Designing and Controlling Construction Project for Sustainable Development

The article discusses various constraints and issues that can affect the success of a construction project, specifically in regards to bridge construction. These include land issues, poor staff and admin support from government organizations, labor agreements, tax reforms, and burdensome regulations. The article also highlights the importance of environmental sustainability, as construction projects can have a significant impact on the environment. In conclusion, the article provides insights into the various aspects that need to be considered when planning and executing a bridge construction project.

Bridge construction
Student name
University
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Table of Contents
Introduction:..............................................................................................................2
Construction process and activity:.............................................................................3
Sustainable method:...............................................................................................4
Integration with existing infrastructure and local community:..............................5
Planning Strategy including Planning Obligations:...............................................5
Commercial strategy for bridge construction:........................................................5
Transportation, procurement, construction program and quality policy for bridge
construction:...........................................................................................................7
Gantt chart & RIBA Plan:.........................................................................................8
Financial analysis of bridge construction:...............................................................11
The bridge construction process for public concern:..............................................15
Political and economic development challenges and failure criteria:.....................17
Conclusion :.............................................................................................................19
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Introduction:
The research article discusses the construction of a bridge over the river in order to reduce traffic
issues and looking for development in different area such as social, economic, physical,
sustainable approaches. According to a given case study, the bridge construction and authorized
management proposed four bridge construction such as "Silvertown Tunnel", "Woolwich Ferry
Replacement", "Galleons Reach: Ferry or Bridge" and "Belvedere crossing". The article
discusses possible activities associated with the bridge construction. The study aim of bridge
construction is to provide practice possible solution of bridge construction that must be optimum
design and cost of construction. In order to design the bridge, the design engineer and
management should consider an important aspect for bridge construction that ensures
construction reliability and provides practice possible solution.
For bridge construction, the article may discuss about the important aspect of bridge design
construction such as sustainable design approach, construction planning strategy with planning
obligations, transportation strategy, commercial strategy and financial viability, integration with
the current infrastructure and response from local community, financial planning, costing and
material requirement of construction, procurement strategy and construction program, legal
strategy and quality of bridge construction, innovative technology that make easier for working
according to planning and stick with the project planning, problem identification during
construction and proposal solution in order to reduce total cost of production and ensure quality
of production Voo, C. (2015). The bridge construction planning includes the aspects of health,
welfare, and safety during the entire work of construction.
Construction process and activity:
For any construction activity and project, the basic and primary think requires project planning.
The project planning based on bridge design and that may include each activity, cost, time
duration, numbers of worker required for the project, contractor detail, roles and responsibilities
of an engineer, supervisor, and workers throughout the project.
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The project planning and sequence for bridge construction based on the major task of the project.
That also includes the complexities and barriers assumption while planning. The barriers of
construction include budget issues, investor poor response, climate issues, poor bridge design,
etc. For project planning of bridge construction, may includes the following activities.
a. Identifying the requirement of bridge construction
b. Assessment, forecasting, evaluation of possible traffic for a requirement in the specific
area of bridge construction at a specific location.
c. A possible alternative of bridge construction.
d. Refining and short listing of each possible solution.
e. Find the conceptual plans for the alternatives. That includes the selection of material and
use for construction work. This activity also includes the arrangement of the span and
form.
f. The basic outline of bridge design and approximate costing of the bridge structure.
g. Evaluation of planning, risk assessment and choice of design
h. Resource identification through the surveying and research Voo, C. (2015).
Apart from this, the consultant firm needs to consider bridge construction in order to
achieve the most suitable methods:
Sustainable method:
As per given case study, the population increases day by day and year after years, therefore, a
design engineer needs to consider sustainable approach by considering future aspects. The design
engineer and construction project manager needs to develop a project plan, selection of
construction material, bridge structural analysis and many more aspect of bridge construction
and development plan Falco, E. (2015). In order to develop a sustainable bridge, the following
principle and important aspect needs to consider.
The construction plan needs to consider must allowable, individual vehicle and utility
infrastructure to cross expense in the safe and effective method consideration. The bridge
structure construction procedure should make a positive impact on the environment, surrounding
community and crowd that will experiences. The bridge construction should consider various
4

form of transportation by considering the local community in an effective way. While designing
and project planning, it should be avoided needs to develop multiple structures to support the
different types of vehicles including cars, bicycle, and trains. It may also include the other uses,
including utility transport, if possible. The procedure of construction, material use and motive of
development must not harm the ecological system and must be balanced within the planet's
ability to absorbs its consumption of the non-renewable resource and waste emission. The
approach also needs to consider the limited use of land and affect the natural climate, considering
its potential impact of the environment change (McNiff, et.al.2013).
The construction procedure should consider environmental issues throughout the entire life span
of the process. That should be limited use of land and affect the natural environment; it also
affects the potential impact on climate change. The environmental issues need to consider
throughout the lifespan by considering the construction process when it required to maintain and
lastly it is required to replace and demolished. It must be within specific budget including build,
operation, maintenance, repair, and replacement. The bridge construction should sustainable
itself by economically and able to develop the revenue for the employers.
Integration with existing infrastructure and local
community:
As per given case study, the bridge construction requires to develop at a different place, with
different drawing and dimensions. The bridge needs to develop over the bases of the end
condition of the soil surface. The bridge developed and design consideration may assume by
simply supported beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load over the entire span. The
design engineer must consider the current technology, revise construction or latest construction
standard and soil nature when design about the bridge. The design engineer and project planning
team needs to develop project planning by considering resource availability, manpower
availability, transportation facility and surrounding community those can take the part project.
Planning Strategy including Planning Obligations:
The planning obligation strategy supplementary planning document will provide the framework
for the negotiation and use of the planning obligation duty across the site. There are various
5

purposes to provide security mechanisms. The planning strategy may include the new
infrastructure and current developed strategy in order to improve current bridge structure. The
planning and implement procedure measure to mitigate the unfavorable impact of the
development Gnecchi-Ruscone, E. (2010). The obligation measures the address which provides
the required identification that lodge the development of bridge and surrounding structure. The
planning strategy may include the specific requirement covered through strategy may include
such as transportation, the open area surrounding the bridge construction.
Commercial strategy for bridge construction:
Execution of project plan:
In order to complete the project within a time period and ensure quality and sustainable
approach, it is require developing ends-to-ends and through-through execution plan will be only
responsible for improving efficiency and execute the project effectively (Khaleghi, 2010).
Developing an ambitious strategy:
This is not a case of finance but it is sustainable terms that will create and aspire the high on the
project execution ends with the condition of dedication and commitment in order to obtain
desired objectives. In case it held together, the ambitious strategy with the obsessive execution
plan will be work according to the project plan.
Priority for strengthening aspects:
The project manager focuses on the important parameters and a key aspect of the bridge
construction project. the management looking and consider those aspects and take as starting
point to step by step ladder position. Clear your achievement, it is outlined that aspect which key
role and aspect of Strengths Bridge, A. (2014). As more aware of the strength, more powerful
output possible to develop.
Priority to key person for decision making:
In a construction project, the project planning and correct way of execution is an important part
of the entire project. The project manager should give priority to that person who can give a
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quality result and ensure production as per decided objectives. The management needs to
encourage and support to develop strategy, they also include suggestion and recommendation
from expertise, they can take help from previous work, research and project plan in order to
develop an effective strategy and useful project plan.
Change management and performance management system for bridge construction.
The bridge construction project has a remarkable vision and enthusiastic engineering team. The
project planning should be result oriented culture development; therefore, it is requiring
developing strategy in order to execution plan (Kang, 2012). Once, the process strategy is signed
off, it is required to integrate for the employee's performance and appraisal measurement system.
that will indicate how to do rather than a question for what to do. The engineering team must be
clear for the project objective and action plan for support strategy execution and manage to meet
the project goal. The engineering team has specified roles, responsibility and gives enough
chance in order to execution of their skills which must be beneficial for a construction project.
For example, give freedom to architecture to provide useful design and detail analysis which
ensures the strength of the structure. These results will assist the project, manage and keep
simple the project objectives.
Clear, clarifying and effective communication:
Consider the team will understand what they require and what the manager will follow. It is
important to keep the expectation as possible close as management can. For effective project
execution, the supportive staff and planning team need to manage effective communication
between each employee and the project manager. Effective communication may reduce
additional effort and encourage the functional output of project plan execution.
Transportation, procurement, construction program and quality policy for
bridge construction:
The construction project may always make traffic and transportation method difficult for local
people. The project manager and design engineer needs to take care of and prepare design by
considering routine transportation activity. Additionally, the bridge design must consider the
loading condition of each type of vehicles which are used for a normal transportation facility.
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The material management and procurement procedure developed such a way that a minimum
amount of material waste occurs and a minimum amount of material movement and
transportation cost may occur. The project manager, planning engineer and vendor development
needs to keep a record for material movement, receive and use for construction work. By
considering past record, the management needs to use effective operational management theory
and provide procurement planning that ensures maximum productivity and minimum material
waste.
Construction activity and programs are provided in detail in project activity. The project manager
should allocate skilled and experience quality control engineer. The management assigns entire
inspection activity and maintains a structural standard to quality control engineer. The inspector
checks material structural strength and finds strength through standard inspection procedure.
The quality inspector tests the bridge construction procedure and prepares the report. That report
will send to project manager for taking necessary action in order to enhance the quality of bridge
structure (Loosemore, 2016).
Gantt chart & RIBA Plan:
Task Strategy
definition
Preparation
and brief
Conceptual
design
Developed
design
Technical
design
Construction Handover and
closeout
In use
Core
objective
requirement:
bridge
construction
over a river
by
considering
sustainable
design
Sustainable
bridge
construction,
ensure
quality and
reliability,
budget and
project
planning with
a timeline
Proposed
design
planning,
budgeting,
design
program, and
budgeting
Develop bridge
design by using
computer
application or
CAD software,
update
structural
design, costing,
project
strategies and
design
program.
Detail design
includes
structural
analysis and
ensures safety
criteria.
Structural and
building
information
Execution of
planning and
initiate bridge
construction
procedure.
Documentation
and conclusion
of bridge
construction
Follow
project
planning
and ensure
the activity
meet with
giving time
duration
Procurement Project
overview and
assembly
design
Project roles
and
responsibility
to engineer,
supervisor,
and worker
as per skills,
experience,
etc.
As per the
previous
activity
As per the
previous
activity and
requirement of
procurement
As per the
previous
activity and
requirement of
procurement
Project
contract,
quality
inspection, and
project review.
As per project
requirement
As per
project
requirement
8

Program Establish
project
program.
Project
review
Project
assessment,
review of
activity
Design
assessment
Design
assessment and
action plan
Assessment of
project
planning and
execution
Not require As per
project
requirement
Planning Design,
activity, and
execution
Feasible
study and
bridge
construction
planning
As per
project
requirement
and proceed
activity
Design
development,
assessment, and
implementation
Design
development,
assessment, and
implementation
Planning
assessment and
implementatio
n
As per project
requirement
As per
project
requirement
Suggestion
key and
support
tasks
Forecasting
and
amendment
as per
requirement
Risk
assessment,
handover
strategy,
design
responsibility
matrix, and
information
exchange
Operational
strategy, risk
assessment,
maintenance,
project
execution
plan
Drafting,
analysis
Detailing and
structural
analysis
Change
management
Inspection,
employer
feedback, and
evaluation
Project
assessment
Sustainable
checkpoints
Selection of
material,
design test,
and
environment
consideration
Sustainable
target, project
brief, and
project
scheduling
Bridge
construction
regulation
consider,
sustainable
aspiration
and
construction
strategy
Ensure
standard
procedure of
bridge
construction
process as per
EN standard
Ensure the
strength,
durability,
material
selection by
considering the
sustainable
approach
Ensure the
strength,
durability,
material
selection by
considering the
sustainable
approach
Construction
certification
and project
approval
Construction
certification
and project
approval
Information
Exchanges
Review of
past bridge
construction
and method
uses for
construction
Project key
information
such as
dimensions,
material
selection,
loading
Detail
design,
project brief,
cost
information,
and final
brief
The design
developed and
structural
building
service design
The design
developed and
structural
building
service design
Planning
execution
according to
the design
specification
As per project
requirement
As per
project
requirement
UK
Government
Information
Exchange
Not require Needed Needed Needed Needed Needed Needed Needed
Gantt chart:
Month May- June- Aug- Sept- Oct-19 Nov- Dec- Jan-20 Fab-20 March-
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19 19 19 19 19 19 20
Activity
Roles and
responsibility of
project engineer,
supervisor
Contract meeting
Occupation and
health program
Pre-cast meeting
Quality assurance
and material
management
Review of the
construction
drawing
Surveying and
Structural layouts
Site visit and
inspection
Equipment and
procurement
Foundation and
piles
Splices
Cofferdams
Hammers,
Followers,
mandrel, churn
drilling
Bailer, template,
pile driving
analyzer
Material for
bridge
construction
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Pile installation,
framework.
Reinforcing bar,
concrete, Girders,
and bearing
Post-tensioning,
concrete decks,
Granular backfill
Design
consideration,
screed rails, and
concrete mixing
Handling and
placing of
concrete
Screeding,
finishing, and
equipment
Financial analysis of bridge construction:
As per the given case study, the bridge construction design needs to include finance detail with
reference of bridge design. The costing and financial detail give an approximate idea about the
budget requirements, numbers of employees require and activities as per defined time period.
the following are demonstrate the UK government norms that need to consider by a project
manager (Zhao, 2013).
According to section 42, the civil construction work defines the activities includes for the various
types of a construction project. That includes the new project, maintenance, additional activity,
and alternative activity regards to project. The section also demonstrates construction reaction
procedure, site structure and temporary nature of bridge construction. The section also defines
the heavy construction activities such as tunnel, railways, bridge, water project, and airline
11

projects. This work is carried out by considering the free contract and specific portion of the
work.
According to section 43, it defines the allied construction activities includes bridge construction,
preparation, and part of a building and civil engineering activities. These activities include the
specialized in the suitable common to the different structures, they require special skills and
equipment such as pile, foundation, carcass work, concrete work, roof covering and stone setting.
The structural steel selection procedure includes the provided that part which is not produced
through the same unit. The allied construction activities are carried out under the construction
subcontract, but the maintenance activity did directly for the owner of the property; this would be
including bridge construction activities as well. These activities are generally performed at the
site location, as part of the job may carry out for the special shop. This may include such as
foundation, cavitations, and activity associated with the bridge construction planning (Price,
2010).
Direct labor organizations:
The bridge construction work is carried out through the direct employees of government
services, local authorities and nationalizes industries. In this case, there is no published
construction work carried out and provide employment statistics. The project output through the
direct employees of the project utilities and other public area organization will be excluded from
construction.
Public and private sector:
The public work sector is considered through public authority includes the government
department, public utilities, nationalization industries, university, town corporation, house
construction, bridge construction, public parking development, etc.
Sampling:
The construction project needs to maintain a comprehensive list of UK businesses for the
statistical purpose known as inter-departmental business register. This provides the sampling
frame for the surveys for the construction by considering government rights and regulation. The
project sampling includes the amount of Tax, GST, VAT and detail financial data for a
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construction project. The proposed project planning includes the wages decided for a worker,
engineer, supervisor including tax as per UK government, that also include the allowance as per
construction project as per difficulty level of work. The project contract includes.
Financial Analysis for bridge construction:
 total cost :
before the starting bridge construction as per design specification and project planning, it is
required to prepare project budget i.e. the cost of the entire procedure, manpower, equipment,
machinery, authorized approval from the government and municipal corporation, worker,
engineer and sub-contractor cost (Sun, 2015). For the bridge construction total cost is provided
in costing segment :
 source of finance :
for any construction project, the potential stakeholder, employers, and investor play an important
role. The public bridge construction needs a huge amount, so it is difficult to invest by one
party. Therefore, the government and private sector collect fund from potential sources which are
capable to arrange a huge amount. For example, the bank, financial firm, project contractors,
construction company, groups of a company can provide fund for the investment purpose and
authorized (state government) may deposit fund after the project completed within the fixed time
duration. The funding terms, rate of interest, share percentages are discussed and requested as
per bank rules and financial firm condition. The bridge construction employers may responsible
for the deposit amount as per given time duration.
 personal finance :
the personal finance for bridge construction includes the required material, manpower, and
equipment provided for a construction project. It is also known as vendor development in order
to satisfy the needs of the project. The sub-contractor and vendors can provide necessary heavy
equipment on rent with a significant price.
 admin cost :
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The cost may require for proceeding project activities such as construction equipment, stationary,
electric equipment, safety equipment, wages and salary for an engineer, designer, management,
worker, etc. this is essential elements of construction and project manager should consider while
costing with planning and designing.
 architecture and design cost :
These kinds of a project (bridge, airline road construction, railway track construction, etc.) are
the special construction project. It is majority change of structure may be demolished due to
external heavy load and natural effect such as flood, earthquake, etc. may destroy the structure
and serious hazardous occur at bridge, roadways, railway lines, etc. therefore, the project
manager must hire skilled, well experience and determine architecture who ensure the structural
strength by using theoretical and design concept of bridge construction. he will surely provide
an impact of a construction project. the architecture ensures the design structure must safe,
ensure and select reliable material requirements for a bridge construction project, provide
aesthetic appearance by architecture technique, etc. so, overall the " design engineer" and
"architecture " play a crucial role for a bridge construction project (Tang, 2016). therefore, the
consulting change for entire bridge construction may hire. Because, they ensure the structure
design will safe and ensure a minimum amount of budget, manpower, and the material will
consume from the construction procedure.
 machinery cost :
the bridge construction project requires heavy machinery which is not affordable for an
individual construction project. therefore, employers should take that machinery from rent. This
machinery such as bulldozer, crane and material movement machinery may useful for the entire
construction project. That’s why the heavy machinery may necessary for construction project
and that needs to consider for construction project while planning and before actual construction
may start.
 government approval expenses :
the bridge construction project is a public project and aim of the project is to provide sustainable
bridge construction for UK people. the state government, Municipal and project contractor
14

should approval project with project specification. The project specification includes the cost of
budget, tender price, equipment and material used for bridge construction, manpower utilized for
bridge construction and time duration for a complete project. the documentation and necessary
procedure need to follow in order to get approval for a bridge construction project.
Costing:
Sr. No. Description L m
1. Preliminaries 30
2. Intelligent transport service 6
3. Bridge structure 40
4. Accommodation work 1
5. Contractor design 5
6. Statutory undertake cost 2
7. Material cost 4.5
8. Manpower and equipment cost 1.5
Total 90
The bridge construction process for public concern:
The project manager and structure engineer device the entire project into sub-project and sub-
activities. That may be an easier procedure to achieve construction object, save time, manpower
and material and ensure project completion within a time period. The following are providing
“bridge construction procedure” with considering a given case study.
a. Foundation :
The foundation is a primary requirement for a bridge construction project. The strength,
sustainability, and endurance depend on the foundation of a bridge. The problems occur during
the construction of a foundation which depends on various factors such as soil, equipment, plant,
and logistics for a foundation. The bridge foundation may be opened, pile, well and any other
specific types of foundation (Wang, 2015). For example, the good foundation, there is various
type of soil is considered and it is become difficult to provide the specific time schedule for the
15

sinking of well unless the soil details and anticipated profile should match with the actual meet.
In this case, the boundary and clayey soil the sinking rate schedule which is likely to demonstrate
when to compare to sandy soil. The foundation requires a pneumatic sinking procedure which
should be subsequent for the open grabbing due to the problem in the sinking of well.
In a bridge construction project, the foundation prepares by cement, concrete, and iron rod
material in order to reinforce the foundation strength. The foundation design will prepare by
considering external sources such as environmental condition, wind flow, average traffic occur
over the bridge ( approximate assumption), sustainable design consideration and dimensions of
foundation. In order to obtain a specific dimension of foundation, it is required to perform
theoretical and software analysis which provide significant result about strength in a static and
dynamic condition of the bridge. In engineering, there are various types of foundation available,
therefore a selection of foundation are depends on various factors. The design engineer may
consider those factor and chose a suitable foundation that ensures the strength of a material.
Figure: the foundation of a bridge
b. Construction activity :
The bridge construction project has to divide into sub-activity with considering each activity
time duration, equipment requirement, etc. the project output of the work depends on the how
best activities are managed which change from site to site, depends on various factors. The
construction activities consider as following:
1. Staking
2. Excavation and erosion control
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3. Foundations
4. Pile
5. Spread Footings
6. Forming
7. Concrete beam development
8. Steel beam
9. Reinforcement
10. Deck grades
11. Concrete placement
12. Bridge deck
13. Barrier rail
14. Expansion Joints
The detail activities are schedules and provide critical path method by considering major
milestone and bar charts.
The project planning and change management applied in order to achieve project objective
within a given time limit.
Plant management:
The bridge construction site is always open space; therefore the project engineer should plan
according to material availability, transportation facility, and resource availability. The project
plant needs to assess and action taken according to a particular job.
a. Quantum of work
b. The time duration for work execution
c. Details of equipment and requirement of job position
d. Capacity of plant
e. Capacity assess
f. Maintenance scheduling
g. Inventory management and control
h. Plant maintenance.
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The design engineer prepares construction and site layout which indicate the detail of project
activity, area and space required for equipment, safety and health consideration for construction
procedure (ZENG, 2018).
Material management:
This is a parallel activity that needs to consider from the starting of the project. This activity
covers the procurement of camp material, purchase items, sand, cement, steel, structure, cost of
equipment, etc.
Political and economic development challenges and failure criteria :
The public project of construction such as road development, railway track, tunnel construction,
etc. needs social, local, economic and political support in order to provide quality work and
ensure the project satisfied sustainable approach. For the sustainable design of bridge
construction needs to consider political and economic factor, which are affecting the project
progress and sustainable approach. The following are demonstrate the political and economic
challenges that may affect the project objective and may because of failure.
Land issues :
The public construction project always takes time for planning, designing and controlling as per
project objective. Because this project is to engage with numbers of activity that needs to
perform anyhow in order to construct as per planning. There are various constraints which make
the more difficult project as per planning and designing. Area, location and land issues are
always there for any construction project. The land issues occur due to poor local residential
support and poor action by the state government. For large construction project require
approximate 1.2 to 1.3 times area as compare to the original area of construction. That
additional area requires for material movement, machinery installation, and material storage.
Therefore, land issues are always there in construction project planning.
Poor staff and admin support from government organization :
18

Any public project needs project approval from local state or national government which
mentions project cost, activity, material, manpower and time duration require for a specific
construction project. These activities and significance are requiring approving from authorized
organization. The procedure consumes consideration time and sufficient documentation work for
project approval. But, due to a corruption problem, this activity may or may not approve as per
project planning. This might because of project failure and not approval as per project planning.
Labor Agreements:
The construction project requires efficient worker and manpower for heavy duty work. The
project contract needs to approve from a government organization and an authorized person
about labor contract and agreement. The project contract may be approved by well define
aspects such as wage of contract, labor policy, safety criteria, labor skills, and experience. But
due to poor response and shortage of skilled labor, the labor agreement may create issues and
may not approve from the authorized organization (Loosemore, 2016).
Tax Reform:
Around 75% of the contraction contract needs to pay taxes at an individual rate by considering
the owner's returns rate. The corporate rate may deduce and may not help this organization. That
would be in fact the wide the existing disparity while resulting in the net tax hike. The
construction project needs to pay lower tax with a similar rate for the businesses by considering
the size and tax structure.
Burdensome regulations:
According to local government administration, the local government ensures industries
stakeholders voices and heard the rights of protected.
Environment sustainability:
The construction project faces various issues which affect the environment as they produce
around 25 to 40 percent of carbon emission during construction procedure. these problems may
become more at the forefront for global agenda, these may have to make a negative attitude from
the public. This may not easy for the construction industries and may not completely avoid. In
19

construction activity, it is required to make changes in carbon emission which may require the
complete new project management approach that focused on reducing energy emission and more
water wastage. To take care of the environment is a prime duty for social and professional
aspects. As these kinds of activities may not control, it will invite a greenhouse effect and may
not ensure a sustainable approach maintain for a construction project (Khaleghi, 2010).
Conclusion :
The research article discusses the different aspect of the bridge construction process. The project
motive is to provide a project proposal and planning aspect to employers in order to construct a
project according to design and project planning. The project article provides different aspects
for bridge construction by considering sustainable design method. the article discusses the RIBA
plan and Gantt chart for construction procedure suggestion. The project budgeting and financial
analysis provided for cost budgeting and ensure each activity may be satisfied with specific time
duration. Additionally, the bridge construction process provides construction procedure by
considering public concern. The entire project procedure may fail due to political and economic
challenges, therefore, the criteria for economic and political concern are mentioned.
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