Nonverbal Communication in Interaction

This assignment delves into the significance of nonverbal communication in human interactions. It examines various aspects of nonverbal cues, including body language, facial expressions, eye contact, and gestures, and analyzes their influence on message transmission and comprehension. The assignment encourages students to consider how nonverbal signals shape perceptions, build rapport, and contribute to the overall effectiveness of communication.

Running head: MASTER OF MANAGEMENT FOR ENGINEERS
Master of Management for Engineers
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Executive Summary
Communication is said to be effective when the speaker can convey his or her message to the
listener. In this report, five tools will be utilized that would help to analyse and diagnose the
shortcomings in communication skills. Some standard literature will also be reviewed that
would aid in developing ideas for improvement. Finally, an action plan will be provided
where an improvement plan and its timeline will be given.

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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Diagnosis and Reflection...........................................................................................................3
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................8
Actionable Plan........................................................................................................................12
Conclusion................................................................................................................................14
Reference List..........................................................................................................................15
Appendix..................................................................................................................................19

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Introduction
Information can be exchanged between entities or groups through the process of
communication. Lack of active listening, different cultural backgrounds and language barriers
are some of the barriers to communication (Baker & Warren, 2015). A communication is not
effective if the speaker is unable to convey his or her intended message to the speaker. The
communication can be called effective if all the information is conveyed and there is no
miscommunication by eliminating the barriers of communication. A proportionate use of
verbal as well as nonverbal communication skills is needed for proper message delivery. The
emotional state of the speaker and the listener can be expressed by using non-verbal
communication skills. This report comprises of a diagnosis and reflection section on the
different styles of communication and the tools that can be used to analyze them. A literature
review is also provided that would elaborate on the identified flaws in communication. The
purpose of this report is to identify and examine the shortcomings in communication and the
steps that must be implemented to enhance those skills through the utilization of an action
plan.
Diagnosis and Reflection
Five diagnostic tools can be used to evaluate effective communication. I have
established an understanding of these tools and was able to use these tools to evaluate my
communication skills
 Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale: This tool is utilized while
identifying my ability to communicate with my friends, acquaintances at my work
place and strangers whom I meet everywhere (Bahadori & Hashemizadeh, 2018). I
feel very comforted while I am talking to my friends. I feel very motivated while
talking to a single friend and even a small group of friends. I can exchange

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information with ease. However, I feel a little difficulty in having a conversation with
a large group of friends. I can be very assertive while talking to one or a small group
of my friends but I am defensive while talking to a large group. I am an active listener
while having a conversation with them and listen intently if it is small group but in a
large group, I am unable to give full attention to the conversation (Farrell, 2016). I can
talk with to a large group of acquaintances at my workplace with ease. This is usually
the case when I am in a meeting and I must address them. There is an abundance of
issues and problems to talk about and thus I can freely communicate with them. I feel
awkward while I am talking to one or a small group of acquaintances. This is
primarily because I create topics to talk about and the conversations do not last for
long. I like to avoid being the context of gossip at my workplace (Burke, 2017). Thus,
I am very careful as not to offend them by talking about something they might be
embarrassed about. I enjoy having a conversation with a group of strangers for the
same reasons. There is a lot to talk about and every one contributes to the
conversation. Such conversations are very interesting to listen to, as there are various
experiences that can be gained from these discussions (Holliday, 2016). However, I
lack confidence while talking to a stranger. My body language explicitly conveys that
I am very defensive while talking to them.
 Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension: I have analysed
various aspects of intercultural communication with the help of this diagnostic tool
(Neuliep, 2017). From this tool it is apparent that I am comfortable while talking to
people belonging to different cultural backgrounds. I am never nervous while talking
to them and it has never happened that they got offended from something I said.
Generally, people from one cultural background might be insensitive towards people
from other cultural background. Such instances take place when there are groups of

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strangers having a conversation and not knowing about the cultural backgrounds of
their listeners (Yook, 2015). Spending time on social media I overrated as people do
not get to meet each other and know about them. Instead, spending time in real life
with people from different cultural backgrounds is necessary. Different cultures have
different perspectives to life (Tien, 2015). Knowing about them and understanding its
meaning is beneficial for everyday life. Colleges and workplaces consist of people
from different cultures. Such a workplace is necessary for diversified approach to
problems. Therefore, I am very intrigued while talking to people from different
cultural backgrounds. I am certain that I would benefit by having conversations with
them. I am confident and upfront while talking to them as I understand the prospect of
talking to them. I have never felt uncomfortable while talking to them. The overall
rating from the tool thus indicates that I have very high intercultural skills and that I
can easily communicate with them without facing any difficulties.
 Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report: This diagnostic tool was used to measure
my non-verbal skills for communication. In many scenarios, I have experienced that I
lack non-verbal skill. This tool provides a concrete proof that I certainly lack those
skills. Facial expression and body language are two parts of non-verbal
communication skills (Burgoon, Guerrero & Floyd, 2016). The analysis from the tool
shows that I am capable at using facial expressions like smiling and eye contact.
Smiling while talking to people creates a friendly persona. I tend to use some
intonations while talking to people only when I am happy. In other scenarios, I have a
monotonous voice while talking to people (LeFebvre & Allen, 2014). I keep calm and
composed and thus my voice does not change. I maintain eye contact while talking to
them as this shows that I am very attentive and focussed while talking to them. I want
them to know that I give them my undivided attention. Continuous eye contact also

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shows that I am very confident in myself and that I am not lying while talking
(Myllyneva & Hietanen, 2015). However, I am deficient at using body languages and
postures for effectively communicating my information as well as my emotions and
state of mind. I do not use hand gestures of any sort. This signifies that I am very
uptight while communicating with others. This prevents me from creating a personal
connection with the people I talk to. Generally touching someone’s arms or shoulders
while talking to them is a great way to show that the listener has empathy for the
speaker. I do not touch the people I am talking to and thus they might think that I am
not giving full attention to their situation or that I have no feelings to share (Leathers
& Eaves, 2015). Such assumptions convey miscommunication in these situations. I
am not fluent at using postures for communication. Standing postures can reveal a
vast amount of information about the speaker and the listener. Among many others, it
shows whether I am interested in the conversation or not.
 Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety: My public speaking skills can be
analysed using the diagnostic tool. From this tool I have identified that I have strong
public speaking skills. Public speaking can be very difficult as addressing a large
crowd is not easy. A crowd consists of a wide variety of people. Each of them has
come to attend the speech with different expectations from the speaker. The speaker
must be aware of the mentality of the crowd. I personally find public speaking very
satisfying. I am comfortable and competent at addressing the public. I enjoy preparing
for the speech. I include stories from my personal experience that helps me to keep
the audience feel a connection to my speech. I am confident that building a
connection with the audience is essential for an effective speech delivery. Although, I
need anxiety management as I am tensed before giving a speech (Hunter, Westwick &
Haleta, 2014).

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 Talkaholic Scale Communication: Using this tool I can analyse whether I am a
talkaholic or not. Being talkaholic means that the person would keep on talking
without stopping or let others speak. Talkaholic often annoy other people with their
compulsive behaviour (Sidelinger & Bolen, 2015). It is evident from the tool that I am
not a talkaholic. I speak only when it is necessary. I am not a compulsive talker
however I am borderline talkaholic. There are times when I should have been upfront
and communicated my thought process to make situations less complex. In some
situations, I have also faced that excess communication from my end was
disadvantageous (Sidelinger & Bolen, 2016). However, if my overall talking record is
observed, it will be seen that I talk less than I should.
The five diagnostic tools aided in providing me with two major flaws in my
communication skills. These flaws are as follows:
 I lack the ability to use body language to effectively convey my message. I need to
use these skills to show that I have understood the message that was meant to be
conveyed. Change of voice pattern is also necessary as a monotonous voice will make
the listener lose interest.
 Public speaking anxiety is another flaw that I need to improve on. Anxiety before
every speech is not ideal. I have no problem while giving a speech in front of the
public and I usually enjoy the speech preparation phase. I get nervous while practicing
the speech for better delivery. However, instead of reducing my anxiousness, I get
more worked up before the speech.
The following are two of my very recent professional experiences in the last twelve
months:

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 During a meeting at my workplace, I was unable to completely convey my positive
attitude to my manager. He stated some new ideas for a project and although I fully
supported those ideas, my body language said otherwise. This created a difference of
opinion among the junior colleagues which was completely unintentional.
 There was a conference conducted by my company. I had to address a huge crowd
and give a speech containing motivational content. I was really excited for the speech
as it is my forte. I have no problems in addressing huge crowds. However, I was
baffled by anxiety attacks before the speech started. I was vigorously sweating and
my hands and legs were shaking as the moment of getting up at the podium
approached. I needed serious anxiety management in this situation.
Literature Review
Two issues in my communication skills were identified in the preceding part of the
assignment. This literature review will aid in explaining those issues.
A combination of verbal and non-verbal communication skills is needed to effectively
communicate and to convey the intended message (Phutela, 2015). Non-verbal skills are
needed to communicate the emotional state of the speaker. It is also needed to understand the
mental state of the listener. A person can fluently lie verbally, however his or her body
language will reveal it all. Positive use of non-verbal communication skills is seen as a sign
of confidence and assertiveness. It is well known that visual aid is recommended for better
communication purposes (Rodríguez Estrada & Davis, 2015). Body postures and hand
gestures act as the visual aid to communication. Hand gestures like waving the hands while
talking shows sincerity towards the conversation. Open arms symbolize friendliness and
honesty (Gonzalez, 2017). It also shows that the speaker has nothing to hide. Hand gestures
while speaking to a large audience is a necessity as it keeps the audience enticed in the
speech. It serves to keep the audience interested in the speech. Closed arms shows that the

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person is defensive and being careful. Clasped hands also signify the same along with
showing that the person is probably hiding something. Standing postures are also important
as it can reveal a huge amount of information about the conversationalists. The feet of the
listener pointed towards the speaker shows that the listener is attentive and is actively
listening to the speaker (Baker & Warren, 2015). On the other hand, if the person points his
or her feet away from the speaker, it means that the listener has lost interest in the
conversation. Body postures also reveal the interest level of a person. A leaned in pose means
that the person is listening intently or is confident in his or her speech (Bodie et al., 2015).
However, a leaned back pose is a defensive pose and signifies that the person either disagrees
with the speaker or has doubts in his or her own speech. Shoulder shrug is a common sign of
disagreement and not understanding the speaker. Touching the arms and shoulders
symbolizes empathy and sympathy (Kaushal, 2014). It can be used to form a close connection
with people. It shows intimacy with people and such a conversation often holds more value
than formal ones. Voice intonation is needed to effectively communicate with the listener
(Elbert & Dijkstra, 2014). A change of voice is necessary to show emotional changes. Anger,
sorrow and happiness, all of these emotions can be expressed by using only the right tone of
voice. Among all the non-verbal skills, intonation has the strongest effect on the audience.
The speaker stresses the key points so that the listener can easily comprehend the message.
Eye contact is another prime example of showing interest and confidence in a conversation.
A speaker can assert his dominance by maintaining eye contact throughout the conversation.
It also signifies that the speaker is honest and is confident in his or her approach. Looking
away during a conversation often denotes that the participants have lost interest in the
conversation. It can also mean that speaker is either lying or is not confident enough. The
personality of a person can be evaluated by analyzing his or her use or non-verbal
communication skills. A person with a strong personality will always maintain eye contact

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while speaking and have an overall positive attitude. Such a person will always be assertive
and use the right tone to convey the appropriate message. He or she will not wait for things to
occur instead the person will use effective communication that can be used to make things
happen. A weak person is submissive in nature. The person would lack the necessary
confidence to speak assertively. He or she cannot make judgements on the important
decisions of their life. Such people can never use non-verbal communication skills, as it is
impossible for them to act confidently. Handshakes also signifies the strength of a person’s
character. Firm handshakes would definitely mean that the person is dominating, has a lot of
confidence and is very assertive during conversation. A weak handshake however shows that
the person has very low confidence levels, is never dominating and is not assertive during
conversations. Breathing is one of the minor aspects of non-verbal communication. The signs
are very subtle and most people generally ignores to consider this. Heavy breathing is usually
sign of anxiousness and tension. The person might be worked up due to being anxious and
tensed prior to any event. Slow and steady breadths on the other hand shows confidence. The
person does not get anxious as he or she is confident of the actions. Thus, the person remains
calm. A long and deep exhale also signifies that the person has agreed to a certain agreement.
Understanding a breadth can hugely favor a person negotiating for a contract. Non-verbal
skills must be used to make the communication effective. Such skills are hard to develop and
even harder to master. However, once mastered can help a person overcome any obstacle in
his or her life.
Anxiety management is vital for public speaking (Soh, Roy & Lakshmi, 2017). A
tensed speaker would lack confidence to address the crowd properly. There are certain
actions that needs to be performed to reduce anxiety levels in a person. A person must accept
the fact that he or she cannot control everything. Somethings will always happen without any
cause or warning. These events must be dealt with individually. Having such a mindset will

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definitely reduce the stress of the person. A person must always put maximum effort in the
task and hope for the best to happen. Perfection cannot always be achieved and it is futile to
stress over it. A person must maintain a positive attitude. Positive thoughts can replace
negative thoughts, which would reduce the anxiety level of a person. Fretting over simple
stuff must be avoided as it increases the tension of a person. A person must identify and
understand the processes that can trigger his or her anxiety. It is generally advised to avoid
such anxiety triggers however in real life not everything trigger can be avoided like schools
or jobs. Such triggers must be dealt with by applying other suitable measures. Deep breaths is
one method where a person inhales and exhales at a slow yet continuous pace (Khalsa et al.,
2015). Any person can use this for stress management. Taking long breaths has proven to be
effective among children as well as adults. This calms the mind largely and can be any place
any time. Counting numbers slowly is another method that can be used to manage stress.
Counting from one to ten is enough to reduce stress in even the most tensed person. However,
during certain exceptional cases counting to 20 or 30 may also be needed. Community
service is another method to manage stress. Volunteering to support causes such as free
education can be very satisfying (Rochester et al., 2016). This in turn can reduce the stress
levels of a person. Such activities provide an accepted gap in our busy schedules and thus
reduces stress. Listening to music, reading books and meditating are other forms of anxiety
management (Dor-Ziderman et al., 2016). People who are need of a clear head at work can
use this method regularly. The preferred choice differs from person to person. Some prefer
listening to music as it helps to calm down. Some people calm down while meditating in the
park. There others for who reading books is a great way to reduce stress (Biegel, 2017).
Books that inspire creativity by instigating the thought process is preferable as being diverted
from the stress triggers always helps. Talking to someone of course helps in anxiety
management. Interactions with people is always beneficial as it creates bonding, which helps

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sooth our brains. Talking to someone about anything other than the stress triggers also helps
to divert attention from the source of all the anxiety. This in turn helps to reduce the stress in
human being. Bonding over the simplest of things can be beneficial for a person. People
always are worked up before talking to people. However, intimacy and bonding is necessary
for growth of a person and the development of a human being in general. Getting help from
professionals can be ultimate measure that can be used to treat anxiety clinically. The
psychiatrists keep all the sessions private and anonymous and thus it is safe to attend such
sessions. A professional can easily help to identify the sources of anxiety and then
recommend steps that can be used to minimize stress and eliminate them altogether. Taking
professional help is highly recommended as most of the time a person is actually unaware of
the anxiety and stress that they face is daily life (Linetzky et al., 2015). They get depressed to
the point that they sometimes they lose their will to do anything in life. A clinical treatment is
highly necessary for such people and it must be provided without any delay. Proper anxiety
management thus can be used to offer better public speeches.
Actionable Plan
An action plan can be implemented over a duration of six months that would help me
to improve on the issues of my communication skills.
Task Duration From To
Developing the
study requirements
3 days 30/1/2018 2/2/2018
Study preparation 1 day 3/2/2018 4/2/2018
Creating a suitable
timeline for study
scheduling
1 day 5/2/2018 6/2/2018

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Collecting the
required literature:
Books, journals and
articles
2 days 7/2/2018 9/2/2018
Studying the
literature collected
120 days 10/2/2018 9/4/2018
Nurturing skills for
non-verbal
communication
30 days 10/4/2018 9/5/2018
Using a journal to
document the
learning outcomes
180 days 30/1/2018 29/7/2018
Undertaking anxiety
management
activities
120 days 10/5/2018 9/7/2018
Reflecting on the
experience gathered
and measuring the
success of every
milestone achieved
180 days 30/1/2018 29/7/2018
The action plan given above is essential for improving the issues identified in the
previous section of the report where different diagnostic tools of communication were used.
Developing an idea of the study process and understanding its importance is essential
otherwise, I might fail to gather the proper literature. Gathering the required literature is a
tough process and must be completed to start the next phase of the plan. Books addressing

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motivational and leadership content can also be included in the literature. Having sufficient
motivation through all parts of the plan is a necessity and without it, the entire plan might fall
apart. Careful study process of the collected literature must be conducted that would assist in
imparting a thorough knowledge about non-verbal skills and their appropriate use. A journal
can be maintained throughout this plan process as it can be used to document every learning
outcome at each stage of the plan. Success at each stage of the plan can be measured if its
results can be implemented in the nest step with ease. Each step of this plan is interlinked
with one another and every step must be given the same amount of importance. The success
of the following step depends on the successful completion of the preceding step. Non-verbal
can be cultivated at home by experimenting on some lose people. I would apply my skills on
them and get their feedback on how well I performed. That feedback can then be used to
improve the skill even further. Nonverbal skills can be very tricky to apply and thus selecting
the right set of people for experiment is of paramount importance. After several exhausting
sessions, I am very certain that my nonverbal skills definitely improve. I have considered
taking medical help for my anxiety treatment. I have resorted to taking professional help, as I
want to be certain of my anxiety management. I want to eliminate the anxiety issues that I
face in my daily life. Finally, reflecting on the improvements and the learning outcomes is
included as the final step of the plan. Reflection is essential to understand and evaluate the
entire process that has been learnt in the span of six months. During reflection, some issues
with the learning process might be identified that has not been covered in the plan. Using the
feedback from the reflection those unattended outcome can be addressed in the remaining
time of the plan.
Conclusion
Thus, it can be concluded that every person has his or her own set communication
skill set. Some skills can be present from birth others must be nurtured with time. However, it

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requires a proper combination of all of the skills to make the communication effective in all
respects.

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Bodie, G. D., Vickery, A. J., Cannava, K., & Jones, S. M. (2015). The role of “active
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Appendix

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