Business Decision Making - Analysis of Wages, Education Level and House Prices in Sydney
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This article provides an analysis of wages, education level and house prices in Sydney using statistical methods. It includes tables, graphs and hypothesis testing for population proportion and mean using t-statistic.
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Running head: BUSINESS DECISION MAKING Business Decision Making Name of the Student: Name of the University: Author’s Note:
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2BUSINESS DECISION MAKING Background: It is assumed that Economic Web Institute conducted a research on wages of US workers in 2018. The samples have the data of 536 workers and it involves various information about the workers. Note that, “KADD” add-ins helped to analyse the data set properly. Answer 1. Answer 1.1. Economics web Institute is interested in the workers of United States in the session 2018. For analysis purpose, we mainly have granted two variables about the workers that are “wage” and “education level”. Answer 1.2. Wages: Table1: Table of mean, estimated mean and standard deviation of the wages (Schou, 1999) The average wage of 534 samples is 25.6167 dollars per hour. The scatter ness in terms standard deviation of the chosen samples is found to be 7.8617 dollars per hour. The estimated average wage of the samples ranges from 24.9484 dollars per hour to 26.285 dollars per hour. Table2: Table of location measures of wages
3BUSINESS DECISION MAKING The first quartile of the wages indicates that the least 25% (one-fourth) wages lie below 21 dollars per hour and the third quartile of the wages indicates that the upper 25% (one-fourth) wages lie above 28 dollars per hour (Wigginton & Abecasis, 2005). The major location measure median indicates that the middle most value of the wages is 23.75 dollars per hours. Note that the distribution of wages have 25 outliers and 9 extreme outliers. Table3: Table of frequency distribution of wages The frequency distribution of the wages shows that very little number of people earns wages below 10 dollars per hours or above 50 dollars per hour. More than half of the chosen people have average wage from 20 dollars per hour to 30 dollars per hour. Figure1: Box plot displays the distribution of wages of the workers
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4BUSINESS DECISION MAKING 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Figure2: The histogram plot displays the frequency distribution of wages of the workers 101520253035404550556065 0 50 100 150 200 250 WAGE Frequency Education: Table4: Table of mean, estimated mean and standard deviation of the education level
5BUSINESS DECISION MAKING Table5: Table of location measures of Education level The average education level of 533 samples is 2.7261.The scatter ness in terms standard deviation of the chosen samples is found to be 0.9733. The estimated average educational level of the samples ranges from 2.6433 to 2.8089. The table of location measures that first quartile of educational level is 2 and third quartile of the educational level is 3. That is, 50% samples have educational level 2 to 3. The middle most value of educational level is 2. 32 outliers are found in the frequency distribution of educational level and among them no values are extreme outliers. Table6: Table of frequency distribution of Educational level The table of frequency distribution discovers that most of the samples have educational level 2 to 4. Only 32 people have higher educational level that is “Doctor”. Note that, 7 values are found in this analysis whose educational level is only primary. 292 people has secondary education level followed by 106 people who have bachelor education level. Figure3: Box plot displays the distribution of Educational level
6BUSINESS DECISION MAKING 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Figure4: The histogram plot displays the frequency distribution of Educational level 1234 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 EDUCATION Frequency Answer 1.3. Economics Web Institute on the basis of a survey conducted in 2017, proposes that tertiary literacy rate was 0.45. We are eager to investigate that whether the proportion has increased or not. For the analysis, level 0 and 1 (primary and secondary) are the non-tertiary level education and level 2, 3 and 4 (bachelor, masters and doctor) are accounted as the non-tertiary level
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7BUSINESS DECISION MAKING education. To conduct the one sample proportional z-test, we transformed non-tertiary level education as “0” level (failure) and “1” level (success). Table7: Table of hypothesis testing for population proportion Hypotheses: Null hypothesis (H0): The proportion of tertiary education is equal to 0.45. Alternative hypothesis (H0): The proportion of tertiary education is greater than 0.45. Test applied:One sample proportional z-test (Faulin, 2000). Hypothecated proportion:0.45. Calculated proportion:0.5634. Calculated p-value:0.0. Level of significance:5%. Inference:As 0.0<0.05, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. Alternative hypothesis cannot be rejected at 5% level of significance. Interpretation:It is 95% probable that the proportion of tertiary education is greater than 0.45 (Paternoster et al., 1998). Answer 1.4. Economic Web institute conducted the survey in 2017 and found that the mean wage per hour was $30 dollars per hour. We are eager to investigate the fact whether the average wage in 2018 is different from 2017 or not. Table8: Table of hypothesis testing for mean using t-statistic
8BUSINESS DECISION MAKING Hypotheses: Null hypothesis (H0): The average wage is equal to $30 per hour. Alternative hypothesis (H0): The average wage is unequal to $30 per hour. Test applied:One sample t-test of mean. Hypothecated average value:30. Calculated average value:25.6167. Calculated p-value:0.0. Level of significance:5%. Inference:As 0.0<0.05, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. Alternative hypothesis cannot be rejected at 5% level of significance (Norušis, 2006). Interpretation:It is 95% evident that the average wage is unequal to $30 per hour. Hence, there exists the significant difference between the average wages of 2018 and 2017 (as per Economics Web Institute). Answer 2. We are interested to buy a three-bedroom property in Sydney and we are focusing on mainly two suburbs that are Alexandria and Annadale. The data of house prices of these two suburbs are collected from the Official website of Real estate of Australia. The prices of houses consistingthree-bedroompropertyaretabulatedinexcelsheet.Thehousepricesof Alexandria has 51 samples and house prices of Annadale has 43 samples. Answer 2.1. By randomization process, we collected 40 samples from each samples of prices and constructed a matched pair. A total of 80 observations are recorded in my dataset for analysis.
9BUSINESS DECISION MAKING Answer 2.2. The populations that we are interested in are the prices of three-bedroom houses located in the two suburbs of Sydney named Alexandria and Annadale. Answer 2.3. 2.3.1. Estimation: Table9: Estimated price of houses in Alexandria of Sydney The average house prices in Alexandria suburb is $1581950. The estimated average price of houses lies in the interval of $1455537.7312 to $1708362.2688 with 95% probability. Table10: Estimated price of houses in Annadale of Sydney The average house prices in Annadale suburb is $1647200. The estimated average price of houses lies ranges from $1540315.7845 and $1754084.2155. 2.3.1. Hypothesis testing: Hypotheses: Null hypothesis (H0): The average prices of houses of Alexandria is equal to the average prices of houses of Annadale.
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10BUSINESS DECISION MAKING Alternative hypothesis (H0): The average prices of houses of Alexandria is unequal to the average prices of houses of Annadale. Table11: Table of hypothesis testing of means for matching pairs Answer 2.4. Test applied:Two samples t-test of mean for matching pairs. Hypothecated difference of average prices:$0. Calculated difference of average prices:$(-65250). Calculated p-value:0.4169. Level of significance:5%. Inference:As 0.4169>0.05, therefore the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. Alternative hypothesis is rejected at 5% level of significance. Interpretation:It is 95% evident that the average house-price in Alexandria is equal to the average house-price in Annadale (De Winter, 2013). Therefore, there exists the no significant difference between the average prices of three-bedroom houses in Alexandria and Annadale as per sample observation.
11BUSINESS DECISION MAKING References: DeWinter,J.C.(2013).UsingtheStudent'st-testwithextremelysmallsample sizes.Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation,18(10). Faulin, J. (2000). Data, Statistics, and Decision Models with Excel. Norušis, M. J. (2006).SPSS 14.0 guide to data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients.Criminology,36(4), 859-866. Schou, S. B. (1999). Data, Statistics, and Decision Models with Excel.The American Statistician,53(4), 389. Wigginton, J. E., & Abecasis, G. R. (2005). PEDSTATS: descriptive statistics, graphics and quality assessment for gene mapping data.Bioinformatics,21(16), 3445-3447.