontal FDI
is one of the most common FDI type which is adopted by the company. In this type of method,
the business organisation invests their money in the same industry or sector in which they are
currently dealing. Company invest in different business organisation located in another country
but they are producing or manufacturing similar goods. The second type of FDI is Vertical FDI.
This type of FDI occurs when a business organisation tries to invest their money in those
business organisation which are not belongs to their industry. In addition, when vertical FDI
happens, big investors invest in an oversea firm which may supply or sell product. Later on this
type of FDI method is been divided into 2 parts such as backward vertical integration and
another one is forward vertical integration. The third type of FDI is conglomerate FDI, in which
the investment made by the financiers are completely different companies and entirely different
industry. Platform FDI is most valuable and hard method in which the business organisation
tries to expand their business operation into different countries but the product manufactured are
imported from another country. As per the above discussion, two types of FDI has been
suggested which are greenfield speculation and unfamiliar acquisition. Greenfield speculation
states that an organisation enters in the country where they want to start their business operation
by using the resources present in their company. Whereas, the unfamiliar acquisition is type of
FDI in which the commercial enterprises purchase the ongoing manufacturing plant or by
collaborating with the well-established company present in the nation where they want to start
their business. It is very difficult for the company to establish their business into different
country because each nation has various rules and regulations. After the UK leave the European
union also try to negotiate because will have to follow different rules and regulation. In today's
world there is still a lack of clarity about the disadvantages of Brexit on the retail industry. As

compare to other countries EU nations have less number of FDI restriction. Moreover, after this
movement European union has lost their position as the world’s largest FDI investor and
beneficiary. EU nation have fewer restriction level on FDI than the other countries across the
world. Later on, the EU has no longer the world's main FDI investor and their market share are
reducing miserably. The reduction in IFDI and OFDI are more affected as compare to non-euro
area EU countries as compare to the countries where euro operates. FDI promotes international
trade as it allows a business organisation to flow their products and services to the various part of
world. There are various advantages of greenfield investments such as it helps an organisation to
gain high-quality control and management of brand image. The investor of the greenfield
investment is offered a high value of control over the selected business organisation. It will also
create a job opportunity for the people in which greenfield type of foreign investment takes place
due to this the company will setup their new business plant in which new employees will be
needed in order to run their operations. A company will be able to put a good impression in the
mind of their potential and new customers by expanding their business into different nation. It
becomes very easy for an organisation to implement long term business strategy because the
business has to became flexible to changes and opportunities which occurs around their
company. Companies who are trying to enter in the new market will have complete dominance
over the product or services manufactured by the different companies. The company have strong
finances as compared to different companies present in the nation. Various negative points are
also related to this FDI method such as it need huge amount of money to successfully do ne this
process for this the company requires huge amount of borrowings and loans from the various
sources thus the interest rate is very high which is a burden on an organisation. Various theories
are also their such as production cycle theory. This theory is stated by vernom in the year 1966.
This theory states that there are 4 stages of production cycle. Innovation, growth, maturity and
decline are four parts of the successful production. The international acquisition is expected to be
completely integrated and compile with international laws and regulations. Generally, if the
business organisation buys a overseas business can help the management to get the complete
details of the new market where they want to start their business. Another main point is that it
helps an organisation to get the significant market share in the country. Finally, the most
important point of using international acquisition is that in is usually low in cost as compare to
greenfield acquisition. The main purpose behind the green field investment is that it makes easy

for the company to target the foreign customers of their industry. In this type of acquisition, the
new business organisation must match the local laws and regulations related to their parent
company. The cost is unknown in this kind of FDI method. Hence, both international and
acquisition foreign investments must be understanding and match the local business law.
Theme 3: The impact of foreign investment in Brexit and to other countries
From the above information it can be discussed that Covid-19 and Brexit has created major
impact on the trade of UK. The various countries that is Germany, Spain, France, Italy are some
of the nations which are the part of European union. In context of UK where flows in the Quarter
3 of 2021 were lower in the relation to GDP since 2009 (Hantzsche, Kara and Young, 2019).
With the help of above information, the position of the company can be assessed which can
influence on the trade volume of UK after the exit of the European Union. The term Brexit is the
abbreviation which is used to define the decision taken by the United Kingdom in order to leave
the European Union. Brexit comprises of the process of negotiating new trade deals, citizen
registration rules, borders and many others. Due to this announcement various industries got
affected that is car manufacturing within UK has to face the loss. This event was started in the
year of 2016 but it also brought various benefits too like now there is more freedom in order to
perform the trade deals and operations (Freedman and Loutzenhiser,2022).
In addition to this, the global trade services decrease due to the Covid-19 which directly
affect the travel and global supply chains. It was seen that there was a decline in the UK and the
bloc and that is why this decline is linked with the both Brexit and non Brexit factors. There are
various areas in the life which are linked with bring major difference on the business and people.
Every business has got affected due to BREXIT as it has created major impact on all the accepts
of business. That is why, it has impacted the human resource issues as many of the workforce
have migrated to their origin country. Due to which business operations got affected by the new
norms of the country after the BREXIT. Businesses that supplies their products within the
country got effected by this new trade barrier between the allied countries. The risk arose due to
his factor has increased the supply chain cost and also increased their cost hikes. As the EU-UK
Trade and Cooperation Agreement comprises of various areas that is digital trade, security
coordination, participation in Union programmes and juridical cooperation. As UK left the
European Union in the year 2020 and also the pandemic contributed to make the situation worse
for the businesses. Both the events have changed the way in which the business is being

performed. And as the UK moves forward, but still Covid and Brexit bringing more threats and
opportunities (Dennison and Geddes, 2018). Due to Brexit, the European people has stopped
applying to UK companies and which lead to affect the position of the economy. As the name
Brexit is given by the European Union and it acted like an investment that too foreign which
allowed to invest outside the country. It will help in expanding the existing business in the
market. Moreover, the companies are required to follow the regulations properly in relation to
provide better goods or services to the customers (Carreras,Irepoglu Carreras, and Bowler,
2019). All the events lead to elevate the level of foreign investment as it is performed for the
purpose of bringing more business opportunities mainly in the international market. As it is the
said to be the expenditure that the domestic organisations tend to make in foreign countries. This
allows to help the entities in order to make investment and helps in sustaining in the market for
the long – term purpose. United Kingdom has left the European Union as a country and also
imposed some obligations and rules and regulations on the country. Additionally, the pandemic
has also caused the issues in understanding the adverse impact of the Covid on the business's
operations. IT can also be said that the future of the UK will completely depend on the new
policies and implication of policies which are too followed and faced by the economy with the
aim of running the economy. That is why, UK needs to be updated its legislation so that better
law can be implemented in order to find out the partner with which the country will work and
deal in the future (Bogdanor, 2019).
The frameworks of the foreign investment related to the merchandise of the goods and services
The nation requires to reduce the procedure time of the framework followed by the company
(Crafts, 2022). Due to which the Supply chain of the country will also be impacted as the goods
which have to cross the boundaries of the country. It can be seen that now the nation has to pay
customs for cross border activities and transactions. The business will also make sure that the
business has proper workforce which is available at the right place and right time. Any shortage
or issue of the human resource will lead to reduce in the availability of resources. Changes in the
tax laws and implication of the tax law may vary and interest charges may be increased
(Adedoyin and et.al., 2021). New tax pricing policies and shortage of funds needs to be properly
accessed. The nation has exited from the European Union has caused changes in the regulatory
framework. The mitigation of potential disruptions of data between EU and UK. It has also
reduced the availability of the product at lower prices and accessibility to the international

market. Earlier it used to have access to various markets which is tariff free that consists of
countries which falls under the European Union. With new regimes the country has to carry its
economic operations accordingly (Charteris-Black, 2019). Various functions will be affected
such as licenses, product standards, approvals, authorisations and various tariffs that are
applicable on the various products which are imported or exported. To evaluate the various
challenge that UK faced while carrying out its business operations. UK is known for its highly
skilled workforce and it is one of the leading country in the world. UK comprises of the tax
system which is quite tricky as it was developed in the piecemeal fashion. As tax compliance is
considered to be essential in multinational business because there is various tax system which are
being followed by the countries. Along with it the another challenge is the political one as it is
one of the main issue which can bring instability and uncertainty. When the companies are
expanding into new market then it will bring new opportunities for expanding business. It can be
seen that unstable policies and various practises can bring various issues which can damage the
image and performance of the company in the market. It is also essential to manage the supply
chain and the suppliers which can also be a challenging situation. As it is a lengthy and complex
process of supply chain and that is why it is must to raise the level of awareness regarding it.
There are various other problems which are seen while carrying out its business operations. The
company is required to appoint some good interpreters so that the operations of the business can
be performed easily. Another issue is of cultural difference because it also affects the demand of
the market in relation to the product or service. That is why various considerations can also be
monitored and overlooked for instance creating quality translations of product and marketing
materials (O'Rourke, 2019).
Along with it communication is considered to be the main and effective in the
international business strategy. In order to resolove the impact of Brexit, it is essential to
communicate with the team mates, colleagues, customers and all the people linked with the
company. Another point is of international company structure as the main target of the company
is to compete globally. As the company progress through various factors that is why proper
management of the people and resources are required. Another pressure is of performance which
is one of the main issue for the company. The business environment is changing and it is
essential to monitor the trends of the market so that the performance can be made as per the
mark. If the company is not performing as per the standards of the customers, then the place will

be taken by the competitors of the market. Also, another important point is used to reduce the
impact of Brexit is to hire the right type of employees and they are required to have the best
experience and skills in order to contribute to the company. If the wrong people are appointed,
then the it will directly impact the performance and the overall environment. As there can be
chances of the conflicts which can be negative for the company and its overall development.
Therefore, the management must take care of employees and their issues so that the employees
can be retained in the competitive environment. As the skills are getting advanced and better that
is why the demand for the talented employees will be increased. The Covid-19 has led to bring
such circumstances which affected the future of the business and the time is changing rapidly
mainly for the business. Nowadays businesses have to adapt new and various marketing channel
with the aim of making use of technology and to compete on a global stage. There can be
uncertainty about the future when the company will not analyse the market trends. Another
essential point to remember is to monitor the performance so that issues can be resolved for
better future (Tomlinson, 2019).

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
From the above detailed analysis this can be concluded that Brexit is considered as the departure
of United Kingdom from European Union. This is related with foreign investment in a certain
manner and this would acquire expanding of the businesses in different territories. In the current
time the countries are associated with management with WTO in which this trade protocols are
needed to be followed by the nations. There are different committees within Europe and the
nation is needed to follow such structure and regulations so that product and services can be
made better. At the time when UK withdrew their involvement with EU this has impacted the
policies of trade within Europe in adverse manner. The principle of operations has been changed
and this way downfall to the economic aspects has been seen. This has led the nation to face
different issues in acquiring success for the organisations. The Brexit has led the nations to
manage different foreign direct investment so that UK is now able to welcome organisations
from different countries so that foreign direct investment is encouraged. This is the expenditure
which is enjoyed by UK and helpful in their economic development.
Due to Brexit the trade volume of UK has been affected and this is the reason that the
performance of the country has been seen worst in comparison of any other EU economies as
there were several changes inserted in the nation. The supply chain system of UK is also facing
issues and trade between EU and UK has been decreased. Another country such as Germany,
France, Spain are now recovered from Brexit and Covid-19 so that in this manner overall GDP is
considered as one of the major element which is acquiring higher benefit within the industry. UK
is flowing lowest GDP since the year of 2009 in which the aspects of the succession was
decreasing. The decrease in trade was expected within European Union is expecting that to
develop corporate agreement in relation to agreements which are taking place between UK.
The trade between the UK has seen higher slump in which overall sales within the
businesses are decreasing. This is the high sight of recovery in which the country is able to
develop their trade between other developing countries. The current research report was based on
secondary research methods so that this way in-depth information related with the research topic
is analysed. From the above report this has been analysed that the decline in exports is seeing

high fluctuations in month wise data. The evidence has shown that the impact of Brexit on
market of the EU and UK is seemed to be negative.
UK has left the European market in which an agreement was entered on 24th December so
that higher changes are faced by the companies existed within UK and EU. The new trade
agreement is related with providing new judgments to the organisation in which new changes
will be seen by the companies. The new statistics shows that different fluctuations within
officials is discarded in which disruption is reduced. The transition stage has been seen and this
would provide trading concerns to the organisation situated in UK and EU. The implementation
of Brexit have seen differences within the businesses and people of EU and UK as this is the
changed aspect which is uncertain in nature. At the same time the outbreak of COVID was seen
within the globe so that import and export aspects were stopped. This is due to the reason that
different restrictions were imposed by the government and this way businesses were not able to
meet their level of operations. There is various improvement in which higher impact is seen and
UK is now recorded as the number of country which is having greatest impact over the nations
such as Scotland, England, Wales.. The goods that were exported which have shown the
downfall and in the same manner the countries are facing issues for their survival.
After the Brexit FDI is proven to be negative in which negative impact is seen on the
labour market of UK and in the same manner different problems are related with negative
aspects. As this will impact the labour market in which economy is facing downfall within the
markets. The foreign direct investment helps in safeguarding the inflow within the country so
that overall investment can be identified. By assessing the critical impact of Brexit on FDI in
which majority of FDI partners and this is one of the greatest impact which is seen over UK and
EU market. This is cited that there are few reasons that FDI in UK has decreased due to the
implication in which before this United Kingdom is associated with higher international impact.
Multinational corporation is related with complex supply chain management in which regional
representatives are seen into the market. In the event of Brexit the membership of FDI is now
fluctuating in which UK economic policies are changed which results into projection of failure.
The decision of competitiveness within UK an EU is related with satisfying the motive of
FDI which is to increase direct investment in such a way that overall improvement can be made.
The trade barriers are high in which exports are getting costly and due to these trade restrictions
and barriers international markets are now becoming higher appealing. The report have

demonstrated different methods which are being used by businesses in order to manage the
impact of Brexit and to acquire success into the industrial aspects and this is one of the major
aspect which was seen within almost all the businesses and industries situated within EU and
UK. The research was based on secondary methods so that the researcher was able to acquire in-
depth information related with the topic and in the same manner overall research objectives was
attained.
Recommendation
There are many Recommendation for Brexit which will helps to reduce the foreign investment in
the United Kingdom. According to research, Brexit reduce the foreign direct investments. The
recommendation will helps the UK government to identify the Brexit on the foreign investment
which will helps to increase the future economy of UK. FDI helps to increase the Competitive
pressure of forces manager which helps to improve the performance of UK. There are many
direct and indirect benefits of FDI which includes raising the productivity which helps to
increase the wages and output, pay high wages than domestic firms, introduce technology which
can adapt by the domestic firms. In this context, the recommendation should be focus on the
overall FDI to solve the issues of economy loses. The recommendation of UK government are as
follow-
 Vibe Kill: It is determine as the factor where the investor have to choose to locate the
firms and can invest. There are many bigger an richest markets which attracting more
firms and also attracts more customers. The United Kingdom brings the strong rule to
make the location attracting for foreign Direct investment where the rules are include
law, flexible market, educated workforce etc. in relation to UK government, they should
makes some rules to killed Britain new vibe which helps to increase the competitive
pressure to improve the performance to increase the economy growth for future. Brexit
killed the new vibe of Britain and also reduce the FDI in the UK. Brexit should claim
attract more FDI for UK from the outside the EU.
 Clear Evidence: It will helps to reduce the Foreign investment in the UK, where it is
analysis that FDI flows over the last 30 years across the 34 countries. In context to UK
government, they should become a member of the European free trade association which
helps to restore the benefits of FDI in EU. The UK government should clear about their
evidence where they invest for and located their investor where they can invest. The

economy can be increased by the standard of livings of UK. Clear evidence will helps to
make the relation between FDI and growth with uncertainty. They should control the
monetary policy and fiscal policy which helps to develop the growth of economy. There
are many evidence requirements which can be adapt by the UK to improve the overall
foreign investments.
 Cars and cash: as per research, manufacturing car in UK is the key of success. Where
the industry contributed 5.1 % around to exports of UK and almost 40 % contributed to
EU exports. The economy based on the sales locations which assemble as the
disadvantages of Brexit. The recommendation for UK government which will helps to
reduce the Foreign investments, they should consider the location production as trade
cost rise which is less attractive because of costly ship of Europe, they should increase
and improve the cost co-ordination between headquarters and local production which
helps to reduce the foreign investments in the UK. If the UK government manage the
trade deal then production will reduce by 36000 cars (Moosa, 2020).
 Focusing on financial services: the financial services of UK is the largest FDI
recipients. Privileges following Brexit has restriction on single passport that is the big cut
activity conducted by the EU Members which state an important part for UK financial
services. The recommendation for UK government, if they provide the services across the
EU from its UK home then it will help the UK to maintain the economy and reduce the
foreign investments. As per UK trade, EU is the largest exporter in the world for financial
services so UK firms has the disadvantage on the impact of Brexit.
 Future trade agreements: The UK government should plan and control the currents
trades which is helps to improve the future trade agreements. UK would be no longer to
compromises with EU countries. UK is the under the fifth largest economy size as the EU
single market. There is less bargaining which can be currently enjoy by the EU. By
maintain the future trade agreements it is helps to analysis the barrier for future which
can be set by the currents trade by changing them. It will helps to reduce the Foreign
Investments in the United Kingdom.
 Sovereign Wealth Funds: It is define as the term of investment which is play a vital role
in UK investment as a sources of capital which is increasing in some areas such as
technology, science, infrastructure etc. the recommendation for UK government, they

should explore and encourage the investment sources which is not SWFs investment
promotion services of UK government. They should develop the appropriate strategy for
better and good engaging investor in context to Brexit. They should promote the funds of
Sovereign Wealth which helps to reduce the foreign investment in the United Kingdom.
 The National Security and Investment regime: it is helps to update the legislation
which is no longer fit for the given challenges. The recommendation for UK government,
they should set the intends which helps to operating the new regime. It will also helps to
communicate with investors easily and in a clear form. They should set the roles
respectively of DIT, OFI and implementation of new regime of government bodies. They
should monitor and consider the function of new regime including investment security
unit, integrated and cross department. This recommendation helps the government of UK
to modified the change in legislation and new regime of investments.
These all recommendation will helps the UK government to analysis the gap in context to
Brexit foreign investment and also helps to reduce it where the overall foreign investment can be
measure by the these recommendation. In relation to UK government they should use this
recommendation for improve the economy trade by reducing the foreign investment.
Limitation of research
The major limitation of the research that it is a secondary research so, it is difficult to find
about the research topic. As the research topic is wide and needs to have specific information
which is nit considered as an easy task for the researcher. There are many issues with samples
and selection of the research. As the researcher collected information using secondary research
methods so that investigator selected some of the journals, articles, books and readable
information in which the major issue was related with gathering of specific information to the
research. It is difficult to collect the information from the secondary research due to
unavailability of related and authentic sources. . Secondary research takes too much time which
is also the disadvantages to completed the report on time. It is difficult to find accurate data and
information and many more difficulties which is faced by during the secondary research.
Reflection
I am glad that I have got the opportunity to conduct the research on the topic of determine
the negative or positive impact of Brexit on the foreign investment flowing into UK. The current
research was based on secondary sources of data collection in which i have selected different

sources. I have analysed that my critical analytical skills are good which helped me throughout
the research in order to reach out to overall conclusion. I have also analysed that I am lacking
behind communication and presentation skills. In order to improve the same, I attended different
seminars and public gathering so that I can boost my such skills.
The above conducted research help to gain knowledge about Brexit and its impact upon an
organisation. Brexit is the situation when United Kingdom and Europe get separated from each
other and declared a separate nation for them self. This separation impacted the foreign
investment of both nations. World Trade Organisation which have the responsibility to manage
the issues and activities of trading activities of different nations at worldwide level, their
managers made the trade protocols to maintain the discipline during trading activities. I get to
know that when UK separated from Europe then these protocols and rules and regulations
impacted the other countries too. I also learned that when these Brexit occur then the economy
gets disturbed. The economic growth showed a huge fall down after next year of Brexit, hence,
to cover this loss the country turned to foreign investment. UK has focused to foreign investment
so that they will grow rapidly and new businesses will develop in the country which enhance job
opportunities and financial growth of UK. As a researcher, the first chapter enhances my
knowledge and skills to collect information about the main topic of my research. Researcher
always seek to gain knowledge under their interest area. First chapter of this report also helped to
analyse that a proper structure will be helpful to make the research report more good and
attractive to read. The proper structure makes the report easy to understand and help to analyse
what the further covered topics. I also get to know that making objectives is essential for a
research because it help the researcher to analyse the reason that why actually the research is
conducting on specific topic.
From chapter 2 of this research, I have learned the impact of Brexit on trading activities of UK. I
get to know that UK’s economy fallen down more than Europe’s economy due to Brexit and
COVID pandemic. The export of UK fallen down 45% and imports with 33% from the year
2019 to 2021 which further impacted the supply chain management of many popular companies
in UK. I have also gained knowledge that the countries in Europe like Germany, Spain, France
and many others rapidly recovered from Brexit but UK’s recovery rate is slower than other
countries. After Brexit, it is noticed that trading activities in Europe are increasing but UK’s

trading growth decreases. It is reflected that from last few years that the trading activities of UK
are fluctuating which means sometimes it grows but sometimes it does not.
I have also learned that there are various issues and challenges which are faced by UK after
Brexit. Lack of skilled man power is one of the issues of UK after Brexit. As a researcher, I think
I need to learn that I have to include most suitable information within LR so that it will attract
readers to read it. Secondly, I have also learned that I need to include statistical data effectively.
Most of the workforce of various companies are from Europe, hence, due to Brexit, a majority
number of employees of companies migrated to their countries. Hence, UK companies faces the
issues of lack of skilled and talented employees. Few of the employees are working since many
years within the company but due to their migration their companies get impacted. I have learned
that UK have made few of the changes in the rules and regulations of their trading activities. UK
mainly focuses to reduce their imports and increase their exports so that they will again grow
well but due to this decision many businesses also impacted bad which are supplying their raw
material to UK based companies. This type of additional custom checks and duties also impacted
negative upon UK businesses. A lot of restrictions on imports increases the charges for those
companies which are importing raw material from other countries. Another issues faced by UK
after Brexit is understanding the laws and regulations which is made for all companies as well as
the citizens of the country.
At the end of LR of this research I get to know about the impact of foreign investment in Brexit
and to other countries. It is believed that most of the essential resources are found in Europe so
companies are interested to invest high in Europe as compared to UK. Secondly, FDI increases
the expenditure of exports and imports for UK. Different researcher has different point of views;
I have also learned some positive impact of FDI on UK after Brexit. FDI acts as the main factor
to enhance the productivity and profitability of many UK based companies which further help to
enhance the GDP growth of UK. FDI bring good technology to UK and also help them to
maintain good relationship with other countries to enhance their exports. I have also learned that
FDI can also improve the productivity and profitability of domestic companies. It also helps to
enhance competitiveness in the economy which further motivate companies to produce good
quality of products.
Hence, from the literature review of this research report I get to know that different authors and
researchers have different point of view on same topic but the way of expressing their point of

view is different. Few of the authors use examples to highlight their opinion whereas few use
statistical data to highlight their opinions. Statistical data will make the research more valid and
reliable as well as attractive for readers to read and believe the facts and figures shared by
researcher. As a responsible researcher this is my duty that I will only include true data within
my research and did not include any information which will reflect wrong information on the
chosen topic. I have learned that first off all I need to check myself first about the reliability and
validity of the data and then include them in my research.
Third chapter of this research is Research Methodology which help to analyse the blueprint of
my whole research effectively. It helps me to analyse the systematic way of conducting a
research. I have gained knowledge that research philosophy are of three kinds positivism,
Interpretivism and realism. I have chosen Interpretivism for this research because this research is
related to qualitative research and it is basically based in secondary data. While choosing
Interpretivism, I have enhanced my observation skill because in Interpretivism that researcher
need to observe the things and evaluate the data effectively on the basis of observation. On the
other hand, I have also learned that choosing appropriate research approach is also effective for a
research. There are two types of research approaches named as inductive and deductive. I have
chosen inductive research approach for this research where researcher did not test the existing
theories but used to make their own theory on the data which they collected. The main reason of
choosing this approach by me is that it helps to evaluate the qualitative information within
minimum period of time.
Research strategy is the way of conducting a research at step by step manner. There are different
kinds of research strategy such as research action, survey, focused group and many others. I have
chosen case study method where I have collected the information from a huge number of
respondents by asking them questions. Hence, from the above mentioned research methodology
as well as the other element of research methodology will help me to analyse a particular track or
direction to conduct a research effectively. My remembering learning from RM is from the part
of ethical consideration which help me to learn about what all ethics and good behaviour I need
to adopt while conducting any research. Minimizing the risk of harm is one of the most
important ethical consideration for a researcher. I must make sure that I will not harm any
respondents mentally or physically while collecting data from them. secondly, it is essential for
me to inform my respondents that they are the part of an investigation and their data is used in a

research. I can gain the trust of my respondents by highlighting that their personal data will be
kept confidential and safe from third party. I have also learned that my research should be valid
and reliable enough to gain the trust of readers. There are few difficulties which I have faced
during this research like time consuming. Each stage of this research consume a lot of time and
my research need to be completed within fixed period of time. Hence, here I need to enhance my
time management skill and for this I made a chart which contain the list of activities which need
to be conducted within a fixed period of time and I strictly follow the list. Secondly, I also made
a priority list which means that which task should be done first and which should be later so that
the chain of task will not break and impacts negative on the research. I also face some challenges
in gaining data and review those data effectively because I have no proper knowledge on each
topic which is discussed in this research. Budget issue is also one of the most essential issues for
me to conduct this research effectively.
Time horizon is one of the most important parts of research methodology which reflects that how
much is covered by researcher to conduct the research. There are two types of time horizon first
is cross sectional and second is longitudinal and I have chosen cross sectional time horizon for
my research report which states that the research will be get completed within a short period of
time. I have chosen short period of time to complete my research because it will help me to add
valid data for my research. There is another concept is research methodology and that is research
choice which means which kind of research is chosen by researcher. I have choose qualitative
data over quantitative data due to it’s easy calculations and cost effective benefit. Qualitative
data is easy to collect and evaluate and it also allow me to gain good experience to learn about
how different kids of respondents will reach on different questions when asked.
This research also helped me to enhance my communication skill because for this research I have
communicated with respondents and learn to listen their point of views and record them
effectively. For collecting the responses of the respondent I need to communicate with them and
this gave a good opportunity to observe how well there are interpreting their point of views and
opinions. Chapter 4 of this research which is data analysis and discussion help me to learn that
all collected data are need to be evaluated first and then it is added in the research report. I did
the same, I have collected the information from different sources then I evaluate those data and
get to know that which data need to be mentioned in my research report and which data need to
be avoided. Hence, first of all I check the accuracy, validity and reliability of data. The most

suitable data is then added in my research report to make it good and attracted. This part of my
research report evaluate the data related to the objective of the research. This part need to be
good and must contain easy language so that readers will understood the basic discussion and
main findings of the research and can make a good conclusion at the end. This part of research
need to be evaluated perfectly so that the ideas and concepts of the readers get cleared. I have
also learned that at the end of each research, the researcher need to analyse the conclusion of
whole research report to analyse what main findings of the research. Recommendations are those
suggestions which is given by researcher to mitigate the research problem effectively. From this
section of this research I have learned effective problem solving skill where I recommend few
solutions of the given issue. While including recommendations, I decided to write down all my
ideas related to recommendations on a paper and then analyse which few recommendations are
best suitable for my research report. My research and data collection skill get enhance while
conducting this research because I have gained knowledge that how primary and secondary data
will be get collected and how they will be analysed effectively. One of the most important skill
which I need to learn is presentation skill. I think I am lacking behind to present my research in a
good and appropriate manner. in context of research, presentation matters a lot and it enhances
the effectiveness of the research. The structure which I choose is not so good and attractive for
readers. Hence, I need to work harder to mainly focus to improve my presentation skill and
analyse effective structure of the research. Secondly, my mentor also highlighted minor mistakes
in my research report which I need to focus effectively. First is related to structure and second is
little grammatical errors. I am working to improve my weakness and will be focused enough to
represent my research report in a better way in front of others.

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