Business Decision Making at UKCBC
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This assignment delves into the realm of business decision-making within the context of the University of Kingdom College Birmingham (UKCBC). It requires students to analyze various aspects of the institution, including student satisfaction levels with teaching services and overall organizational experience, the quality and availability of campus facilities, and the effectiveness of project management methodologies employed by UKCBC. Students will utilize statistical tools like mean, median, standard deviation, and project management techniques such as Gantt charts and Netwon Diagrams to evaluate and present their findings.
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BUSINESS DECISION
MAKING
MAKING
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 (a) Plan for conducting survey .............................................................................................1
1.2 (b) Survey methodology and sampling framework...............................................................2
1.3 (c) Questionnaire for conducting survey..............................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 (a) Estimation on collected data............................................................................................5
2.2 (b) Mean, median and mode of collected data......................................................................6
2.3 (c) Dispersion on collected data............................................................................................8
2.4 (d) Quartile and correlation of collected data.......................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
3.1 (a) Graphical presentations on collected data.....................................................................10
3.2 (b) Trend line method for forecasting.................................................................................15
3.3 (c) Power point presentation of collected data....................................................................17
3.4 Business report....................................................................................................................17
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................17
4.1 (a) Information processing tools.........................................................................................17
4.2 (b) Project planning tools....................................................................................................18
4.3 (c) Investment appraisal techniques for decision making..................................................20
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................22
REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................24
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 (a) Plan for conducting survey .............................................................................................1
1.2 (b) Survey methodology and sampling framework...............................................................2
1.3 (c) Questionnaire for conducting survey..............................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 (a) Estimation on collected data............................................................................................5
2.2 (b) Mean, median and mode of collected data......................................................................6
2.3 (c) Dispersion on collected data............................................................................................8
2.4 (d) Quartile and correlation of collected data.......................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
3.1 (a) Graphical presentations on collected data.....................................................................10
3.2 (b) Trend line method for forecasting.................................................................................15
3.3 (c) Power point presentation of collected data....................................................................17
3.4 Business report....................................................................................................................17
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................17
4.1 (a) Information processing tools.........................................................................................17
4.2 (b) Project planning tools....................................................................................................18
4.3 (c) Investment appraisal techniques for decision making..................................................20
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................22
REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................24
INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1: Planning for data collection...............................................................................................1
Table 2: Quartiles of collected data.................................................................................................9
Table 1: Planning for data collection...............................................................................................1
Table 2: Quartiles of collected data.................................................................................................9
ILLUSTRATION INDEX
Illustration 1: Formula used for calculating mean...........................................................................5
Illustration 2: Formula use d for evaluating median of odd numbers..............................................6
Illustration 3: Formula use d for evaluating median of even numbers............................................6
Illustration 4: Formula used for calculation of standard deviation..................................................8
Illustration 5: Number of students belonged to campus................................................................11
Illustration 6: Satisfaction level of respondents with services of UKCBC....................................12
Illustration 7: Students' views on teaching services of the organisation........................................13
Illustration 8: Environment of the entity........................................................................................14
Illustration 9: Other facilities of UKCBC......................................................................................15
Illustration 10: Trend line for forecasting on admissions..............................................................16
Illustration 11: Project plan with time line....................................................................................19
Illustration 12: Gantt chart.............................................................................................................19
Illustration 13: Network diagram as project plan..........................................................................20
Illustration 14: NPV ......................................................................................................................21
Illustration 15: IRR........................................................................................................................22
Illustration 1: Formula used for calculating mean...........................................................................5
Illustration 2: Formula use d for evaluating median of odd numbers..............................................6
Illustration 3: Formula use d for evaluating median of even numbers............................................6
Illustration 4: Formula used for calculation of standard deviation..................................................8
Illustration 5: Number of students belonged to campus................................................................11
Illustration 6: Satisfaction level of respondents with services of UKCBC....................................12
Illustration 7: Students' views on teaching services of the organisation........................................13
Illustration 8: Environment of the entity........................................................................................14
Illustration 9: Other facilities of UKCBC......................................................................................15
Illustration 10: Trend line for forecasting on admissions..............................................................16
Illustration 11: Project plan with time line....................................................................................19
Illustration 12: Gantt chart.............................................................................................................19
Illustration 13: Network diagram as project plan..........................................................................20
Illustration 14: NPV ......................................................................................................................21
Illustration 15: IRR........................................................................................................................22
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INTRODUCTION
Decision making is crucial for managing entire operations and improving efficiency of an
entity. In accordance with this, a systematic planning procedure is created to meet the
organisational goals efficiently. Present report is based on understanding different tools of
decision making for UKCBC which is going to be reviewed by Quality Assurance Agency
(QAA) in the upcoming months. It is college of UK provide courses
BBA/Bcom/BA/BSC/MBA/MCA/MA and campus faculties. In this regard, data collection and
sampling methods are discussed for analysing students' satisfaction level with college's services.
Including this, estimation on the collected data can also be identified in terms of evaluating
mean, median and mode. Likewise, presentation on collected data is recognised in this
assignment. Moreover, information processing techniques for sharing data and further decision
making process will be introduced. Along with this, investment appraisal techniques are
highlighted for the college. However, significance of decision making and tools related for
processing are understood here as well.
TASK 1
1.1 (a) Plan for conducting survey
Data collection is a process of analysing actual market and business performance of
entity. On which, variety of ideas generated for decision making and increasing efficiency.
However, data is collected at primary and secondary level for which appropriate planning is
created to increase profit level. In accordance with this, primary data collection includes
conducting survey, face to face interview and different other methods for analysing the actual
performance (Craft, 2013). While, for secondary data collection information are collected
through ready and prepared such as; reading articles in newspaper, magazines, social networking
sites and so on.
According to the given case scenario, UKCBC is going to conduct survey with its
students regarding their satisfaction with entity's services (García and Conde, 2014. In this
process, researcher is to select 20 students of the entity for analysing their satisfaction level with
its services. In accordance with this, planning for conducting survey is created as follows:
Table 1: Planning for data collection
Decision making is crucial for managing entire operations and improving efficiency of an
entity. In accordance with this, a systematic planning procedure is created to meet the
organisational goals efficiently. Present report is based on understanding different tools of
decision making for UKCBC which is going to be reviewed by Quality Assurance Agency
(QAA) in the upcoming months. It is college of UK provide courses
BBA/Bcom/BA/BSC/MBA/MCA/MA and campus faculties. In this regard, data collection and
sampling methods are discussed for analysing students' satisfaction level with college's services.
Including this, estimation on the collected data can also be identified in terms of evaluating
mean, median and mode. Likewise, presentation on collected data is recognised in this
assignment. Moreover, information processing techniques for sharing data and further decision
making process will be introduced. Along with this, investment appraisal techniques are
highlighted for the college. However, significance of decision making and tools related for
processing are understood here as well.
TASK 1
1.1 (a) Plan for conducting survey
Data collection is a process of analysing actual market and business performance of
entity. On which, variety of ideas generated for decision making and increasing efficiency.
However, data is collected at primary and secondary level for which appropriate planning is
created to increase profit level. In accordance with this, primary data collection includes
conducting survey, face to face interview and different other methods for analysing the actual
performance (Craft, 2013). While, for secondary data collection information are collected
through ready and prepared such as; reading articles in newspaper, magazines, social networking
sites and so on.
According to the given case scenario, UKCBC is going to conduct survey with its
students regarding their satisfaction with entity's services (García and Conde, 2014. In this
process, researcher is to select 20 students of the entity for analysing their satisfaction level with
its services. In accordance with this, planning for conducting survey is created as follows:
Table 1: Planning for data collection
Survey related to Analysing students' views with courses and campus facilities of
UKCBC.
Location College auditorium
Data collection method Primary data collection
Sampling method Random sampling (selecting 20 students from different campuses
randomly)
Estimated expenses 600-800
Time frame 2-3 weeks
In data collection process, researcher is to select 20 students from different campuses as;
science, arts and commerce. Therefore, respondents' satisfaction level with services of UKCBC
in terms of teaching, campus and environment. On which, variety of ideas can be identified for
maximizing their satisfaction and maintaining for longer time period.
1.2 (b) Survey methodology and sampling framework
Survey methodology:
Survey is an approach of identifying market and business performance of the organisation
done through asking questions face-to face, online survey, people's attraction towards services
and so on (Ginevičius and Podviezko, 2013). In this regard, investigator is to survey with college
students by asking questions as regarding their satisfaction.
Sampling framework:
It is a structural framework for selecting participants to conduct survey and identifying its
actual performance. It is of different kinds that can be understood as: Systematic sampling: Under this sampling method, respondents are chosen
systematically or in sequence (Gu and et.al., 2013). For example: choosing one by one,
one alternate, in even or odd numbers, etc. Random sampling: In accordance with this, respondents are selected randomly where no
planning is created to choose them alternatively. Likewise, for conducting survey in
UKCBC.
Location College auditorium
Data collection method Primary data collection
Sampling method Random sampling (selecting 20 students from different campuses
randomly)
Estimated expenses 600-800
Time frame 2-3 weeks
In data collection process, researcher is to select 20 students from different campuses as;
science, arts and commerce. Therefore, respondents' satisfaction level with services of UKCBC
in terms of teaching, campus and environment. On which, variety of ideas can be identified for
maximizing their satisfaction and maintaining for longer time period.
1.2 (b) Survey methodology and sampling framework
Survey methodology:
Survey is an approach of identifying market and business performance of the organisation
done through asking questions face-to face, online survey, people's attraction towards services
and so on (Ginevičius and Podviezko, 2013). In this regard, investigator is to survey with college
students by asking questions as regarding their satisfaction.
Sampling framework:
It is a structural framework for selecting participants to conduct survey and identifying its
actual performance. It is of different kinds that can be understood as: Systematic sampling: Under this sampling method, respondents are chosen
systematically or in sequence (Gu and et.al., 2013). For example: choosing one by one,
one alternate, in even or odd numbers, etc. Random sampling: In accordance with this, respondents are selected randomly where no
planning is created to choose them alternatively. Likewise, for conducting survey in
UKCBC, researcher is to select 20 students randomly for identifying their views on its
campus facilities and environment.
Cluster sampling: This sampling method is for conducting survey in group/cluster (Hill
and et.al., 2013). By which, variety of ideas are generated for improving services and
maximizing satisfaction level of people at higher level.
Thus, sampling and survey methods are effective for data collection on which further
decisions are made to improve efficiency of entity. However, different tools are recognised for
implementing activities and effective future planning.
1.3 (c) Questionnaire for conducting survey
Questionnaire consists of a list of questions regarding operations and services by which
actual performance is identified. Further, it is proceeded to make decisions regarding improving
efficiency and managing entire operations effectively (Malik, Awais and Khursheed, 2016). In
this process, researcher of UKCBC is to conduct survey using questionnaire for asking questions
with selected students. It can be identified as follows:
QUESTIONNAIRE
(UKCBC)
Name:
Campus belonged to: (Arts/Science/Commerce/Others)
1. From which of the following campuses you belong?
Arts
Commerce
Science
Others
2. Comment on services of the college entity.
Effective
Satisfied
Neutral
Dissatisfied
3. How about teaching services of UKCBC?
campus facilities and environment.
Cluster sampling: This sampling method is for conducting survey in group/cluster (Hill
and et.al., 2013). By which, variety of ideas are generated for improving services and
maximizing satisfaction level of people at higher level.
Thus, sampling and survey methods are effective for data collection on which further
decisions are made to improve efficiency of entity. However, different tools are recognised for
implementing activities and effective future planning.
1.3 (c) Questionnaire for conducting survey
Questionnaire consists of a list of questions regarding operations and services by which
actual performance is identified. Further, it is proceeded to make decisions regarding improving
efficiency and managing entire operations effectively (Malik, Awais and Khursheed, 2016). In
this process, researcher of UKCBC is to conduct survey using questionnaire for asking questions
with selected students. It can be identified as follows:
QUESTIONNAIRE
(UKCBC)
Name:
Campus belonged to: (Arts/Science/Commerce/Others)
1. From which of the following campuses you belong?
Arts
Commerce
Science
Others
2. Comment on services of the college entity.
Effective
Satisfied
Neutral
Dissatisfied
3. How about teaching services of UKCBC?
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Good
Excellent
Neutral
Dissatisfied
4. How is teachers' behaviour with students during guidance in UKCBC?
Good
Effective
Bad
5. Comment on environment of the entity.
Positive and friendly
Normal
Requires to be improved
6. In your opinion, is UKCBC work for physical and mental development of an individual
student?
Yes
No
7. How about library and gaming facilities provided by organisation?
Effective
Satisfied
Dissatisfied
8. According to you, which of the following facilities of entity is required to be improved?
Teaching
Library and gaming
Organising additional curriculum activities
Environment
Campus and canteen facilities
9. Do you recommend your friends and family for college courses of UKCBC?
Yes
No
10. Recommend suggestions for improving facilities of the entity _______________________
Excellent
Neutral
Dissatisfied
4. How is teachers' behaviour with students during guidance in UKCBC?
Good
Effective
Bad
5. Comment on environment of the entity.
Positive and friendly
Normal
Requires to be improved
6. In your opinion, is UKCBC work for physical and mental development of an individual
student?
Yes
No
7. How about library and gaming facilities provided by organisation?
Effective
Satisfied
Dissatisfied
8. According to you, which of the following facilities of entity is required to be improved?
Teaching
Library and gaming
Organising additional curriculum activities
Environment
Campus and canteen facilities
9. Do you recommend your friends and family for college courses of UKCBC?
Yes
No
10. Recommend suggestions for improving facilities of the entity _______________________
TASK 2
2.1 (a) Estimation on collected data
Researcher asks questions with 20 randomly selected students of UKCBC in context to
its facilities and environment (Marshall and et.al., 2016). In this regard, estimation on collected
data is done through evaluating mean, median and mode. However, these three terms can be
understood as follows:
Mean: It is the simplest technique of estimating overall collected data as evaluating
average (Moonen and et.al., 2013). For this estimation, sum of collected data is divided
by number of respondents participated in the survey. However, mean is estimated by
using following method as:
Illustration 1:
Formula used for
calculating mean
Median: It is considered as mid value of the overall collected data for which further
decisions are made in relation to entity's implementation (Noguera and Pert, 2015).
However, for even and odd number of respondents, median is identified by using
different methods can be recognised as:
For odd number:
Illustration 2: Formula use d for evaluating median of odd
numbers
2.1 (a) Estimation on collected data
Researcher asks questions with 20 randomly selected students of UKCBC in context to
its facilities and environment (Marshall and et.al., 2016). In this regard, estimation on collected
data is done through evaluating mean, median and mode. However, these three terms can be
understood as follows:
Mean: It is the simplest technique of estimating overall collected data as evaluating
average (Moonen and et.al., 2013). For this estimation, sum of collected data is divided
by number of respondents participated in the survey. However, mean is estimated by
using following method as:
Illustration 1:
Formula used for
calculating mean
Median: It is considered as mid value of the overall collected data for which further
decisions are made in relation to entity's implementation (Noguera and Pert, 2015).
However, for even and odd number of respondents, median is identified by using
different methods can be recognised as:
For odd number:
Illustration 2: Formula use d for evaluating median of odd
numbers
For even number of respondents:
Illustration 3: Formula use d for evaluating
median of even numbers
Mode: It is evaluated by frequency of collected data as repeated responds on same
questions. In accordance to this, it is estimated that collection of overall participants'
views are equal as in majority on which further decisions are made (Ruff and Pert, 2013).
Therefore, mode is and effective data estimation tool for analysing actual performance
and further decision making process.
2.2 (b) Mean, median and mode of collected data
Students' views on campus facilities and environment of UKCBC are to be estimated in
the form of evaluating mean, median and mode (Salama and Collins, 2013). In this process,
researcher asks respondents to rank different services of the entity as campus, environment and
others. However, estimation on collected overall data are to be identified as follows:
1) Satisfaction level with services of UKCBC
Mean 1.2
Median 1
Mode 1
Interpretation: The average of students rank on satisfaction with UKCBC' services is of
1.5 and median as well mode is of 1st order. However, students are satisfied with services of the
entity can be maintained and improved in the future time.
Illustration 3: Formula use d for evaluating
median of even numbers
Mode: It is evaluated by frequency of collected data as repeated responds on same
questions. In accordance to this, it is estimated that collection of overall participants'
views are equal as in majority on which further decisions are made (Ruff and Pert, 2013).
Therefore, mode is and effective data estimation tool for analysing actual performance
and further decision making process.
2.2 (b) Mean, median and mode of collected data
Students' views on campus facilities and environment of UKCBC are to be estimated in
the form of evaluating mean, median and mode (Salama and Collins, 2013). In this process,
researcher asks respondents to rank different services of the entity as campus, environment and
others. However, estimation on collected overall data are to be identified as follows:
1) Satisfaction level with services of UKCBC
Mean 1.2
Median 1
Mode 1
Interpretation: The average of students rank on satisfaction with UKCBC' services is of
1.5 and median as well mode is of 1st order. However, students are satisfied with services of the
entity can be maintained and improved in the future time.
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2) Teaching services of college
Mean 1.5
Median 1.5
Mode 1
Interpretation: On analysing students' satisfaction level with teaching services of the
college, it is analysed that 1.5 rank is evaluated on average. Likewise, its median and mode are
obtained as 1.5 and 1 respectively. Therefore, teaching services of the entity is effective on
which decision can make regarding further implementation.
3) Campus facilities of the entity
Mean 1.5
Median 1.5
Mode 1
Interpretation: It is estimated that on students' views on campus facilities of UKCBC are
positive which can be maintained. For maintaining their attraction towards campus of the
organisation, new creations can be created in upcoming time.
4) Environment of UKCBC
Mean 1.35
Median 1
Mode 1
Interpretation: In this way, researcher asks students about atmosphere of the entity
impacts on their development. However, it is identified that on average 1.35 is evaluated as rank
on its environment. Similarly, most of them respond positively on friendly and effective
atmosphere of the entity.
5) Other facilities of the organisation
Mean 1.5
Median 1.5
Mode 1
Interpretation: On analysing students' satisfaction level with teaching services of the
college, it is analysed that 1.5 rank is evaluated on average. Likewise, its median and mode are
obtained as 1.5 and 1 respectively. Therefore, teaching services of the entity is effective on
which decision can make regarding further implementation.
3) Campus facilities of the entity
Mean 1.5
Median 1.5
Mode 1
Interpretation: It is estimated that on students' views on campus facilities of UKCBC are
positive which can be maintained. For maintaining their attraction towards campus of the
organisation, new creations can be created in upcoming time.
4) Environment of UKCBC
Mean 1.35
Median 1
Mode 1
Interpretation: In this way, researcher asks students about atmosphere of the entity
impacts on their development. However, it is identified that on average 1.35 is evaluated as rank
on its environment. Similarly, most of them respond positively on friendly and effective
atmosphere of the entity.
5) Other facilities of the organisation
Mean 1.65
Median 2
Mode 2
Interpretation: It is evaluated that students are not so satisfied with other facilities of
UKCBC as canteen, gaming, additional curriculum activities etc. However, most of the
respondents give 2nd order rank for these services requires working upon.
2.3 (c) Dispersion on collected data
Dispersion is a process for comparing actual data with expected for which different ideas
are created regarding maintaining balance (Sutherland and Holstead, 2014). It includes
calculating standard deviation and variance analysis for implementation and further decision
making. Thus, standard deviation and variance analysis for UKCBC is to be identified as:
Variance analysis Standard deviation
Q1 0.1681 0.41
Q2 0.262144 0.512
Q3 0.262144 0.512
Q4 0.239121 0.489
Q5 0.239121 0.489
Illustration 4: Formula used for
calculation of standard deviation
Interpretation: Here, Q1 to Q5 represent as different aspects of UKCBC' services as of
satisfaction with services, teaching, campus, environment and other facilities respectively. In
Median 2
Mode 2
Interpretation: It is evaluated that students are not so satisfied with other facilities of
UKCBC as canteen, gaming, additional curriculum activities etc. However, most of the
respondents give 2nd order rank for these services requires working upon.
2.3 (c) Dispersion on collected data
Dispersion is a process for comparing actual data with expected for which different ideas
are created regarding maintaining balance (Sutherland and Holstead, 2014). It includes
calculating standard deviation and variance analysis for implementation and further decision
making. Thus, standard deviation and variance analysis for UKCBC is to be identified as:
Variance analysis Standard deviation
Q1 0.1681 0.41
Q2 0.262144 0.512
Q3 0.262144 0.512
Q4 0.239121 0.489
Q5 0.239121 0.489
Illustration 4: Formula used for
calculation of standard deviation
Interpretation: Here, Q1 to Q5 represent as different aspects of UKCBC' services as of
satisfaction with services, teaching, campus, environment and other facilities respectively. In
accordance to this, standard deviation is evaluated for comparing actual performance with
expected. An ideal standard deviation is considered as 1 and for analysing respondents'
satisfaction level with college' services, the values are recognised near about 1. Therefore, it can
be estimated that students are satisfied with its services at most that can be maintained and
improved in the future time as well.
Similarly, variance analysis is square value of standard deviation. It is also evaluated as
normal in context to comparison and impact on entity's performance. However, its performance
is quite good that can be maintained in the further years.
2.4 (d) Quartile and correlation of collected data
Quartile/percentile:
It is an approach of segmenting overall collected data into three parts as; Q1, Q2 and Q3.
In accordance to this, Q1 is done at 25%, Q2 at 50% and Q3 at 75% of the total results. In this
regard, different ideas are generated for improving any specific service of UKCBC (Business
Decision Making, 2016). However, quartiles of collected data in terms of students' satisfaction
level with entity's services is to recognised as:
Table 2: Quartiles of collected data
Q1 Q2 Q3
Q1 1 1 1
Q2 1 1.5 2
Q3 1 1.5 2
Q4 1 1 2
Q5 1 2 2
Interpretation: Here, Q1 to Q5 are to determine satisfaction levels in different contexts
while Q1 to Q3 horizontally for demonstrating segmentation on 25%, 50% and 75%
respectively. However, at 25% of overall collected data, students are satisfied with all factor of
the entity's performance. Likewise, at 50% obtained values are fluctuated as of satisfaction with
college's facilities. Similarly, at 75% of estimated data, it is recognised that respondents are not
satisfied with its services requires to be improved in the future time.
expected. An ideal standard deviation is considered as 1 and for analysing respondents'
satisfaction level with college' services, the values are recognised near about 1. Therefore, it can
be estimated that students are satisfied with its services at most that can be maintained and
improved in the future time as well.
Similarly, variance analysis is square value of standard deviation. It is also evaluated as
normal in context to comparison and impact on entity's performance. However, its performance
is quite good that can be maintained in the further years.
2.4 (d) Quartile and correlation of collected data
Quartile/percentile:
It is an approach of segmenting overall collected data into three parts as; Q1, Q2 and Q3.
In accordance to this, Q1 is done at 25%, Q2 at 50% and Q3 at 75% of the total results. In this
regard, different ideas are generated for improving any specific service of UKCBC (Business
Decision Making, 2016). However, quartiles of collected data in terms of students' satisfaction
level with entity's services is to recognised as:
Table 2: Quartiles of collected data
Q1 Q2 Q3
Q1 1 1 1
Q2 1 1.5 2
Q3 1 1.5 2
Q4 1 1 2
Q5 1 2 2
Interpretation: Here, Q1 to Q5 are to determine satisfaction levels in different contexts
while Q1 to Q3 horizontally for demonstrating segmentation on 25%, 50% and 75%
respectively. However, at 25% of overall collected data, students are satisfied with all factor of
the entity's performance. Likewise, at 50% obtained values are fluctuated as of satisfaction with
college's facilities. Similarly, at 75% of estimated data, it is recognised that respondents are not
satisfied with its services requires to be improved in the future time.
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Correlation:
It is a process of identifying relationship between two variables for example; relation
between sales revenue and profit of any entity. In this process, relationship between satisfaction
level of UKCBC' students with campus facilities and environment is evaluated as (-) 0.31.
However, an ideal correlation of two variables is 1 for which further decisions are made. For
UKCBC, it is required to improve campus facilities and creating positive environment of the
entity effectively.
TASK 3
3.1 (a) Graphical presentations on collected data
As selecting 20 respondents give different opinions on satisfaction level with facilities of
UKCBC differently. In this way, obtained results can be recognised as follows graphically on
which further decisions are made to increase entity's effectively. However, collected data is to be
presented as below:
1) Campus belonged to
Arts 8
Commerce 5
Science 5
Others 2
Total number of
respondents 20
It is a process of identifying relationship between two variables for example; relation
between sales revenue and profit of any entity. In this process, relationship between satisfaction
level of UKCBC' students with campus facilities and environment is evaluated as (-) 0.31.
However, an ideal correlation of two variables is 1 for which further decisions are made. For
UKCBC, it is required to improve campus facilities and creating positive environment of the
entity effectively.
TASK 3
3.1 (a) Graphical presentations on collected data
As selecting 20 respondents give different opinions on satisfaction level with facilities of
UKCBC differently. In this way, obtained results can be recognised as follows graphically on
which further decisions are made to increase entity's effectively. However, collected data is to be
presented as below:
1) Campus belonged to
Arts 8
Commerce 5
Science 5
Others 2
Total number of
respondents 20
Interpretation: At first, researcher asks about respondents belong to which campus at
maximum level. It is identified that 8 out of 10 are from arts, 10 from commerce and science
equally. However, most of the participants are from arts campus for expressing their views on
services and environment of UKCBC.
2) Satisfaction with services of UKCBC
Effective 9
Satisfied 8
Neutral 2
Dissatisfied 1
Total number of
respondents 20
Arts Commerce Science Others
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Column C
Illustration 5: Number of students belonged to campus
maximum level. It is identified that 8 out of 10 are from arts, 10 from commerce and science
equally. However, most of the participants are from arts campus for expressing their views on
services and environment of UKCBC.
2) Satisfaction with services of UKCBC
Effective 9
Satisfied 8
Neutral 2
Dissatisfied 1
Total number of
respondents 20
Arts Commerce Science Others
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Column C
Illustration 5: Number of students belonged to campus
Interpretation: In this research, investigator asks about satisfaction of students with
services of UKCBC as at which level they are satisfied. It is interpreted that 9 out of 20 respond
as effective and 8 are satisfied on large scale. Therefore, their satisfaction with college's campus
facilities and environment efficiently that can be maintained and increased for the further
implementation.
3) Teaching services of UKCBC
Good 6
Excellent 9
Neutral 3
Dissatisfied 2
Total number of
respondents 20
Effective
Satisfied
Neutral
Dissatisfied
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Column C
Illustration 6: Satisfaction level of respondents with services of UKCBC
services of UKCBC as at which level they are satisfied. It is interpreted that 9 out of 20 respond
as effective and 8 are satisfied on large scale. Therefore, their satisfaction with college's campus
facilities and environment efficiently that can be maintained and increased for the further
implementation.
3) Teaching services of UKCBC
Good 6
Excellent 9
Neutral 3
Dissatisfied 2
Total number of
respondents 20
Effective
Satisfied
Neutral
Dissatisfied
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Column C
Illustration 6: Satisfaction level of respondents with services of UKCBC
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Interpretation: It is analysis of students' satisfaction with teaching services of UKCBC
which is presented in the form of bie graph. Here, blue colour represents for good, orange for
excellent, yellow to neutral and green to present number of respondents which are dissatisfied.
However, on asking question, it is evaluated that 9 of 20 respondents express excellence and 6
for favouring good. Therefore, it is analysed that respondents are attracted towards teaching
services of the entity also express that teachers' behave well for guiding and understanding
course's concepts.
4) Environment of the college
Positive and friendly 15
Normal 5
Requires to be improved 0
6
9
3
2
Good
Excellent
Neutral
Dissatisfied
Illustration 7: Students' views on teaching services of the organisation
which is presented in the form of bie graph. Here, blue colour represents for good, orange for
excellent, yellow to neutral and green to present number of respondents which are dissatisfied.
However, on asking question, it is evaluated that 9 of 20 respondents express excellence and 6
for favouring good. Therefore, it is analysed that respondents are attracted towards teaching
services of the entity also express that teachers' behave well for guiding and understanding
course's concepts.
4) Environment of the college
Positive and friendly 15
Normal 5
Requires to be improved 0
6
9
3
2
Good
Excellent
Neutral
Dissatisfied
Illustration 7: Students' views on teaching services of the organisation
Total number of
respondents 20
Interpretation: It is analysis of UKCBC' environment as of students' suitability for
growth and further implementations. In this regard, it is analysed that 15 out of 20 are pleased
with its atmosphere which attracted an individual for growth and creating friendliness. Overall,
its environment is identified as positive and developing influences its effectiveness and further
implementation as well.
5) Other facilities of UKCBC
Effective 5
Satisfied 3
Dissatisfied 12
Total number of 20
Positive and friendly
Normal
Requires to be improved
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Column C
Illustration 8: Environment of the entity
respondents 20
Interpretation: It is analysis of UKCBC' environment as of students' suitability for
growth and further implementations. In this regard, it is analysed that 15 out of 20 are pleased
with its atmosphere which attracted an individual for growth and creating friendliness. Overall,
its environment is identified as positive and developing influences its effectiveness and further
implementation as well.
5) Other facilities of UKCBC
Effective 5
Satisfied 3
Dissatisfied 12
Total number of 20
Positive and friendly
Normal
Requires to be improved
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Column C
Illustration 8: Environment of the entity
respondents
Interpretation: Other facilities of UKCBC included as gaming, library etc on which
students' views are identified. In this regard, it is evaluated that 12 out of 20 respondents are
dissatisfied with these facilities which is requires working upon. It impacts on environment of
the entity and supporting creating friendliness of the entity. Similarly, it is needed to increase
games and equipment for sports. It will be effective for entity to enhance efficiency and
implementing development programs for physical and mental development of an individual
student appropriately.
Effective
Satisfied
Dissatisfied
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Column C
Illustration 9: Other facilities of UKCBC
Interpretation: Other facilities of UKCBC included as gaming, library etc on which
students' views are identified. In this regard, it is evaluated that 12 out of 20 respondents are
dissatisfied with these facilities which is requires working upon. It impacts on environment of
the entity and supporting creating friendliness of the entity. Similarly, it is needed to increase
games and equipment for sports. It will be effective for entity to enhance efficiency and
implementing development programs for physical and mental development of an individual
student appropriately.
Effective
Satisfied
Dissatisfied
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Column C
Illustration 9: Other facilities of UKCBC
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3.2 (b) Trend line method for forecasting
Trend line is a method of forecasting on future operation to enhance efficiency and
quality services of UKCBC. It is done on the basis of actual performance as identifying current
position with previous years (Craft, 2013). In this way, number of students' admission for college
courses can be identified on which forecasting is created for the further years. However, from
2012 to 2016, admissions and students' number position in the college can be identified as:
Year Number of admissions
2012 2000
2013 4000
2014 6000
2015 8000
2016 10000
Trend line is a method of forecasting on future operation to enhance efficiency and
quality services of UKCBC. It is done on the basis of actual performance as identifying current
position with previous years (Craft, 2013). In this way, number of students' admission for college
courses can be identified on which forecasting is created for the further years. However, from
2012 to 2016, admissions and students' number position in the college can be identified as:
Year Number of admissions
2012 2000
2013 4000
2014 6000
2015 8000
2016 10000
Interpretation: Here, 1 to 5 represents for years as 2012 to 2016 which performance are
to be analysed in terms of number of students get admitted for UKCBC' college courses. It is
analysed that in 2012, there were 2000 students which increased in 2016 of 10000. Likewise,
constant growth is identified in number of students that can be more in the future time. On behalf
of current position of the entity as increasing of students, it can be forecast that this position will
enhance in the future. However, demand for courses provided by college will be enhanced at
higher level impacts on implementation and appropriate decision making.
3.3 (c) Power point presentation of collected data
Covered in attached ppt.
3.4 Business report
BUSINESS REPORT
1 2 3 4 5
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000 f(x) = 2000x
Column B
Linear (Column B)
Column C
Linear (Column C)
Illustration 10: Trend line for forecasting on admissions
to be analysed in terms of number of students get admitted for UKCBC' college courses. It is
analysed that in 2012, there were 2000 students which increased in 2016 of 10000. Likewise,
constant growth is identified in number of students that can be more in the future time. On behalf
of current position of the entity as increasing of students, it can be forecast that this position will
enhance in the future. However, demand for courses provided by college will be enhanced at
higher level impacts on implementation and appropriate decision making.
3.3 (c) Power point presentation of collected data
Covered in attached ppt.
3.4 Business report
BUSINESS REPORT
1 2 3 4 5
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000 f(x) = 2000x
Column B
Linear (Column B)
Column C
Linear (Column C)
Illustration 10: Trend line for forecasting on admissions
(UKCBC)
To:
From:
It is recognised that UKCBC is going to review by QAA in the upcoming time. Therefore,
a report is prepared on analysing students' views for its services and environment. It is done
through conducting survey with 20 students of the entity belonged to different campuses. In this
regard, positive responds are identified on teaching services, environment and campus facilities
of the college (García and Conde, 2014). Likewise, students are satisfied with its entire
activities also express positive views which can be maintained and improved in the future time.
On critical evaluation, it is evaluated that UKCBC is required to increase number of sports'
equipment, gaming facilities and so on. Therefore, proper balance in its services can be created
as well students will be satisfied at higher level. However, on the basis of analysing its actual
performance, it is forecast that entity's performance can be improved in the future as well
students' satisfaction will be maximized. Similarly, it is needed to create innovations in services
impacted on number of applicants for courses of college and sustainability in market for longer
time period.
TASK 4
4.1 (a) Information processing tools
It is essential to processing information of entity from one place to another on which its
performance is identified for decision making process (Ginevičius and Podviezko, 2013). In this
way, different level employees/employer uses different software can be discussed as below:
Decision Support System (DSS):
It is used by top level decision makers of the entity such as; Managing director, CEO,
COO for decision making regarding investment and creating innovations in business operations.
In this process, they analyse actual performance of the organisation for which decisions made to
increase efficiency and managing entire business operations of the company efficiently (Gu and
et.al., 2013). It includes tools as using Microsoft offices, Email, simulation and other software
for enhancing marketability and competitiveness of the enterprise.
To:
From:
It is recognised that UKCBC is going to review by QAA in the upcoming time. Therefore,
a report is prepared on analysing students' views for its services and environment. It is done
through conducting survey with 20 students of the entity belonged to different campuses. In this
regard, positive responds are identified on teaching services, environment and campus facilities
of the college (García and Conde, 2014). Likewise, students are satisfied with its entire
activities also express positive views which can be maintained and improved in the future time.
On critical evaluation, it is evaluated that UKCBC is required to increase number of sports'
equipment, gaming facilities and so on. Therefore, proper balance in its services can be created
as well students will be satisfied at higher level. However, on the basis of analysing its actual
performance, it is forecast that entity's performance can be improved in the future as well
students' satisfaction will be maximized. Similarly, it is needed to create innovations in services
impacted on number of applicants for courses of college and sustainability in market for longer
time period.
TASK 4
4.1 (a) Information processing tools
It is essential to processing information of entity from one place to another on which its
performance is identified for decision making process (Ginevičius and Podviezko, 2013). In this
way, different level employees/employer uses different software can be discussed as below:
Decision Support System (DSS):
It is used by top level decision makers of the entity such as; Managing director, CEO,
COO for decision making regarding investment and creating innovations in business operations.
In this process, they analyse actual performance of the organisation for which decisions made to
increase efficiency and managing entire business operations of the company efficiently (Gu and
et.al., 2013). It includes tools as using Microsoft offices, Email, simulation and other software
for enhancing marketability and competitiveness of the enterprise.
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Management Information System (MIS):
This information processing tool is used for middle level managers as of different
departments for example; finance, production-operation, HR, supervisor and so on (Malik,
Awais and Khursheed, 2016). However, these employers work for handling their departments
and creating coordination with other departments. Including this, they also take guidance from
top level managers and gives suggestions to lower level employees of the entity. In accordance to
this, variety of ideas are generated for creating effective environment of the company as well
decision making appropriately.
Transaction Processing System (TPS):
This processing system tool is used by lower level workers of the company who perform
job under guidance of higher authorities. In this process, they take information form notice
board, company's portal and others (Hill and et.al., 2013). Therefore, variety of ideas are created
for decision making and managing business operations effectively.
Hence, information technology tools are used for sharing performance of business
operations on which effective decisions are made. However, information technologies and
software are useful for decision making process and improving quality services of the enterprise
effectively.
4.2 (b) Project planning tools
Project planning is created for accomplishing tasks systematically to meet organisation's
objectives and increasing its effectiveness. It includes considering different factors for
appropriate decision making as; cost incurred in project, time frame for meeting small goals in
right determined time and so on (Marshall and et.al., 2016). However, planning for project is
created as follows for UKCBC as follows:
This information processing tool is used for middle level managers as of different
departments for example; finance, production-operation, HR, supervisor and so on (Malik,
Awais and Khursheed, 2016). However, these employers work for handling their departments
and creating coordination with other departments. Including this, they also take guidance from
top level managers and gives suggestions to lower level employees of the entity. In accordance to
this, variety of ideas are generated for creating effective environment of the company as well
decision making appropriately.
Transaction Processing System (TPS):
This processing system tool is used by lower level workers of the company who perform
job under guidance of higher authorities. In this process, they take information form notice
board, company's portal and others (Hill and et.al., 2013). Therefore, variety of ideas are created
for decision making and managing business operations effectively.
Hence, information technology tools are used for sharing performance of business
operations on which effective decisions are made. However, information technologies and
software are useful for decision making process and improving quality services of the enterprise
effectively.
4.2 (b) Project planning tools
Project planning is created for accomplishing tasks systematically to meet organisation's
objectives and increasing its effectiveness. It includes considering different factors for
appropriate decision making as; cost incurred in project, time frame for meeting small goals in
right determined time and so on (Marshall and et.al., 2016). However, planning for project is
created as follows for UKCBC as follows:
Critical path method:
This project planning tool is beneficial for creating network among activities to be done
in decision making (Morris and Shin, 2016). Including this, systematic steps are recognised to be
followed on as one by one to meet set targets of the company. In this project, critical path for the
project can be identified as follows:
Illustration 12: Gantt chart
Illustration 11: Project plan with time line
This project planning tool is beneficial for creating network among activities to be done
in decision making (Morris and Shin, 2016). Including this, systematic steps are recognised to be
followed on as one by one to meet set targets of the company. In this project, critical path for the
project can be identified as follows:
Illustration 12: Gantt chart
Illustration 11: Project plan with time line
Interpretation: It is evaluated that project is to be started on 23rd July 2017 and its closer
is on 30th July. However, for all activities of the project, an appropriate time line is set to meet its
goals. Therefore, it can get succeed effectively for in terms of further decision making and
increasing entity's performance.
Network diagram:
This diagram is for presenting link of activities involved in project as one step to next
(Noguera and Pert, 2015). For project on analysing performance of UKCBC and decision
making of it, prepared network diagram is to discussed as below:
Illustration 13: Network diagram as project plan
Interpretation: It is indicator for following on steps towards completing project and all
tasks one by one. In this regard, it is also analysed that which activity is on priority and which
can postponed. However, connection of all project activities with each other is identified on for
increasing effectiveness of the organisation.
4.3 (c) Investment appraisal techniques for decision making
Investment appraisal is a decision making tool for which different ideas are generated to
improve entity's effectiveness and managing entire operations (Ruff and Pert, 2013). For this
purpose, several techniques are used such as; Average rate of return (ARR), Pay back period, Net
Present Value (NPV), Investment on rate of return (IRR) and so on. In this regard, actual
business performance is analysed on which for investment planning, different techniques are
used. However, some essential techniques for investment plan on UKCBC are to be understood
as follows:
Net Present Value (NPV):
It is investment decision making tool for which present value is obtained for selecting the
best investment option. It is identified by using following formula as:
is on 30th July. However, for all activities of the project, an appropriate time line is set to meet its
goals. Therefore, it can get succeed effectively for in terms of further decision making and
increasing entity's performance.
Network diagram:
This diagram is for presenting link of activities involved in project as one step to next
(Noguera and Pert, 2015). For project on analysing performance of UKCBC and decision
making of it, prepared network diagram is to discussed as below:
Illustration 13: Network diagram as project plan
Interpretation: It is indicator for following on steps towards completing project and all
tasks one by one. In this regard, it is also analysed that which activity is on priority and which
can postponed. However, connection of all project activities with each other is identified on for
increasing effectiveness of the organisation.
4.3 (c) Investment appraisal techniques for decision making
Investment appraisal is a decision making tool for which different ideas are generated to
improve entity's effectiveness and managing entire operations (Ruff and Pert, 2013). For this
purpose, several techniques are used such as; Average rate of return (ARR), Pay back period, Net
Present Value (NPV), Investment on rate of return (IRR) and so on. In this regard, actual
business performance is analysed on which for investment planning, different techniques are
used. However, some essential techniques for investment plan on UKCBC are to be understood
as follows:
Net Present Value (NPV):
It is investment decision making tool for which present value is obtained for selecting the
best investment option. It is identified by using following formula as:
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However, NPV for the entity is evaluated as:
Illustration 14: NPV
Interpretation: It is estimated that organisation is planning for investment of 15000 on
which return for next 4 years are forecast. In this regard, cash inflow for 1st to 4th year are
estimated as 8000, 10000 and 5000 for next two years. Further, PV factor is determined for all 4
years using formula as: [1/(1+R)^n]. Here, R represents rate of interest which is 10% for all
years same as n for number of years which are 1 to 4. Therefore, different values are evaluated
Illustration 14: NPV
Interpretation: It is estimated that organisation is planning for investment of 15000 on
which return for next 4 years are forecast. In this regard, cash inflow for 1st to 4th year are
estimated as 8000, 10000 and 5000 for next two years. Further, PV factor is determined for all 4
years using formula as: [1/(1+R)^n]. Here, R represents rate of interest which is 10% for all
years same as n for number of years which are 1 to 4. Therefore, different values are evaluated
for different years as these amounts multiplied by cash inflows of the various years. However,
NPV is evaluated by deducting sum total of multiplied cash inflows with cash outflow.
Therefore, decision is made regarding investment that it will be appropriate not. On analysing
this NPV calculation, positive value is identified as 7708 which is effective and can be effective
for the entity. Therefore, this investment decision will be effective for entity's growth and
implementation in the future time.
Investment on rate of return (IRR):
It is estimation on return on invested amount for business operations and implementing
its services (Salama and Collins, 2013). Therefore, on the basis of this forecasting, decisions are
made in context to investment and further implementations. In this way, IRR for the organisation
is evaluated as:
Illustration 15: IRR
Interpretation: On calculating IRR, the value of return on investment is evaluated as
34.77% which is positive and remain effective for the entity. However, investment plan for the
company and its growth will be succeed in the future as increasing in productivity and
profitability.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that decision making regarding business operations is crucial to meet its
goals and enhancing efficiencies on larger scale. In this regard, different tools for decision
making has been understood for UKCBC as for analysing its actual performance. Moreover, data
collection methods and sampling techniques are identified to evaluate actual performance of the
entity. Including this, survey with 20 students of the entity for analysing their satisfaction level
with it are determined. Along with this, investment appraisal techniques for decision making on
further strategies are evaluated for entity's growth. Likewise, information processing tools are
NPV is evaluated by deducting sum total of multiplied cash inflows with cash outflow.
Therefore, decision is made regarding investment that it will be appropriate not. On analysing
this NPV calculation, positive value is identified as 7708 which is effective and can be effective
for the entity. Therefore, this investment decision will be effective for entity's growth and
implementation in the future time.
Investment on rate of return (IRR):
It is estimation on return on invested amount for business operations and implementing
its services (Salama and Collins, 2013). Therefore, on the basis of this forecasting, decisions are
made in context to investment and further implementations. In this way, IRR for the organisation
is evaluated as:
Illustration 15: IRR
Interpretation: On calculating IRR, the value of return on investment is evaluated as
34.77% which is positive and remain effective for the entity. However, investment plan for the
company and its growth will be succeed in the future as increasing in productivity and
profitability.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that decision making regarding business operations is crucial to meet its
goals and enhancing efficiencies on larger scale. In this regard, different tools for decision
making has been understood for UKCBC as for analysing its actual performance. Moreover, data
collection methods and sampling techniques are identified to evaluate actual performance of the
entity. Including this, survey with 20 students of the entity for analysing their satisfaction level
with it are determined. Along with this, investment appraisal techniques for decision making on
further strategies are evaluated for entity's growth. Likewise, information processing tools are
identified for exchanging information and proceeding to decision making. However, it is
recognised that decision making is a crucial approach for effective planning procedure and
enhancing quality services of the enterprise on larger scale.
recognised that decision making is a crucial approach for effective planning procedure and
enhancing quality services of the enterprise on larger scale.
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REFERENCE
Books and Journal
Craft, J.L., 2013. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 2004–2011.
Journal of Business Ethics. 117(2). pp.221-259.
García, F.J. and Conde, M.Á., 2014. Using informal learning for business decision making and
knowledge management. Journal of Business Research. 67(5). pp.686-691.
Ginevičius, R. and Podviezko, A., 2013. The evaluation of financial stability and soundness of
Lithuanian banks. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. 26(2). pp.191-208.
Gu, H. and et.al., 2013. RAMSY: Ratio analysis of mass spectrometry to improve compound
identification. Analytical chemistry. 85(22). pp.10771-10779.
Hill, R. and et.al., 2013. Indigenous land management in Australia: extent, scope, diversity,
barriers and success factors.
Malik, M.S., Awais, M. and Khursheed, A., 2016. Impact of Liquidity on Profitability: A
Comprehensive Case of Pakistan’s Private Banking Sector. International Journal of
Economics and Finance. 8(3). pp.61-69.
Marshall, N.A. and et.al., 2016. Advances in monitoring the human dimension of natural
resource systems: an example from the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Research
Letters. 11(11). pp.114-220.
Moonen, P.J.J. and et.al., 2013. Compositions and methods for reducing scar formation in wound
healing. U.S. Patent. 8(5). pp.377-881.
Morris, S. and Shin, H.S., 2016. Illiquidity component of credit risk. Princeton University
William S. Dietrich II Economic Theory Center Research Paper. 19(4). pp.81.
Noguera, P. and Pert, C., 2015. Quantification and distribution of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto
in wild, one sea winter Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, returning to Scottish rivers. Journal
of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 95(2). pp.391-399.
Ruff, M.R. and Pert, C.B., 2013. Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Microbiology and
Enkephalins and Endorphins: Stress and the Immune System. 9(4). pp.387.
Books and Journal
Craft, J.L., 2013. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 2004–2011.
Journal of Business Ethics. 117(2). pp.221-259.
García, F.J. and Conde, M.Á., 2014. Using informal learning for business decision making and
knowledge management. Journal of Business Research. 67(5). pp.686-691.
Ginevičius, R. and Podviezko, A., 2013. The evaluation of financial stability and soundness of
Lithuanian banks. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja. 26(2). pp.191-208.
Gu, H. and et.al., 2013. RAMSY: Ratio analysis of mass spectrometry to improve compound
identification. Analytical chemistry. 85(22). pp.10771-10779.
Hill, R. and et.al., 2013. Indigenous land management in Australia: extent, scope, diversity,
barriers and success factors.
Malik, M.S., Awais, M. and Khursheed, A., 2016. Impact of Liquidity on Profitability: A
Comprehensive Case of Pakistan’s Private Banking Sector. International Journal of
Economics and Finance. 8(3). pp.61-69.
Marshall, N.A. and et.al., 2016. Advances in monitoring the human dimension of natural
resource systems: an example from the Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Research
Letters. 11(11). pp.114-220.
Moonen, P.J.J. and et.al., 2013. Compositions and methods for reducing scar formation in wound
healing. U.S. Patent. 8(5). pp.377-881.
Morris, S. and Shin, H.S., 2016. Illiquidity component of credit risk. Princeton University
William S. Dietrich II Economic Theory Center Research Paper. 19(4). pp.81.
Noguera, P. and Pert, C., 2015. Quantification and distribution of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto
in wild, one sea winter Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, returning to Scottish rivers. Journal
of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 95(2). pp.391-399.
Ruff, M.R. and Pert, C.B., 2013. Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Microbiology and
Enkephalins and Endorphins: Stress and the Immune System. 9(4). pp.387.
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