Business Environment
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BUSINESS
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1................................................................................................................................................1
1.2................................................................................................................................................3
1.3................................................................................................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1................................................................................................................................................6
2.2................................................................................................................................................8
2.3................................................................................................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
3.1..............................................................................................................................................10
3.2..............................................................................................................................................11
3.3..............................................................................................................................................11
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................12
4.1..............................................................................................................................................12
4.2..............................................................................................................................................13
4.3..............................................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1................................................................................................................................................1
1.2................................................................................................................................................3
1.3................................................................................................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1................................................................................................................................................6
2.2................................................................................................................................................8
2.3................................................................................................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
3.1..............................................................................................................................................10
3.2..............................................................................................................................................11
3.3..............................................................................................................................................11
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................12
4.1..............................................................................................................................................12
4.2..............................................................................................................................................13
4.3..............................................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16
INTRODUCTION
Global business practices has designed unique measures to operate organizational
functions within the economy. The environment which encompasses all commercial activities in
order to create an effective impact on the organizational growth is termed as business
environment (Kang, Lee and Kim, 2010). It encompasses the internal and external environment
which creates a valid and effective impact on the organization growth. Business environment
develops a foundation to analyse the factors and issues which has direct and influence on the
profitability of the company.
TASK 1
1.1
There are different types of business units which exists within the economy and carries
out their operations in order to meet the set objectives. The purpose and objectives of business
operations vary highly on the basis of internal business policies and predetermined business
objectives (Cronan and et. al., 2011). There exists sole trading units, partnership firms, public
and private companies, franchises etc. which operate at different levels and with different
organizational requirements. The following examples will develop a clear and effective overview
about types and purposes of business units:
University Hospital Bristol: It is a larger organizational chain operated under government
aided foundations. It is the part of NHS trust. University hospital of Bristol is a
government business units operating in UK from considerable time period. The aim of
the business is to enhance healthcare services for the people of the country. This business
unit has a considerable impact on the health care industry of the economy. As per the
organizational websites the mission of the company is to deliver quality and advanced
health care services to the people of UK at considerable rate in order to minimize health
inequalities within the market (Flynn, Valikoski and Grau, 2008). The purpose of the
business operation of the company is to enhance social welfare and harmony within the
society. This government aided unit provides free services or services at a very nominal
prices. The aim of the company is to stabilize society rather than earning profit.
Global business practices has designed unique measures to operate organizational
functions within the economy. The environment which encompasses all commercial activities in
order to create an effective impact on the organizational growth is termed as business
environment (Kang, Lee and Kim, 2010). It encompasses the internal and external environment
which creates a valid and effective impact on the organization growth. Business environment
develops a foundation to analyse the factors and issues which has direct and influence on the
profitability of the company.
TASK 1
1.1
There are different types of business units which exists within the economy and carries
out their operations in order to meet the set objectives. The purpose and objectives of business
operations vary highly on the basis of internal business policies and predetermined business
objectives (Cronan and et. al., 2011). There exists sole trading units, partnership firms, public
and private companies, franchises etc. which operate at different levels and with different
organizational requirements. The following examples will develop a clear and effective overview
about types and purposes of business units:
University Hospital Bristol: It is a larger organizational chain operated under government
aided foundations. It is the part of NHS trust. University hospital of Bristol is a
government business units operating in UK from considerable time period. The aim of
the business is to enhance healthcare services for the people of the country. This business
unit has a considerable impact on the health care industry of the economy. As per the
organizational websites the mission of the company is to deliver quality and advanced
health care services to the people of UK at considerable rate in order to minimize health
inequalities within the market (Flynn, Valikoski and Grau, 2008). The purpose of the
business operation of the company is to enhance social welfare and harmony within the
society. This government aided unit provides free services or services at a very nominal
prices. The aim of the company is to stabilize society rather than earning profit.
Thorpe Park: This is a business unit which operates within UK in the entertainment
industry. The company has developed theme parks and temporary hotel chain in England.
This is a private organization operated by Merlin Group. The company focuses on
providing unique and memorable entertainment experience to its consumers. The major
aim of the business is to enhance profitability of the business by providing quality
services to its consumers (Grayson, Johnson and Chen, 2008). The organization operates
for 9 months in the year with the sole purpose of enhancing sales through providing
innovative entertainment services. The organizational slogan 'An Island Like No other'
provides a unique identity to the business and helps in creating wide market demand.
Primark: This is a multinational fashion retail operating effectively within the global
world. Primark is a subsidiary company of ABF and has established more than 238 stores
in across the globe. This public sector organization has established a well developed
brand image within the market (Harris and Rae, 2009). This fashion retail units provides
a wide range of products and services for its consumers. The company is operating
globally with the mission of becoming the market leader of fashion industry by meeting
consumers needed efficiently and providing quality products and services to its buyers.
The aim of the company is to enhance market share and focus of the society well being.
The objective of the business operation are to ensure the growth and development of the
business in order to make shareholder grow along with the organization.
1.2
Stakeholders are the significant part of the business unit. These are the people who are
directly affected by all the decisions taken by the company for growth, development or other
related decisions as well. Stakeholders affect the business operations and are affected by the
same. Primark is a globally established fashion retail unit operating efficiently around the world.
This public sector unit has different stakeholders who directly or indirectly impact the business
operations. The major groups of stakeholders of the company who directly impact the business
decisions are discussed henceforth.
Internal stakeholders: These are the people who are the part of the business units and the
company has a control over their actions. Company can directly approach internal stakeholders
and develop effective measures of communication with them.
industry. The company has developed theme parks and temporary hotel chain in England.
This is a private organization operated by Merlin Group. The company focuses on
providing unique and memorable entertainment experience to its consumers. The major
aim of the business is to enhance profitability of the business by providing quality
services to its consumers (Grayson, Johnson and Chen, 2008). The organization operates
for 9 months in the year with the sole purpose of enhancing sales through providing
innovative entertainment services. The organizational slogan 'An Island Like No other'
provides a unique identity to the business and helps in creating wide market demand.
Primark: This is a multinational fashion retail operating effectively within the global
world. Primark is a subsidiary company of ABF and has established more than 238 stores
in across the globe. This public sector organization has established a well developed
brand image within the market (Harris and Rae, 2009). This fashion retail units provides
a wide range of products and services for its consumers. The company is operating
globally with the mission of becoming the market leader of fashion industry by meeting
consumers needed efficiently and providing quality products and services to its buyers.
The aim of the company is to enhance market share and focus of the society well being.
The objective of the business operation are to ensure the growth and development of the
business in order to make shareholder grow along with the organization.
1.2
Stakeholders are the significant part of the business unit. These are the people who are
directly affected by all the decisions taken by the company for growth, development or other
related decisions as well. Stakeholders affect the business operations and are affected by the
same. Primark is a globally established fashion retail unit operating efficiently around the world.
This public sector unit has different stakeholders who directly or indirectly impact the business
operations. The major groups of stakeholders of the company who directly impact the business
decisions are discussed henceforth.
Internal stakeholders: These are the people who are the part of the business units and the
company has a control over their actions. Company can directly approach internal stakeholders
and develop effective measures of communication with them.
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Employees: Primark is a fashion retail and employees are the key assets for the company.
They make the company resourceful by infusing creativity, adopting innovative
measures of working, achieving organizational goals etc. The key requirement of
employees is that company link the organizational growth with their individual growth
through processes such as career development, monetary incentives, bonuses, non
monetary benefits etc. Primark has developed an effective system for analysing the needs
and requirement of the employees (Carroll and Shabana, 2010.). It has designed two way
communication system to analyse the needs and requirements of the employees.
Moreover, organizational structure and culture is well designed to enhance their
individual growth measures within the company.
Top Management: This segment deals with the decisions making functions of the
company. The key requirement of these stakeholders is the growth and development of
the business. They demand wide participation in organisational decisions and planning
(Correia, Nicolini and Teles, 2008). Primark has developed a measure whereby top
management of the company Is kept regularly informed about all business activities and
operations. The major organizational decisions are taken by taking their advice and
recommendations.
External Stakeholders: These stakeholders are the ones who are not the part of business directly
but has direct and influential impact on the growth and development of the businesses. External
stakeholders for Primark are:
Suppliers: They help in the day to day operations of the business. Suppliers make the raw
material and products available within the company of required quality and in the
effective cost this helps in managing business operations of the company. The suppliers
demand high credibility and timely information about the requirements. The company has
adopted ethical measures of working within the business. Primark has developed well
managed supplier relations in order to adopt ethical and effective means of working
within the company (Aruoba and Chugh, 2010). The company makes timely payment and
provides them with all benefits of costs and resources as well.
Shareholders: The shareholders of the demands high growth prospects for the business in
order to enhance their individual development. The company has developed effective
They make the company resourceful by infusing creativity, adopting innovative
measures of working, achieving organizational goals etc. The key requirement of
employees is that company link the organizational growth with their individual growth
through processes such as career development, monetary incentives, bonuses, non
monetary benefits etc. Primark has developed an effective system for analysing the needs
and requirement of the employees (Carroll and Shabana, 2010.). It has designed two way
communication system to analyse the needs and requirements of the employees.
Moreover, organizational structure and culture is well designed to enhance their
individual growth measures within the company.
Top Management: This segment deals with the decisions making functions of the
company. The key requirement of these stakeholders is the growth and development of
the business. They demand wide participation in organisational decisions and planning
(Correia, Nicolini and Teles, 2008). Primark has developed a measure whereby top
management of the company Is kept regularly informed about all business activities and
operations. The major organizational decisions are taken by taking their advice and
recommendations.
External Stakeholders: These stakeholders are the ones who are not the part of business directly
but has direct and influential impact on the growth and development of the businesses. External
stakeholders for Primark are:
Suppliers: They help in the day to day operations of the business. Suppliers make the raw
material and products available within the company of required quality and in the
effective cost this helps in managing business operations of the company. The suppliers
demand high credibility and timely information about the requirements. The company has
adopted ethical measures of working within the business. Primark has developed well
managed supplier relations in order to adopt ethical and effective means of working
within the company (Aruoba and Chugh, 2010). The company makes timely payment and
provides them with all benefits of costs and resources as well.
Shareholders: The shareholders of the demands high growth prospects for the business in
order to enhance their individual development. The company has developed effective
strategies for growth and development in the global market. The portability and brand
image of the organization is increasing regularly which has helped in the growth of share
prices and dividends. Moreover, the company has adopted effective measures of
communication through annual meetings, CSR reports, Annual reports etc. These
elements help in managing transparency about organizational activities.
Consumers: Costumers of Primark demand quality products and services as per the
current trends and needs of the market. The consumers focus on cost and benefit
relationship with the business. The company has developed well defined measures to
analyse consumer expectations and produce products and services accordingly (Leigh and
Stehn, 2009). The company has developed strategies whereby direct consumer surveys
are carried out in order to enhance consumer relationship. The company has adopted a
unique measure of cost saving through avoid high investment in marketing activities. The
company rather focuses on offering products at affordable price.
1.3
The current business trends has been developed and adopted effectively to meet the
organizational, environmental and society needs and requirements efficiently. Primark has
adopted well defined measures to minimize the gap between exceptions and actaual actions taken
towards the same. The policies and regulatory framework that the company has adopted for the
same are discussed henceforth.
Anti discriminatory legislation: This legal regulation policy demands that the
organizational functions and procedures must be effectively carried and defined. The
companies must focus on minimizing discrimination with employees, consumers or any
stakeholders. Primark has adopted Equality act 2010 which enables the company to
practice minimum discriminatory actions within the business. The recruitment and
selection policy of the business is highly influenced by this policy the company provide
equal opportunities of employment irrespective of the factors such as age, gender,
religion, nationality etc (Christelis, Georgarakos and Haliassos, 2013). The company has
also developed well developed facilities and measures for consumers who are physically
challenged. This has helped Primark to attain effective brand image within the market.
image of the organization is increasing regularly which has helped in the growth of share
prices and dividends. Moreover, the company has adopted effective measures of
communication through annual meetings, CSR reports, Annual reports etc. These
elements help in managing transparency about organizational activities.
Consumers: Costumers of Primark demand quality products and services as per the
current trends and needs of the market. The consumers focus on cost and benefit
relationship with the business. The company has developed well defined measures to
analyse consumer expectations and produce products and services accordingly (Leigh and
Stehn, 2009). The company has developed strategies whereby direct consumer surveys
are carried out in order to enhance consumer relationship. The company has adopted a
unique measure of cost saving through avoid high investment in marketing activities. The
company rather focuses on offering products at affordable price.
1.3
The current business trends has been developed and adopted effectively to meet the
organizational, environmental and society needs and requirements efficiently. Primark has
adopted well defined measures to minimize the gap between exceptions and actaual actions taken
towards the same. The policies and regulatory framework that the company has adopted for the
same are discussed henceforth.
Anti discriminatory legislation: This legal regulation policy demands that the
organizational functions and procedures must be effectively carried and defined. The
companies must focus on minimizing discrimination with employees, consumers or any
stakeholders. Primark has adopted Equality act 2010 which enables the company to
practice minimum discriminatory actions within the business. The recruitment and
selection policy of the business is highly influenced by this policy the company provide
equal opportunities of employment irrespective of the factors such as age, gender,
religion, nationality etc (Christelis, Georgarakos and Haliassos, 2013). The company has
also developed well developed facilities and measures for consumers who are physically
challenged. This has helped Primark to attain effective brand image within the market.
Health and safety legislation: Health and safety regulation helps the business in
delivering well defined measures of business operations. Primark adopted health and
safety work regulation act 1999 which has helped the company in assessing the risk
within the organization efficiently and developing the processes to minimize the risks.
The company has also focused on developing every retail unit complying to workplace
regulation act 1992 which helps the employees in assessing the basic health aids, the
organizational building is designed and developed to meet the safety regulations (El
Mahdi and Rashed, 2009). Moreover provisions such manual handling act 1992, work
equipment act 1999, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 etc.
has helped the company in regulating the business activities efficiently to enhance health
and safety of employees and consumers as well.
Employment legislation: Primark has designed and developed its employee legislation
effectively which has helped the business in developing policies with compliance to legal
framework. The company has adopted legal actions such as minimum wage act, equal
pay act 1970 etc. This has helped the business in providing well defined measures of
employment opportunities (Mangena, Tauringana and Chamisa, 2012). Employment
legislation helps the business in assuring regulatory framework for the business unit and
developing equal opportunity to every employees with subsequent discrimination within
the economy.
Consumer legislation: The company has adopted consumer legislation in order to protect
the rights of the consumers. Primark focuses on producing high quality products and
services for the byers. The company ensures that its commercial activities are ethical and
as per regulatory framework of the company. The company ensures that the employees
do not carry out unfair practices or exploitation of law for personal benefits. Moreover
organizational practices such as data protection act minimizes the risk of safety
exploitations for the employees (Wright, Marston and McDonald, 2011). The well
developed feedback system f the company assures that the consumer complaints and
issues are properly adhered and resolved.
delivering well defined measures of business operations. Primark adopted health and
safety work regulation act 1999 which has helped the company in assessing the risk
within the organization efficiently and developing the processes to minimize the risks.
The company has also focused on developing every retail unit complying to workplace
regulation act 1992 which helps the employees in assessing the basic health aids, the
organizational building is designed and developed to meet the safety regulations (El
Mahdi and Rashed, 2009). Moreover provisions such manual handling act 1992, work
equipment act 1999, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 etc.
has helped the company in regulating the business activities efficiently to enhance health
and safety of employees and consumers as well.
Employment legislation: Primark has designed and developed its employee legislation
effectively which has helped the business in developing policies with compliance to legal
framework. The company has adopted legal actions such as minimum wage act, equal
pay act 1970 etc. This has helped the business in providing well defined measures of
employment opportunities (Mangena, Tauringana and Chamisa, 2012). Employment
legislation helps the business in assuring regulatory framework for the business unit and
developing equal opportunity to every employees with subsequent discrimination within
the economy.
Consumer legislation: The company has adopted consumer legislation in order to protect
the rights of the consumers. Primark focuses on producing high quality products and
services for the byers. The company ensures that its commercial activities are ethical and
as per regulatory framework of the company. The company ensures that the employees
do not carry out unfair practices or exploitation of law for personal benefits. Moreover
organizational practices such as data protection act minimizes the risk of safety
exploitations for the employees (Wright, Marston and McDonald, 2011). The well
developed feedback system f the company assures that the consumer complaints and
issues are properly adhered and resolved.
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TASK 2
2.1
The economic system f the company is defined as a system of producing and distributing
products and services within the market throughout the country with effective allocation of
resources. There are different types of economic systems within the market the major types are
defined below:
Command economy: This is the economic system whereby the central authority of the
country has the overall control over the decision making processes. All decisions
regarding production and distribution are taken by the central authority and the business
unit creates a well defined measure to enhance organizational operations (Prasad, 2010).
The resource allocation is identified and carried out by the government bodies. Under this
system government bodies analyses the organizational needs and requirements and
carries out effective measures to attain those needs. Countries such as China, Japan,
Korea, UAE etc. follows these measures of practices. Individual business unit has no
control over resource operations and decisions as well.
Free economy: This economic system has a paradox situation as compared to command
economy. Here the central authority has minimum control over production and
distribution decisions of the company. The government has minimum interference in the
decision making process of the company. Individual business owners has the sole control
over all the decisions regarding resource allocation and distribution (Sergeyev and
Moscardini, 2006). Such type of economic system is practices in countries like
Hongkong, USA, Singapore Newzeland has adopted the practices where government has
minimum control over the production and distribution and resource allocation functions.
The individual business owners has the sole control over these decisions. Market forces
such as demand and supply helps in allocation of resources.
Mixed economy: These economies are those where the existence of both Individual
market players and business intuits plays a significant role in the business operations.
These companies focuses on developing a mixed impact on decisions making (Islam,
2010). The decisions regarding resource allocation are taken by both the parties. The
2.1
The economic system f the company is defined as a system of producing and distributing
products and services within the market throughout the country with effective allocation of
resources. There are different types of economic systems within the market the major types are
defined below:
Command economy: This is the economic system whereby the central authority of the
country has the overall control over the decision making processes. All decisions
regarding production and distribution are taken by the central authority and the business
unit creates a well defined measure to enhance organizational operations (Prasad, 2010).
The resource allocation is identified and carried out by the government bodies. Under this
system government bodies analyses the organizational needs and requirements and
carries out effective measures to attain those needs. Countries such as China, Japan,
Korea, UAE etc. follows these measures of practices. Individual business unit has no
control over resource operations and decisions as well.
Free economy: This economic system has a paradox situation as compared to command
economy. Here the central authority has minimum control over production and
distribution decisions of the company. The government has minimum interference in the
decision making process of the company. Individual business owners has the sole control
over all the decisions regarding resource allocation and distribution (Sergeyev and
Moscardini, 2006). Such type of economic system is practices in countries like
Hongkong, USA, Singapore Newzeland has adopted the practices where government has
minimum control over the production and distribution and resource allocation functions.
The individual business owners has the sole control over these decisions. Market forces
such as demand and supply helps in allocation of resources.
Mixed economy: These economies are those where the existence of both Individual
market players and business intuits plays a significant role in the business operations.
These companies focuses on developing a mixed impact on decisions making (Islam,
2010). The decisions regarding resource allocation are taken by both the parties. The
business units have limited control over the resources. Government bodies makes rules
and regulations as per the requirements and organization operates accordingly. The major
focus of this system is on earning profit which ensuring optimum utilization of resources.
Countries such as UK, India etc are effective examples for the same.
2.2
The economic policies of the government are developed in order to create an effective
control over flow of funds within the country and ensure economic stability and growth within
the business. The major policies developed by the government for the same are Fiscal and
Monetary policies.
Fiscal policy
These policies are developed to ensure economic growth and stability within the
organization. The economic tools used for the same are corporate tax rates, government spending
etc. These policies affect the growth of the economy by creating aggregate demand within the
country and meet it with effective output level and employment rate as well (Jelušic and
Blaževic, 2006). These policies have different impact on different types of organizations.
University Hospital of Bristol: This is a government funded organization which focuses
on providing quality services to the people in order to minimize health inequalities. As
per the organizational information the company demands an annual budget of abound
GBP 550 Million in order to ensure effective services within the market. Fiscal policies
helps the companies in effectively meeting these requirements of the company. Higher
tax rates will increase government funds which could be utilised effectively for public
services.
Primark: This private sector firm however will have different impact of fiscal policy.
High corporate tax will reduce the profitability of the business and may result in
increasing prise of the products. The company may result in reducing the demand as well
due to increase in tax rates.
Monetary policy
These policies are developed by the government in order to control the flow of funds
within the market. The tool used to control these policies are interest rates, inflation rate etc. the
and regulations as per the requirements and organization operates accordingly. The major
focus of this system is on earning profit which ensuring optimum utilization of resources.
Countries such as UK, India etc are effective examples for the same.
2.2
The economic policies of the government are developed in order to create an effective
control over flow of funds within the country and ensure economic stability and growth within
the business. The major policies developed by the government for the same are Fiscal and
Monetary policies.
Fiscal policy
These policies are developed to ensure economic growth and stability within the
organization. The economic tools used for the same are corporate tax rates, government spending
etc. These policies affect the growth of the economy by creating aggregate demand within the
country and meet it with effective output level and employment rate as well (Jelušic and
Blaževic, 2006). These policies have different impact on different types of organizations.
University Hospital of Bristol: This is a government funded organization which focuses
on providing quality services to the people in order to minimize health inequalities. As
per the organizational information the company demands an annual budget of abound
GBP 550 Million in order to ensure effective services within the market. Fiscal policies
helps the companies in effectively meeting these requirements of the company. Higher
tax rates will increase government funds which could be utilised effectively for public
services.
Primark: This private sector firm however will have different impact of fiscal policy.
High corporate tax will reduce the profitability of the business and may result in
increasing prise of the products. The company may result in reducing the demand as well
due to increase in tax rates.
Monetary policy
These policies are developed by the government in order to control the flow of funds
within the market. The tool used to control these policies are interest rates, inflation rate etc. the
impact of these policies on the different organizations vary according to the operations (Chavis,
Klapper and Love, 2011).
University Hospital of Bristol: monetary policies helps the organization in making
effective regulation for funds allocation. High rates of interest will enhance investment
within the banks which may enhance funds for government spendings. However, lower
rates of interests will result in vaccuming funds with the market in forms of loans thus the
organization will have low fund availability.
Primark:This private sector unit will have a significant impact of monetary policy. High
rates of interests will enhance investment measures for the company which may results in
investment prospects for the business. In contrary to this low rates of interest will help the
company in availing funds at lower rates which could be effectively utilised for business
expansion or growth measures.
2.3
The regulatory policies are developed by the government focuses on regulating
organizational activities and enhancing economic stability for the business.
Competition Policy 1998
This regulatory action has been designed and developed in order to ensure the growth and
development f the economy effectively. This regulatory mechanism has helped business
enterprises in ensuring fair competitive operations within the economy (Adkisson, 2009). Pimark
has designed and developed its business operations significantly as per the stated policy it has
helped the business unit avoiding practices of anti-competitive agreements and abuse of
dominant position. As per the regulation Primark does not develop agreements with a growing
firm in oredr to develop monopoly situation within the market. It helps in avoiding "preventing,
restricting or distorting competition in the UK (Why is competition policy important for
consumers, 2012). The company also focuses on exploiting small business units using its
dominant position within the market. The overall impact of the same has helped the company in
developing a well recognised brand identity in the market. Moreover, competition policies has
helped Primark in developing high competitiveness in the economy as well. At the same time it
inhibits the fast pace growth such as it has to undergo range of evaluation process conducted by
the concerned authorities that monitors the legitimacy of operations conducted by it. Moreover,
Klapper and Love, 2011).
University Hospital of Bristol: monetary policies helps the organization in making
effective regulation for funds allocation. High rates of interest will enhance investment
within the banks which may enhance funds for government spendings. However, lower
rates of interests will result in vaccuming funds with the market in forms of loans thus the
organization will have low fund availability.
Primark:This private sector unit will have a significant impact of monetary policy. High
rates of interests will enhance investment measures for the company which may results in
investment prospects for the business. In contrary to this low rates of interest will help the
company in availing funds at lower rates which could be effectively utilised for business
expansion or growth measures.
2.3
The regulatory policies are developed by the government focuses on regulating
organizational activities and enhancing economic stability for the business.
Competition Policy 1998
This regulatory action has been designed and developed in order to ensure the growth and
development f the economy effectively. This regulatory mechanism has helped business
enterprises in ensuring fair competitive operations within the economy (Adkisson, 2009). Pimark
has designed and developed its business operations significantly as per the stated policy it has
helped the business unit avoiding practices of anti-competitive agreements and abuse of
dominant position. As per the regulation Primark does not develop agreements with a growing
firm in oredr to develop monopoly situation within the market. It helps in avoiding "preventing,
restricting or distorting competition in the UK (Why is competition policy important for
consumers, 2012). The company also focuses on exploiting small business units using its
dominant position within the market. The overall impact of the same has helped the company in
developing a well recognised brand identity in the market. Moreover, competition policies has
helped Primark in developing high competitiveness in the economy as well. At the same time it
inhibits the fast pace growth such as it has to undergo range of evaluation process conducted by
the concerned authorities that monitors the legitimacy of operations conducted by it. Moreover,
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Primark can not consider the quality of things which their competitors are using to excel their
revenue and productivity. For example, cited firm cannot use the name of M&S or Zara to
promote their brand because it will increase the competitive rivalry and firm will not be able to
perform well in the dynamic environment.
The Enterprise Act 2002
This act ensures fair trading practices within the economy. It encourages organizational
productivity and smooth functioning within the market. Primark as per the given act acts
efficiently and effectively within the market. The law protected collective interest of the
consumer by keeping an eye on price-fixing actions of the company. These policies developed an
effective system of working whereby the businesses developed a well defined measure of
working within the market and reduced the possibility of disclosure of information for enhancing
organizational growth. It helps the company in developing an effective brand image in front of
the stakeholders as well. Adopting the sated policy has helped the business in effectively
analysing the government support in the economy. It also helped the business unit in enhancing
consumer trust and loyalty for the business unit. Along with benefiting the organisational
efficiency and productivity in some aspects it affects the development. Such as hampers the
profitability earned by it and decreases the pace of revenue generation. If the price policy so
fixed by government is not adopted by the Primark then their operation will get shattered and
venture will not be able to perform well in order to achieve their goals and objectives. Moreover,
venture will use the customers trust as well and they will not be able to well execute their
operation in the dynamic environment.
revenue and productivity. For example, cited firm cannot use the name of M&S or Zara to
promote their brand because it will increase the competitive rivalry and firm will not be able to
perform well in the dynamic environment.
The Enterprise Act 2002
This act ensures fair trading practices within the economy. It encourages organizational
productivity and smooth functioning within the market. Primark as per the given act acts
efficiently and effectively within the market. The law protected collective interest of the
consumer by keeping an eye on price-fixing actions of the company. These policies developed an
effective system of working whereby the businesses developed a well defined measure of
working within the market and reduced the possibility of disclosure of information for enhancing
organizational growth. It helps the company in developing an effective brand image in front of
the stakeholders as well. Adopting the sated policy has helped the business in effectively
analysing the government support in the economy. It also helped the business unit in enhancing
consumer trust and loyalty for the business unit. Along with benefiting the organisational
efficiency and productivity in some aspects it affects the development. Such as hampers the
profitability earned by it and decreases the pace of revenue generation. If the price policy so
fixed by government is not adopted by the Primark then their operation will get shattered and
venture will not be able to perform well in order to achieve their goals and objectives. Moreover,
venture will use the customers trust as well and they will not be able to well execute their
operation in the dynamic environment.
TASK 3
3.1
Illustration 1: Market structure
(Source: Snyman, Kourie and Botha, 2014)
Perfect competition: These are the markets where there are many buyers ad sellers. The products
offered by the buyers are identical in terms of quality and material factors and key aim of the
company is to attain high market sales in order to enhance profitability. These types of market
condition are commonly observed in Retail segment. The pricing and output decisions for this
segment is based on demand and supply forces (Snyman, Kourie and Botha, 2014). Companies
such as Tesco, M&S, Sainsbury etc are the effective examples for the same. These companies
have perfect substitutes for the organisation.
Oligopoly: This market types is characterised as the one where there are many buyers but few
sellers within the market. The products offered by the companies are not identical. The entry and
exit in the market is restricted. Aviation industry of UK is an effective example for the same.
Companies such as Easy jet, British Airways, Virgin Atlantic etc. are the key market player
however the services are not perfect substitutes. The Pricing and output decisions are controlled
and regulated as per the industry norms and demands. Few market players makes the prices thus
the output decisions are taken by the company.
Monopoly: This is the market where there are large number of buyers but only one seller. The
entry is restricted within the market. The products are developed and designed as per the sellers'
convenience and requirements. The seller is the price maker in the market and not the price taker.
3.1
Illustration 1: Market structure
(Source: Snyman, Kourie and Botha, 2014)
Perfect competition: These are the markets where there are many buyers ad sellers. The products
offered by the buyers are identical in terms of quality and material factors and key aim of the
company is to attain high market sales in order to enhance profitability. These types of market
condition are commonly observed in Retail segment. The pricing and output decisions for this
segment is based on demand and supply forces (Snyman, Kourie and Botha, 2014). Companies
such as Tesco, M&S, Sainsbury etc are the effective examples for the same. These companies
have perfect substitutes for the organisation.
Oligopoly: This market types is characterised as the one where there are many buyers but few
sellers within the market. The products offered by the companies are not identical. The entry and
exit in the market is restricted. Aviation industry of UK is an effective example for the same.
Companies such as Easy jet, British Airways, Virgin Atlantic etc. are the key market player
however the services are not perfect substitutes. The Pricing and output decisions are controlled
and regulated as per the industry norms and demands. Few market players makes the prices thus
the output decisions are taken by the company.
Monopoly: This is the market where there are large number of buyers but only one seller. The
entry is restricted within the market. The products are developed and designed as per the sellers'
convenience and requirements. The seller is the price maker in the market and not the price taker.
The demand and supply forces has minimum control in these market conditions. Indian railways
is a live example for the same.
MARKET
STRUCTURE
PRICING DECISION OUTPUT DECISIONS
Perfect
competition
Price is set equal to the marginal cost
(Seller is the price taker consumers are
the king/queen of the market)
Consumer demand, competitor's
strategy, tastes and preferences
Oligopoly
Industry players, determining market
forces
maximizes profits by producing
where marginal revenue equals
marginal costs
Monopoly Seller is the price maker
Industry- sole power to raise its prices
Industry regulated output with
minimum consumer relevance.
3.2
Market forces are those which plays a vital role in developing and designing the business
decisions and creating wide impact on organizational growth and development. The impact of
market forces of the business operations of Primark has been discussed as follows:
Demand and Supply: Primark develops and design its business decisions on the basis of
demand and supply market forces. The company closely examines the demand within the
market in order to assure the output decisions. Examining these forces helps the business
in evaluating the needs and requirements of the buyers. Primark use this measure to
create an effective brand image within the market (Leon and Garcia, 2011). Other
industries such as retail, production, FMCG etc. also are influenced by the sated market
force. For example the ineffective demand analysis of Kindle by Amazon affect the
profitability of the business widely. In that regard the mentioned organisation offers the
wide range of product line to satiate the needs and wants of customers.
Cost and output decisions: these market forces helps the business in analysing measures
of profitability of the business. Primark focuses on cost factors in order to analyse the
output decisions to ensure profitability and growth of the business. Similarly, production
units such as Jaguar, Ford etc critically analyes the sated factor for attaining business
is a live example for the same.
MARKET
STRUCTURE
PRICING DECISION OUTPUT DECISIONS
Perfect
competition
Price is set equal to the marginal cost
(Seller is the price taker consumers are
the king/queen of the market)
Consumer demand, competitor's
strategy, tastes and preferences
Oligopoly
Industry players, determining market
forces
maximizes profits by producing
where marginal revenue equals
marginal costs
Monopoly Seller is the price maker
Industry- sole power to raise its prices
Industry regulated output with
minimum consumer relevance.
3.2
Market forces are those which plays a vital role in developing and designing the business
decisions and creating wide impact on organizational growth and development. The impact of
market forces of the business operations of Primark has been discussed as follows:
Demand and Supply: Primark develops and design its business decisions on the basis of
demand and supply market forces. The company closely examines the demand within the
market in order to assure the output decisions. Examining these forces helps the business
in evaluating the needs and requirements of the buyers. Primark use this measure to
create an effective brand image within the market (Leon and Garcia, 2011). Other
industries such as retail, production, FMCG etc. also are influenced by the sated market
force. For example the ineffective demand analysis of Kindle by Amazon affect the
profitability of the business widely. In that regard the mentioned organisation offers the
wide range of product line to satiate the needs and wants of customers.
Cost and output decisions: these market forces helps the business in analysing measures
of profitability of the business. Primark focuses on cost factors in order to analyse the
output decisions to ensure profitability and growth of the business. Similarly, production
units such as Jaguar, Ford etc critically analyes the sated factor for attaining business
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grpowth measures. In that regard it offers variable pricing in different countries due
change in exchange rate value and inflation rate.
Consumer tastes and preferences: This market force is significant for developing a
competitive edge within the market. Primarks has developed an effective measure of
consumer surveys in order to examine tastes and preferences of the buyers in order to
design and develop products accordingly. A well defined example of the same has been
analysed in the food segment. The sales of McDonald's has significantly dropped due to
increasing health awareness in the economy. In order to fulfil the wants and needs of
customers, organisation comes with new product line on frequent basis and capture the
attention of large stream of people.
3.3
External business environment has a direct an effective impact on the growth and
development of the business units. Primarks has faced a significant impact of the same on its
business operations.
Political factors: These factors are analysed closely by the company in order to create an
effective impact on its global business operations. The government policies and
regulations are closely examined by the business in order to develop business objectives
parallel to those (Mount, Ilies and Johnson, 2006). For example FDI policies of India for
supermarket is restrictive hence companies do not invest in there.
Economic factors: These factors are examined and evaluated to analyse the growth
prospects for the business. Primark closely examine the economic factors such as growth
rate, population, Inflation rates etc in order to make corrective decisions for expansion or
development of business. For example growth rate of Asia is very high hence the
company must adopt effective measures to invest in those countries.
Social factors: These factors helps in evaluating changing tastes and preferences of the
consumers. Primark evaluates these factors in order type examine different needs of
consumers in different global sectors. For example fashion needs of western countries is
significantly different from those of middle eastern region like UAE, India, China etc.
thus the company if decides to expand in those countries will have to consider these
factors closely.
change in exchange rate value and inflation rate.
Consumer tastes and preferences: This market force is significant for developing a
competitive edge within the market. Primarks has developed an effective measure of
consumer surveys in order to examine tastes and preferences of the buyers in order to
design and develop products accordingly. A well defined example of the same has been
analysed in the food segment. The sales of McDonald's has significantly dropped due to
increasing health awareness in the economy. In order to fulfil the wants and needs of
customers, organisation comes with new product line on frequent basis and capture the
attention of large stream of people.
3.3
External business environment has a direct an effective impact on the growth and
development of the business units. Primarks has faced a significant impact of the same on its
business operations.
Political factors: These factors are analysed closely by the company in order to create an
effective impact on its global business operations. The government policies and
regulations are closely examined by the business in order to develop business objectives
parallel to those (Mount, Ilies and Johnson, 2006). For example FDI policies of India for
supermarket is restrictive hence companies do not invest in there.
Economic factors: These factors are examined and evaluated to analyse the growth
prospects for the business. Primark closely examine the economic factors such as growth
rate, population, Inflation rates etc in order to make corrective decisions for expansion or
development of business. For example growth rate of Asia is very high hence the
company must adopt effective measures to invest in those countries.
Social factors: These factors helps in evaluating changing tastes and preferences of the
consumers. Primark evaluates these factors in order type examine different needs of
consumers in different global sectors. For example fashion needs of western countries is
significantly different from those of middle eastern region like UAE, India, China etc.
thus the company if decides to expand in those countries will have to consider these
factors closely.
Technological factors: This is yet another crucial requirement for business growth and
development. The technological factors help in enhancing rate of production and
reducing cost within the market. Companies thus closely examine these factors in order to
shape business strategies or competitive policies.
TASK 4
4.1
Concept of international trade in modern era has increased widely as it offers numerous
benefits to companies. Through this, organization is able to gain benefits from low labour of
other country, technological advancements, easy availability of raw material, decline in
production cost and other related. Further, international trade supports business firms in boosting
its market share by addressing the opportunities that exists in other market place (Alm, Sennoga
and Skidmore, 2009). Also, it aids in developing operational base through which overall
efficiency of company gets increased. With this scenario, following are the significance of
international trade for two types of businesses:
1. Company functioning in Defence Industry: This industry is one of the most sensitive
sector as it works with ammunition and distraction technology and therefore it has
numerous significance from international trade. Considering this, BAE Systems is one
among the leading defence company of UK and delivers product right from engine to
armoured vehicle and shipbuilding. From international trade, cited company is able to
make relationship with countries like UAE, Australia, India, Saudi Arabia and numerous
other. Further, international trade has helped in gaining advanced technologies and
equipment from other country which essentially supported in developing more advanced
products (Berman and et.al., 2009). It also aids in sharing defence equipment of different
countries through which better and innovative products are developed that helps in
completing mission with minimum casualties. This certainly increases the market share
of company as well along with entering into different market from which high revenue is
earned by the company.
2. Supermarket Chains: International trade act as a golden path for supermarket chain to
develop their operations across the globe by satisfying the actual needs of customers. In
development. The technological factors help in enhancing rate of production and
reducing cost within the market. Companies thus closely examine these factors in order to
shape business strategies or competitive policies.
TASK 4
4.1
Concept of international trade in modern era has increased widely as it offers numerous
benefits to companies. Through this, organization is able to gain benefits from low labour of
other country, technological advancements, easy availability of raw material, decline in
production cost and other related. Further, international trade supports business firms in boosting
its market share by addressing the opportunities that exists in other market place (Alm, Sennoga
and Skidmore, 2009). Also, it aids in developing operational base through which overall
efficiency of company gets increased. With this scenario, following are the significance of
international trade for two types of businesses:
1. Company functioning in Defence Industry: This industry is one of the most sensitive
sector as it works with ammunition and distraction technology and therefore it has
numerous significance from international trade. Considering this, BAE Systems is one
among the leading defence company of UK and delivers product right from engine to
armoured vehicle and shipbuilding. From international trade, cited company is able to
make relationship with countries like UAE, Australia, India, Saudi Arabia and numerous
other. Further, international trade has helped in gaining advanced technologies and
equipment from other country which essentially supported in developing more advanced
products (Berman and et.al., 2009). It also aids in sharing defence equipment of different
countries through which better and innovative products are developed that helps in
completing mission with minimum casualties. This certainly increases the market share
of company as well along with entering into different market from which high revenue is
earned by the company.
2. Supermarket Chains: International trade act as a golden path for supermarket chain to
develop their operations across the globe by satisfying the actual needs of customers. In
this context, companies like Sainsbury, Tesco, ASDA and other supermarket chain are
able to enter into different market despite of political influences and weak economy. With
globe trade, these companies are able to develop relations with local distributors and
offers required products to customers. This helps in enhancing the market share and
revenue from which they are able to focus on further expansion (What are the Different
Components of Business Environment? 2015). Beside this, cost efficient operations is one
of the factor that been developed from global trade. Through this, company is able to
attract more of customers toward it.
4.2
Globalisation is a concept that ruling trade activities from past two decades and now it
has taken vast shape where majority of companies are gaining benefit from it. There are varied
factors that make an impact on the operation and function of business. Some of them have been
enumerated below:
Technological advancements: Technology act as a necessity for companies in present
world and same has helped in boosting the efficiency of UK business. Through this,
company is able to boost its production volume and optimum utilisation of resources
from which waste is minimized (Xahir, 2012.). Additionally, UK business is able to
sustain in market by implementing technology in day to day operational activities through
which overall cost gets decline. This acts as a path for market expansion. With this,
company is even initiating production plant in countries which are technologically sound
such as Japan, China, India and other related. This aids in increasing revenue of UK
businesses.
Emerging Markets: Presently, market like India, China, Dubai and other are witnessing
high amount of growth. This certainly caters the attention from varied company of UK as
well. These markets are becoming a hub for UK companies as it possess high amount of
market growth opportunities. Also, this market has high economic growth that aids in
boosting overall revenue of the company from which they are able to develop new set of
products and services (Mount, Ilies and Johnson, 2006.). Company like Tesco has
able to enter into different market despite of political influences and weak economy. With
globe trade, these companies are able to develop relations with local distributors and
offers required products to customers. This helps in enhancing the market share and
revenue from which they are able to focus on further expansion (What are the Different
Components of Business Environment? 2015). Beside this, cost efficient operations is one
of the factor that been developed from global trade. Through this, company is able to
attract more of customers toward it.
4.2
Globalisation is a concept that ruling trade activities from past two decades and now it
has taken vast shape where majority of companies are gaining benefit from it. There are varied
factors that make an impact on the operation and function of business. Some of them have been
enumerated below:
Technological advancements: Technology act as a necessity for companies in present
world and same has helped in boosting the efficiency of UK business. Through this,
company is able to boost its production volume and optimum utilisation of resources
from which waste is minimized (Xahir, 2012.). Additionally, UK business is able to
sustain in market by implementing technology in day to day operational activities through
which overall cost gets decline. This acts as a path for market expansion. With this,
company is even initiating production plant in countries which are technologically sound
such as Japan, China, India and other related. This aids in increasing revenue of UK
businesses.
Emerging Markets: Presently, market like India, China, Dubai and other are witnessing
high amount of growth. This certainly caters the attention from varied company of UK as
well. These markets are becoming a hub for UK companies as it possess high amount of
market growth opportunities. Also, this market has high economic growth that aids in
boosting overall revenue of the company from which they are able to develop new set of
products and services (Mount, Ilies and Johnson, 2006.). Company like Tesco has
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developed its sound base in China due to high growth prospectus and same is planning to
enter into Indian market due to high growth opportunities.
Policy Changes by Government: Business in global context need to focus on legal norms
and policy while entering into different markets as it can affect the operation of the
companies. In this regard, change in policy by government is one of the key global factor
that can affect the sustainability of UK businesses. Therefore, such companies plan to
enter into market which is stable in terms of policy. For this, these companies are
targeting India, China, Japan, USA, South Africa, Australia and other countries. Also,
countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Iraq and others are not been focused by UK
businesses as there is high amount of uncertainty with regards to policies.
4.3
EU (European Union) policies act as a common laws that been practiced in member state
in order to ensure standard business practice. This certainly makes an impact on the business
operations as well. Same have been enumerated below:
Employment: EU ensures free movement of labour across member state and develops
standard laws for the same. It focuses on equality and empowerment so that standard of
living of employees is enhanced. In this context, law for minimum wage is set and
companies need to abide the same (Islam, 2010.). From this, companies need to pay
minimum wages and salaries to employees despite of low performance. This affects the
profitability of the firm. Moreover, 48 hours per week is set for working in EU and
companies need to adjust their shift accordingly. From this law, company is not able to
make employee work at the time of high workload and pressure. It affects the
organisational decision making process with respect to the human resource management.
Further, all the useful things which employee is in need of like leave and other benefit
should be given by the venture to the worker so that they work with best of the dedication
to achieve their individual and organisational goals and objectives.
Environmental: EU is highly concern for sustainability aspects and has develops laws in
this regard as well so that environment can be protect. It ensures that business does not
work in a manner from which environment gets affected. Additionally, it monitors carbon
enter into Indian market due to high growth opportunities.
Policy Changes by Government: Business in global context need to focus on legal norms
and policy while entering into different markets as it can affect the operation of the
companies. In this regard, change in policy by government is one of the key global factor
that can affect the sustainability of UK businesses. Therefore, such companies plan to
enter into market which is stable in terms of policy. For this, these companies are
targeting India, China, Japan, USA, South Africa, Australia and other countries. Also,
countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Iraq and others are not been focused by UK
businesses as there is high amount of uncertainty with regards to policies.
4.3
EU (European Union) policies act as a common laws that been practiced in member state
in order to ensure standard business practice. This certainly makes an impact on the business
operations as well. Same have been enumerated below:
Employment: EU ensures free movement of labour across member state and develops
standard laws for the same. It focuses on equality and empowerment so that standard of
living of employees is enhanced. In this context, law for minimum wage is set and
companies need to abide the same (Islam, 2010.). From this, companies need to pay
minimum wages and salaries to employees despite of low performance. This affects the
profitability of the firm. Moreover, 48 hours per week is set for working in EU and
companies need to adjust their shift accordingly. From this law, company is not able to
make employee work at the time of high workload and pressure. It affects the
organisational decision making process with respect to the human resource management.
Further, all the useful things which employee is in need of like leave and other benefit
should be given by the venture to the worker so that they work with best of the dedication
to achieve their individual and organisational goals and objectives.
Environmental: EU is highly concern for sustainability aspects and has develops laws in
this regard as well so that environment can be protect. It ensures that business does not
work in a manner from which environment gets affected. Additionally, it monitors carbon
emission and footprints so that societal well-being can be attained. Primark has
undertaken substantive measures in the stated are which has helped the business unit in
developing a well defined growth measures in the economy. The CSR measures of the
company has helped the business in developing a significant growth measures in the
economy. In that regard organisations take decisions in order to make the supply chain
management\ sustainable and resourceful.
Competition: As per the Article 101 of EU, equal growth and opportunities are been
offered to business which certainly minimizes the effect of competition. From this, steps
are taken to minimize the exploitation of market and due to this, companies are not able
to enjoy benefit from market solely (Aruoba and Chugh, 2010.). This certainly reduces
the chances of developing monopoly market by encouraging firms on equal platform.
Further, competition policy removes unethical practices from market such as fixing of
price, abuse with leasing position, market sharing and other related. Primark cannot join
hands with particular organisation and shorten their price for specific venture. This will
give a wrong perception in the mindset of the individuals and they will not be able to get
the customer trust any more. If such thing is happening again then it will be impact on
organisation performance as well as on revenue and productivity.
CONCLUSION
The present study developed an extensive study on different aspects of business
environment. It examined the theories, issues and policies related to the topic and develop an in-
depth analysis of the same. Study was carried out to analyse purposes of different business units
and roles and responsibilities of businesses towards stakeholders. It also evaluated macro factors
related to types of economies, polices of government etc. and their impact on the business
operations. Various aspects of business environment helps in effectively understanding the issues
and measures related with the business operations on the global level. Well developed examples
helps in enhancing a clear and effective understanding about the same. Hence, it can be clearly
evaluated that business operations are well planned and designed through effective business
environment decisions.
undertaken substantive measures in the stated are which has helped the business unit in
developing a well defined growth measures in the economy. The CSR measures of the
company has helped the business in developing a significant growth measures in the
economy. In that regard organisations take decisions in order to make the supply chain
management\ sustainable and resourceful.
Competition: As per the Article 101 of EU, equal growth and opportunities are been
offered to business which certainly minimizes the effect of competition. From this, steps
are taken to minimize the exploitation of market and due to this, companies are not able
to enjoy benefit from market solely (Aruoba and Chugh, 2010.). This certainly reduces
the chances of developing monopoly market by encouraging firms on equal platform.
Further, competition policy removes unethical practices from market such as fixing of
price, abuse with leasing position, market sharing and other related. Primark cannot join
hands with particular organisation and shorten their price for specific venture. This will
give a wrong perception in the mindset of the individuals and they will not be able to get
the customer trust any more. If such thing is happening again then it will be impact on
organisation performance as well as on revenue and productivity.
CONCLUSION
The present study developed an extensive study on different aspects of business
environment. It examined the theories, issues and policies related to the topic and develop an in-
depth analysis of the same. Study was carried out to analyse purposes of different business units
and roles and responsibilities of businesses towards stakeholders. It also evaluated macro factors
related to types of economies, polices of government etc. and their impact on the business
operations. Various aspects of business environment helps in effectively understanding the issues
and measures related with the business operations on the global level. Well developed examples
helps in enhancing a clear and effective understanding about the same. Hence, it can be clearly
evaluated that business operations are well planned and designed through effective business
environment decisions.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Kang, D., Lee, J. and Kim, K., 2010. Alignment of Business Enterprise Architectures using fact-
based ontologies. Expert Systems with Applications. 37(4). pp.3274-3283.
Cronan, T.P., and et. al., 2011. Decision making in an integrated business process context:
Learning using an ERP simulation game. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative
Education. 9(2). pp.227-234.
Flynn, J., Valikoski, T.R. and Grau, J., 2008. Listening in the business context: Reviewing the
state of research. The Intl. Journal of Listening. 22(2). pp.141-151.
Grayson, K., Johnson, D. and Chen, D.F.R., 2008. Is firm trust essential in a trusted
environment? How trust in the business context influences customers. Journal of
Marketing Research. 45(2). pp.241-256.
Harris, L. and Rae, A., 2009. Social networks: the future of marketing for small business.
Journal of business strategy, 30(5). pp.24-31.
Carroll, A.B. and Shabana, K.M., 2010. The business case for corporate social responsibility: a
review of concepts, research and practice.International Journal of Management Reviews.
12(1). pp.85-105.
Correia, I., Nicolini, J.P. and Teles, P., 2008. Optimal fiscal and monetary policy: Equivalence
results. Journal of Political Economy. 116(1). pp.141-170.
Aruoba, S.B. and Chugh, S.K., 2010. Optimal fiscal and monetary policy when money is
essential. Journal of Economic Theory. 145(5). pp.1618-1647.
Leigh, D. and Stehn, S.J., 2009. Fiscal and monetary policy during downturns: Evidence from
the G7. IMF Working Papers. pp.1-21.
Christelis, D., Georgarakos, D. and Haliassos, M., 2013. Differences in portfolios across
countries: Economic environment versus household characteristics. Review of Economics
and Statistics. 95(1). pp.220-236.
El Mahdi, A. and Rashed, A., 2009. The changing economic environment and the development
of micro and small enterprises in Egypt 2006”. The Egyptian labor market revisited.
pp.87-106.
Mangena, M., Tauringana, V. and Chamisa, E., 2012. Corporate boards, ownership structure and
firm performance in an environment of severe political and economic crisis. British
Journal of Management. 23(S1). pp.S23-S41.
Wright, S., Marston, G. and McDonald, C., 2011. The Role of Non‐profit Organizations in the
Mixed Economy of Welfare‐to‐Work in the UK and Australia. Social Policy &
Administration. 45(3). pp. 299-318.
Prasad, V., 2010. Business Environment. Gyan Publishing House.
Sergeyev, A. and Moscardini, A., 2006. Governance of economic transitions: a case study of
Ukraine. Kybernetes. 35(1/2). pp.90 – 107.
Books and Journals
Kang, D., Lee, J. and Kim, K., 2010. Alignment of Business Enterprise Architectures using fact-
based ontologies. Expert Systems with Applications. 37(4). pp.3274-3283.
Cronan, T.P., and et. al., 2011. Decision making in an integrated business process context:
Learning using an ERP simulation game. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative
Education. 9(2). pp.227-234.
Flynn, J., Valikoski, T.R. and Grau, J., 2008. Listening in the business context: Reviewing the
state of research. The Intl. Journal of Listening. 22(2). pp.141-151.
Grayson, K., Johnson, D. and Chen, D.F.R., 2008. Is firm trust essential in a trusted
environment? How trust in the business context influences customers. Journal of
Marketing Research. 45(2). pp.241-256.
Harris, L. and Rae, A., 2009. Social networks: the future of marketing for small business.
Journal of business strategy, 30(5). pp.24-31.
Carroll, A.B. and Shabana, K.M., 2010. The business case for corporate social responsibility: a
review of concepts, research and practice.International Journal of Management Reviews.
12(1). pp.85-105.
Correia, I., Nicolini, J.P. and Teles, P., 2008. Optimal fiscal and monetary policy: Equivalence
results. Journal of Political Economy. 116(1). pp.141-170.
Aruoba, S.B. and Chugh, S.K., 2010. Optimal fiscal and monetary policy when money is
essential. Journal of Economic Theory. 145(5). pp.1618-1647.
Leigh, D. and Stehn, S.J., 2009. Fiscal and monetary policy during downturns: Evidence from
the G7. IMF Working Papers. pp.1-21.
Christelis, D., Georgarakos, D. and Haliassos, M., 2013. Differences in portfolios across
countries: Economic environment versus household characteristics. Review of Economics
and Statistics. 95(1). pp.220-236.
El Mahdi, A. and Rashed, A., 2009. The changing economic environment and the development
of micro and small enterprises in Egypt 2006”. The Egyptian labor market revisited.
pp.87-106.
Mangena, M., Tauringana, V. and Chamisa, E., 2012. Corporate boards, ownership structure and
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leaders. Strategy and Leadership. 37(4). pp.13-22
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Why is competition policy important for consumers, 2012. [Online]. Available through: <
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/consumers/why_en.html >. [Accessed on: 28th Jan 2016].
Xahir, A., 2012. Market structures- price and output determination in perfect competition.
[Online]. Available through: < http://ec.europa.eu/competition/consumers/why_en.html
>.[Accessed on: 28th Jan 2016]
What are the Different Components of Business Environment? 2015. [Online]. Available
through: < http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business-environment/what-are-the-
different-components-of-business-environment/893/ >. [Accessed on: 28th Jan 2016].
emerging economies. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal
incorporating Journal of Global Competitiveness. 20(3). pp.267–278.
Jelušic, A. and Blaževic, B. 2006. Modelling regional economic development. Kybernetes,
35(7/8). pp.1190 – 1202
Chavis, L. W., Klapper, L. F. and Love, I., 2011. The impact of the business environment on
young firm financing. The world bank economic review. 25(3). pp. 486-507.
Adkisson, R. V., 2009. The economy as an open system: an institutionalist framework for
economic development. In Institutional Analysis and Praxis. pp. 25-38.
Snyman, R., Kourie, D. And Botha, A., 2014. Coping with Continuous Change in the Business
Environment: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Technology.
Elsevier.
Leon, M. M. I. and Garcia, M. A. J., 2011. The influence of organizational structure on
organizational learning. International Journal of Manpower. 32(5/6). pp.537-566.
Mount, M., Ilies, R. and Johnson, E., 2006. Relationship of personality traits and
counterproductive work behaviors: The mediating effects of job satisfaction. Personnel
Psychology. 59(3). Pp. 591-62
Alm, J., Sennoga, E. and Skidmore, M., 2009. Perfect competition, urbanization, and tax
incidence in the retail gasoline market. Economic Inquiry. 47(1). pp. 118-134.
Berman, S. and et.al., 2009. Succeeding in the new economic environment – three targets for
leaders. Strategy and Leadership. 37(4). pp.13-22
Online
Why is competition policy important for consumers, 2012. [Online]. Available through: <
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/consumers/why_en.html >. [Accessed on: 28th Jan 2016].
Xahir, A., 2012. Market structures- price and output determination in perfect competition.
[Online]. Available through: < http://ec.europa.eu/competition/consumers/why_en.html
>.[Accessed on: 28th Jan 2016]
What are the Different Components of Business Environment? 2015. [Online]. Available
through: < http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business-environment/what-are-the-
different-components-of-business-environment/893/ >. [Accessed on: 28th Jan 2016].
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