Investment Appraisal Evaluation and Project Management

The provided report details an investment appraisal evaluation for a business entity that wishes to invest £15,000 in a project. The analysis includes a trend analysis of sales performance and the introduction of grocery products or services through online means. Additionally, a case study on project management software is presented, highlighting its importance in monitoring progress and finding suitable paths for activities. The report concludes with an investment appraisal evaluation that suggests a 35% return on investment, making the proposal more beneficial for the business entity.

Business Decision Making

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................4
A. Creating plan for the collection of primary and secondary data.............................................4
b. Presenting survey methodology and sampling frame used......................................................5
c. Designing questionnaire for survey.........................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Summarizing data collected from the survey using representative values............................8
2.2 Analyzing results of the survey and draw conclusions..........................................................9
Theme 2:......................................................................................................................................9
Theme 3:....................................................................................................................................10
Theme 4:....................................................................................................................................10
c) Analyzing the data using measures of dispersion..................................................................10
d) Explaining the use of quartiles, percentiles and the correlation coefficient in relation to
drawing useful conclusions........................................................................................................11
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
3.1..............................................................................................................................................11
Theme 3: Customers highly prefer to purchase products or services through the means of
online store rather than rather than high street shops and malls................................................12
3.2 Creating a trend line graph which represent that sales and profit growth over the period. .13
3.4 presenting a formal report for Retail Times magazines.......................................................16
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................16
4.1 Use of information processing tools in decision making.....................................................16
4.2 Drawing network diagram and determining critical path of the project..............................17
4.3 Presenting the use of financial tools in decision making process........................................20

CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................21
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................23

INTRODUCTION
In the recent times, business units lay high level of emphasis on conducting research and
undertaking financial tools for the purpose of decision making. Now, companies can gain attain
success and gain competitive edge over others only when they take appropriate decisions. The
present report is based on the case situation which presents that now shopping habit of
customer’s changes as compared to the prior years. For this project, some retail stores as well as
malls have been selected which offers grocery or retail products or services to the customers. In
this, report will provide deeper insight about the plan used for the collection of primary and
secondary data for resolving the concerned issue. Further, it depicts methodology undertaken by
the researcher for conducting survey. Report will also present the manner in which statistical
tools and techniques help in deriving suitable results from data set. Besides this, it also entails
how information processing and investment appraisal tools aid in decision making aspect. In
this, use of project management software in the context of business planning will be described.
Task 1
A. Creating plan for the collection of primary and secondary data
Given case scenario presents that now technological advancements and innovations are
increasing in the retail sector to a great extent. In the competitive business environment firm can
attain success only when it complies with recent changes or trends.
Topic: To assess the impact of technological innovation and multichannel shopping on sales
and customer base retail high street shops & malls
For analyzing the concerned issue data will be gathered by the researcher from both
primary and secondary sources in the following manner:
Primary data collection plan
In the field of research, data gathered through the means of survey, observation, focus
group etc is considered as primary. In other words, primary data implies for the one which is
specifically gathered for meeting the research aim and objectives (Albright, Winston and Zappe,

2010). Primary data is highly effectual which provides suitable and specific information as per
the issue being investigated. For getting information about changing shopping habits of
customers and motivations behind change, in the context of retail sector, survey technique will
be used by the researcher. Hence, firstly 20 managers of high street retail shops and malls will be
selected via purposive sampling. Once, sampling has been done thereafter questionnaire will be
prepared by the researcher by including both close and open ended questions regarding changing
shopping aspects, multichannel shopping etc. Hence, after the preparation of questionnaire, it
will be sent on the mail-id of manager who selected as sample from the related population. Thus,
by following the above depicted plan primary data will be gathered by the scholar.
Secondary data collection plan
Data which has already been gathered, evaluated, analyzed and published by the
researcher recognized as secondary. Books, journals as well as scholarly papers are considered as
the main secondary sources which provide information about the research issue and thereby help
in investigating problem in the best possible way (Gigerenzer and Gaissmaier, 2011). Hence, for
evaluating the impact of technological innovation in the retail store and trend related to
multichannel shopping data will be gathered from journals and articles. Moreover, scholarly and
recently published articles render information about the level to which customers are using as
well as preferring multichannel shopping. Thus, for gathering information about customer’s
shopping trend in the retail sector internet surfing will be done. The reason behind this, internet
contains more information about shopping trends and customer’s behavior.
b. Presenting survey methodology and sampling frame used
Survey methodology: This implies for the process which researcher undertakes to carry
out survey more effectively. For conducting survey within the suitable time period researcher
lays emphasis on selecting and undertaking specific methods (Ho, Xu and Dey, 2010). In this,
for analyzing the impact of technological innovations on sales performance and customer base of
retail stores and malls responses will be gathered from the manager of such firm through online
survey methodology. The rationale behind the selection of online survey methodology is that it
saves time and highly cost effective. On the basis of this aspect, firstly emphasis will be placed
on acquiring mail-id of managers working in high street shops and malls. Thus, by sending
questionnaire on the mail-id of managers, who selected as sample, responses will be collected.

Sampling frame: In survey, researcher is required to select appropriate sample by taking
into account either probabilistic or non-probabilistic technique. Probabilistic techniques imply
for the one in which all the individuals of concerned population gets an equal chance to being
selected as sample (Peetz and Buehler, 2013). On the other side, in non-probabilistic researcher
selects sample by taking into account research aim and objectives. For assessing the impact of
multichannel shopping as well as technological changes on the sales and customer base of retail
shops & malls 20 managers will be selected by taking into account purposive sampling
technique. This sampling technique highly suits to the qualitative research type and thereby helps
in assessing suitable solution of issue.
c. Designing questionnaire for survey
In order to conduct survey more effectually questionnaire has been designed by the
researcher by including both open and close ended questions.
Questionnaire:
Demographic information
Name:
Age:
Area of working:
Q.1 Do you agree that shopping habits of the customers are changed in the recent time frames?
 Agree ()
 Strongly agree ()
 Neutral ()
 Disagree ()
 Strongly disagree ()
Q.2 Do you feel declining trend in the sales revenue pertaining to retail products or services?
 Yes ()
 No ()

Q.3Do you agree that now customers prefer to purchase products or services through the means
of online store rather than rather than high street shops and malls?
 Agree ()
 Strongly agree ()
 Neutral ()
 Disagree ()
 Strongly disagree ()
Q.4According to you, which factors are considered as motivating drivers behind the changing
shopping habits of customers?
 Discounting price ()
 Convenience ()
 Facilitates comparison ()
Q.5 Do you think that trend of working women may cause of customer’s changing shopping
habits?
 Yes ()
 No ()
Q.6Do you agree that online shopping trend has impacted customer base of high street shops and
shopping malls?
 Agree ()
 Strongly agree ()
 Neutral ()
 Disagree ()
 Strongly disagree ()
Q.7 Do you believe that education level has impact on customer’s shopping habits?
 Yes ()
 No ()

Q.8 Recommend ways through which sales performance and customer base can be increased by
high street shops and malls..........................................
TASK 2
2.1 Summarizing data collected from the survey using representative values
Survey‘s result
No of respondents Q.2 Q.3 Q.4
1 1 3 2
2 1 1 1
3 1 5 1
4 1 1 1
5 1 4 2
6 1 1 1
7 2 1 2
8 2 4 1
9 2 1 1
10 1 1 1
11 1 1 1
12 1 2 2
13 1 2 2
14 1 2 3
15 2 3 1
16 1 2 1
17 1 2 1
18 1 2 3
19 1 2 2
20 1 2 3
Descriptive statistics
Particulars Q.2 Q.3 Q.4
Mean 1.2 2.1 1.6
Standard Error 0.091766 0.260566 0.168585

Median 1 2 1
Mode 1 2 1
Range 1 4 2
Minimum 1 1 1
Maximum 2 5 3
Sum 24 42 32
Count 20 20 20
Confidence Level (95.0%) 0.192069 0.545371 0.352853
Interpretation: On the basis of above descriptive analysis, there has been analysis based
on three questions which will be helpful to business professionals as to analyses the shopping
behavior of consumers in the stores. However, in relation with 2nd question which ascertains the
opinion of respondents related to the declining in the trend of sales revenue due to retail products
and services. Therefore, as per considering the mean value there are large numbers of individual
believes that the fall in revenue is due to retail product and services offered by the firm in year.
In relation with 3rd question which insists that the preferences of consumers in purchasing the
products which is usually base on online sites rather than moving towards stores. In accordance
with the 4th question it can be said that convenience is the main issues which determines the
fluctuations in the preference to make purchases.
2.2 Analyzing results of the survey and draw conclusions
Theme 2:
Interpretation: Outcome of survey presents that 80% respondents manager entails that
declining phase exist in the sales of high street shops and malls. Moreover, now with the rise in
technological innovations in the retail sector customers give high preference to the online stores
over physical one which in turn places negative impact on company’s performance. On the other

side, 20% managers entailed that economic condition and saturation level of UK retail market is
the major cause behind decreasing sales revenue.
Theme 3:
Interpretation: Bu doing survey, it has found that majority of the respondents 35%
agreed and 40% strongly agreed with the aspect that now customers lay more focus on
purchasing products via online store. On the contrary to this, 10% respondents strongly disagreed
with the aspect that due to the lack of trust and security issues customers avoid using
multichannel shopping for purchasing retail products & services.
Theme 4:
Interpretation: From primary data investigation, it has assessed that, from the views of
manager approximately 55%, for getting benefits of discounted price level customers prefer to
purchase products or service via online means. On the other side, 30% managers presented that
multichannel or online shopping mode offers high level of convenience to the customers. For
getting home delivery of products customers choose online store and avoid visiting physical
store, shops or malls (Solomon, 2014). Further, 15% respondents stated technological innovation
enable customer to purchase product at suitable prices by doing comparison of several brands.
c) Analyzing the data using measures of dispersion
Computation of standard deviation and variance
Particulars Q.2 Q.3 Q.4
Standard Deviation 0.410391 1.165287 0.753937
Sample Variance 0.168421 1.357895 0.568421
Kurtosis 0.698529 0.705875 -0.60942
Skewness 1.624466 1.1176 0.851497

Interpretation: in relation with the standard deviation from such questions and the
consumer’s behaviours towards the outcomes. In question 2 the STDV is 0.410391 which insists
that the changes in the sales revenue are due to retiling the products and services.
d) Explaining the use of quartiles, percentiles and the correlation coefficient in relation to
drawing useful conclusions
Particulars Q.2 Q.3 Q.4
Quartile 1 and 25th percentile 1 1 1
Quartile 2 and 50th
percentile 1 2 1
Quartile 3 and 75th
percentile 1 2 2
Interpretation: on contrary with the above analysis the percentile and quartile affects the
reasoning behind the outcomes it can be said that the motivation of purchasing the goods and
services is mainly influenced by the convenience level. However, it will be suggested to the
professionals that they must make changes into product line and develop and design them in
accordance with consumer preferences. On the other side, the stores are needed to be nearby
residential area which will be convenient to buyers as well as profitable to the business
TASK 3
3.1
Theme 2: Declining trend in the sales revenue pertaining to retail products or services
Particulars Views of respondents % of respondents
Yes 16 80%
No 4 20%
Grand Total 20 100%

Yes No
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
% of respondents
% of respondents
Theme 3: Customers highly prefer to purchase products or services through the means of online
store rather than rather than high street shops and malls
Particulars Views of respondents % of respondents
Agree 7 35%
Strongly agree 8 40%
Neutral 2 10%
Disagree 2 10%
Strongly disagree 1 5%
Grand Total 20 100%
Agree Strongly
agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
disagree
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40% 35%
40%
10% 10%
5%
% of respondents
% of respondents

Theme 4: Discounting price considered as motivating drivers behind the changing shopping
habits of customers
Particulars Views of respondents % of respondents
Discounting price 11 55%
Convenience 6 30%
Facilitates comparison 3 15%
Grand Total 20 100%
Discounting
price Convenience Facilitates
comparison
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60% 55%
30%
15%
% of respondents
% of respondents
Theme 4: Discounting price considered as motivating drivers behind the changing shopping
habits of customers
3.2 Creating a trend line graph which represent that sales and profit growth over the period
To analyses and examine the sales growth and the costs incurred in the business
operations an entity the trend line graph will be helpful as it gives the clear and appropriate view
through the analysis. Moreover, the fluctuations in the sales and costs incurred in sales of Tesco
will be considered (Tesco PLC ADR, 2018). In addition, for gathering the data set and
information, this was based on secondary sources. However, the annual report of Tesco retail
stores has been analyzed on which the level of sales, cost and profit volume were determined.
The collected information emphasis the sales made by firm from 2014 to 2018.
year sales (in '000) costs (in '000) profit (in '000)
201
4 63,557 59,547 4,010
201 62,284 64,396 -2,112

5
201
6 54,433 51,579 2,854
201
7 55,917 53,015 2,902
201
8 57,491 54,141 3,350
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
48,000
50,000
52,000
54,000
56,000
58,000
60,000
62,000
64,000
66,000
sales (in '000)
sales (in '000)
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
48,000
50,000
52,000
54,000
56,000
58,000
60,000
62,000
64,000
66,000
sales (in '000)
sales (in '000)

Interpretation: on the basis of above trend line chart it can be said that there are various
operations which in turn will be helpful and beneficial as to have the most appropriate gains and
analysis. However, as per analyzing the sales made by Tesco in 2014 was 63,557 which as
fluctuations in the following period as in 2015 it reduced to 62284, in 2016 it has reflected the
lowest sales which was 54433, in 2017 it gained at 55917 and in 2018 it become 57491.
Moreover, in relation with analyzing the sales of Tesco over the period it can be said that there
has been drastic changes in the revenue gains by this firm. Additionally, the changes are due to
poor internal control or poor marketing. In order to have appropriate revenue generation the
professionals of this retail store will be suggested to make suitable changes in operational
policies as well as propose newer ideas to improve financial health.
Profits:
year profit (in '000)
2014 4,010
2015 -2,112
2016 2,854
2017 2,902
2018 3,350
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
-3,000
-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
profit (in '000)
profit (in '000)
Interpretation: on the basis of trend analysis on the profits retain by the firm over the
period it can be said that there various differences in the each year’s turnover. The costs are

comparatively higher in the year 2015 which leads the gross loss to Tesco while in rest of the
period it has reflected the favorable outcomes. Thus, after analyzing such outcomes it can be said
that there is need to have proper managerial decisions which represent an alternative solution to
overcome with such problems and obstacles in the business operations.
3.4 presenting a formal report for Retail Times magazines
To: Retail Times Magazines
As per analyzing the costs incurred in the business operations which in turn reduced the gains of
the business? Therefore, it will be due the in convenience of buyers as well as the changing trend
which has affected their preferences. The retail operations needed to make as per the consumer
requirements as in the specific products and services. Thus, it insists that the products and
services are needed to be designed in accordance with consumer preferences and satisfactory
level. There will be fruitful gains to business as of the survey outcomes will be taken seriously
by them in terms of making the operational activities. However, in relation with 2nd question
which ascertains the opinion of respondents related to the declining in the trend of sales revenue
due to retail products and services (Vahlne and Johanson, 2017). Therefore, as per considering
the mean value there are large numbers of individual believes that the fall in revenue is due to
retail product and services offered by the firm in year. In relation with 3rd question which insists
that the preferences of consumers in purchasing the products which is usually base on online
sites rather than moving towards stores. In accordance with the 4th question it can be said that
convenience is the main issues which determines the fluctuations in the preference to make
purchases.
TASK 4
4.1 Use of information processing tools in decision making
Now, managers working at each level, from lower to higher, lay focus on using
information processing tools with the motive to take appropriate decision within the suitable
time. Information processing tools mainly include TPS, MIS & DSS which in turn helps in
evaluating large data set prominently and thereby aid in decision making aspect (Power, Sharda

and Burstein, 2015). Main information processing tools which manager of high-street shops and
malls can use are enumerated below:
 Transaction processing system (TPS): Such information processing system involves the
collection, modification and retrieval of data set. Lower level managers place high level
of emphasis on employing TPS for better decision making. TPS software distinguishes
work into individual and indivisible operations which in turn recognized as transaction.
TPS software serves highly reliable as well as consistent information and thereby
contributes in the organizational success through better decision making.
 Management information system (MIS): This information processing tool or system is
used by upper level managers for decision making. MIS refers to the computerized
database of monetary information which helps in organizing and evaluating aspects more
effectually (Sousa and Oz, 2014). In other words, MIS software helps higher level
managers in producing regular reports pertaining to business operations and thereby
assists in developing suitable strategies as well as policy framework.
 Decision support system (DPS): In the business unit, DSS software supports middle level
managers in decision making. It is used by the managers for resolving problems and
making better decisions which makes contribution in the attainment of organizational
goals (Decision support system, 2018). Usually, managers face difficulty in taking
decisions when several alternative options are available. In this, DSS, computerized
software, presents option or alternative which is highly viable over others. Hence,
managers of retail business units can deal with the problems and rapidly changing
variables effectually.
4.2 Drawing network diagram and determining critical path of the project
Project management software is widely used by the firms, researchers and institutions.
Such software assists manager of the project in tracking the progress of firm and developing
suitable strategies. Network diagram implies for the graphical representation in relation to task
and dependencies between the activities. Such diagram of project management helps in
determining critical path which firm needs to follow for completing project within the less time-
frame (Lee and Yu, 2012). Hence, it business unit will skip one of activities comes under critical
path then it may result into delay in the completion. Given case scenario presents that publisher

of book wishes to assess the earliest date when book will be ready for distribution. Hence, in the
context of given scenario network diagram and critical path is as follows:
Task Name Duratio
n Start Finish Predecessor
s
Early
Start
Early
Finish
Late
Start
Late
Finish
Total
Slac
k
Appraisal of
book by
reviewer
8 days Fri
5/18/18
Tue
5/29/18
Fri
5/18/18
Tue
5/29/18
Fri
5/18/18
Tue
5/29/18
0
days
Initial pricing
of book 2 days Fri
5/18/18
Mon
5/21/18
Fri
5/18/18
Mon
5/21/18
Fri
6/1/18
Mon
6/4/18
10
days
Assessment
of
marketability
2 days Wed
5/30/18
Thu
5/31/18 1,2 Wed
5/30/18
Thu
5/31/18
Tue
6/5/18
Wed
6/6/18
4
days
Revisions by
author 6 days Wed
5/30/18
Wed
6/6/18 1 Wed
5/30/18
Wed
6/6/18
Wed
5/30/18
Wed
6/6/18
0
days
Editing of
final draft 4 days Thu
6/7/18
Tue
6/12/18 3,4 Thu
6/7/18
Tue
6/12/18
Thu
6/7/18
Tue
6/12/18
0
days
Typesetting
of text 3 days Wed
6/13/18
Fri
6/15/18 5 Wed
6/13/18
Fri
6/15/18
Thu
6/14/18
Mon
6/18/18 1 day
Preparation
of artwork 4 days Wed
6/13/18
Mon
6/18/18 5 Wed
6/13/18
Mon
6/18/18
Wed
6/13/18
Mon
6/18/18
0
days
Design and
printing of
jacket
6 days Thu
6/7/18
Thu
6/14/18 3,4 Thu
6/7/18
Thu
6/14/18
Thu
6/21/18
Thu
6/28/18
10
days
Printing and
binding of
8 days Tue
6/19/18
Thu
6/28/18
6,7 Tue
6/19/18
Thu
6/28/18
Tue
6/19/18
Fri
6/29/18
0
days

book
Inspection
and final
assembly
1 day Fri
6/29/18
Fri
6/29/18 8,9 Fri
6/29/18
Fri
6/29/18
Fri
6/29/18
Fri
6/29/18
0
days
Gantt chart
Network diagram

Critical path
Path: 1 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 10
Duration: 8 + 6 + 4 + 4 + 8 + 1
= 31 days
Through applying project management software it has identified that by following the
above mentioned path publisher would become able to distribute book within the period of 31
days. Hence, if publisher will skip any of the activity then it may result into delay in publishing
activity.
4.3 Presenting the use of financial tools in decision making process
Investment appraisal tools and techniques are highly significant which in turn helps in
assessing the viability of long-tem project from financial perspectives. Payback, net present
value, average and internal rate of return are the most effectual techniques which helps in
determining whether the concerned investment proposal aid the profitability of firm or no
(Capital Investment Appraisal / Appraisal Techniques, 2018)t. Moreover, payback period entails
time frame within which initial investment will be recovered. Hence, as per selection criteria,
company should select project which has less payback period.

However, payback method does not present solution by taking into account time value of
money concept. Thus, it can be presented that NPV and IRR method is highly prominent which
presents solution by considering suitable discounting factor. NPV method presents return which
firm will generate after the specific time period over initial investment (Baum and Crosby,
2014). Hence, business entity should focus on selecting project which has higher NPV and IRR.
Computation of Net present value (NPV)
Year
Cash
inflows
PV factor
@ 10%
Discounted
cash inflow
1 8000 0.909 7272.73
2 10000 0.826 8264.46
3 5000 0.751 3756.57
4 5000 0.683 3415.07
Total discounted cash inflows 22708.83
Initial investment 15000
Net present value (sum of discounted cash
inflows – initial investment) 7708.83
Calculation of internal rate of return (IRR)
Year Cash inflows
-15000
1 8000
2 10000
3 5000
4 5000
Internal rate of return (IRR) 35%
The above depicted table shows that business entity wishes to invest £15000 sin the
investment plan or project. Hence, outcome of investment appraisal presents that firm will attain
£7708.83 over the period of 4 years. Further, applying the tool of capital budgeting it has

assessed that 35% return is associated with the concerned investment plan. Hence, it can be
depicted that such investment proposal will prove to be more beneficial for the firm. Moreover,
NPV is positive and IRR accounts for more than 30% so it can be mentioned that investment
proposal contributes in the profitability aspect of an organization.
CONCLUSION
By summing up this report, it has been articulated that data has been gathered from both
primary and secondary sources for assessing the impact of multichannel shopping on high street
malls. It can be seen in the report for completing study within the suitable time online survey
methodology has been used by the researcher. Besides this, it can be inferred from the result of
survey that online shopping offers high level of convenience to the customers. Now, customers
prefer to take grocery products or services from online store. Further, trend analysis shows that
sales performance of retail stores and malls will improve or enhance when it starts offering
grocery products or services to the customers through the online means. It can be summarized
from the report that project management software is highly prominent which in turn helps in
monitoring the progress of project and finding the most suitable path of performing activities. In
addition to this, it can be summarized from investment appraisal evaluation that firm will
generate suitable return by investing money in the concerned project.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Albright, S. C., Winston, W. and Zappe, C., 2010. Data analysis and decision making. Cengage
Learning.
Baum, A.E. and Crosby, N., 2014. Property investment appraisal. John Wiley & Sons.
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Ho, W., Xu, X. and Dey, P. K., 2010. Multi-criteria decision making approaches for supplier
evaluation and selection: A literature review. European Journal of Operational Research.
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Lee, S. K. and Yu, J. H., 2012. Success model of project management information system in
construction. Automation in construction. 25. pp.82-93.
Peetz, J. and Buehler, R., 2013. Different goals, different predictions: Accuracy and bias in
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Power, D. J., Sharda, R. and Burstein, F., 2015. Decision support systems. John Wiley & Sons,
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prentice Hall.
Sousa, K. J. and Oz, E., 2014. Management information systems. Nelson Education.
Vahlne, J. E. and Johanson, J., 2017. The internationalization process of the firm—a model of
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Capital Investment Appraisal / Appraisal Techniques. 2018. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.capital-investment.co.uk/capital-investment-appraisal.php>.
Decision support system. 2018. [Online]. Available through:
<https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/decision-support-system>.
Tesco PLC ADR. 2018. [Online]. Available through :<
http://financials.morningstar.com/income-statement/is.html?
t=TSCDY&region=usa&culture=en-US>.