Analytical Report Business Finance

This analytical report covers topics like cash budget, cash flow, assets, liabilities, and more related to business finance. It also discusses the difference between cash and profits, credit transactions, and several financial terms. The report is based on the case study of Surya Trading and provides expert insights on business finance.

Business Finance

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1.1.........................................................................................................................................3
Construct cash budget for Surya Trading for the period ending on 31 December, 2022.......3
TASK 2.1.........................................................................................................................................4
A. In your view, are cash and profits same? Suggest any business transactions that do not
involve an immediate movement of cash?.............................................................................4
B. Distinguish between...........................................................................................................5
C. Define the following terms:...............................................................................................6
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
The one of the most important aspects of the company is its finances. It is the cornerstone of
the company and involves financial management. The business's finances are a key component,
as they relate to the credit and financing methods used by the business organisation. For
successful business operations, business finance is necessary. It involves actions connected to the
acquisition and preservation of capital assets for the purpose of achieving financial business
enterprise goals (Amstad and et.al., 2020). For the purchase of assets, products, raw materials,
and other economic activities, every firm needs a finance. The report is based on the case study
of Surya which is confident for making large scale to a trading business for this cash budget is
prepared for the Surya Trading company from the given data. In addition, the report will cover
about cash & profits are same, difference between several terms of related to financial
accounting.
TASK 1.1
Construct cash budget for Surya Trading for the period ending on 31 December, 2022.

TASK 2.1
A. In your view, are cash and profits same? Suggest any business transactions that do not involve
an immediate movement of cash?
From the point of view, no, cash and profits in terms of accounting are not same in several
ways they distinct from each other.
Cash: This is refereed as flows in and out from business throughout certain period of time. This
helps in measuring the ability of company to pay its bills. The cash balance is the cash received
minus cash paid during the time period. According to economics terms, cash is hard which is in
the form of physical and tangible in currency form such as paper money and coins. Cash is
considered a current asset in auditing and financial accounting, which includes money or money
of a similar nature that may be purchased immediately or in near future which can be in the form
of positive and negative (Anagol, and Pareek, 2019). Positive cash flow meant that the
organisation was bringing in more money than it was spending. A negative cash flow indicates
that the company is spending more money than it is bringing in. Operating cash flow, investment
cash flow, and financing cash flow are the three categories under which cash flow is categorized.
Profits: The profits are shown in the income statement which shows the earning that is derived
from revenue minus expenses. The profits can be net profit or gross profit. In the terms of
accounting, profit is difference between the receiving of revenue by an organisation from its
output and cost incurring on inputs. It is a measure of the organization's profits, which are the
primary concern of the owner in the process of generating income through market production.
The distribution of profits to stakeholders and business owners occurs in the form of dividend
payments or reinvestment in the entity. The profits of the organisation can be either positive or
negative in numbers. If profits occurred negative them it is represented as loss for the business
organisation that is recorded on the credit side of Profit and loss account.
Difference between Cash and Profits
 The Cash helps in specifying the organisation inflow and outflow of cash whereas profits
is representation of amount which is been left over after deducting all expenditures or
after payment of all expenses of organisation.
 The cash flow of business organisation helps in determining long-term financial stability
which is absolute in terms. The profits are about of showing success of business.

 A company's profits are unaffected by payments made to creditors or collected from
debtors. On the contrary cash, is impacted by how invoices are paid and the real money
that the business organisation receives in its bank account (Baber, 2019).
 On the balance sheet of an entity the cash are shown on the asset side whereas the on the
debit side of profit and loss account profit are shown along with added to the capital of
company on liabilities side.
Business transactions that do not have an instant involvement of cash
Credit transaction are termed as transactions in which there is no immediate or instant
exchange or involvement of cash at the time of occurrence of transactions. By putting it in
another way that means in case of these transactions cash is paid or received but at some future
date. In the current business situation, products or services are either bought or sold on credit,
meaning that there no instant involvement of cash. Credit transactions involve payments that are
settled at a future time. Credit transactions are those that use the phrase "on credit or account."
B. Distinguish between
a) Capital Expenditure and revenue expenditure
A company's capital expenditures are the sums of money used to purchase new assets or
improve the quality of existing ones. These costs are long-term, capitalised, and reported in the
cash flow statement of the company. These costs are not recurring in any way. The return on
these investments is typically long-term and not restricted to a single year (Bakhadirov,
Pashayev, and Farooq, 2020). Contrarily, revenue expenditure refers to the funds that entities use
to fund their ongoing operations. These expenses are not capitalised and are incurred for a
shorter time period that is limited to an accounting year. They are recurrent in nature and are
stated in the income statement.
b) Expenses and Drawings
The term "expense" refers to an enterprise's ongoing operating costs, such as rent,
electricity, wages, light, and insurance. The gross profit from the profit and loss account is
deducted for these costs. Drawings, on the other hand, refer to money taken out of a business for
the owner's personal benefit. Although it differs from salaries in that the owner is not a concern's
employee and they are free to withdraw any amount, these withdrawals are taken out of the
organization's owner capital on the balance sheet.
c) Gross profit and Net profit

After subtracting the cost of items sold, a company's gross profit is the amount it made
during that time. Purchases of materials, labour costs incurred, and other costs are included in the
cost of goods sold. When determining total sales, all sales within an accounting period are taken
into consideration (Colaco, 2022). On the other hand, net profit is the sum of revenue after the
cost of products sold and other operational costs are subtracted. Because it is recorded at the
bottom of the revenue statement, it is also known as the bottom line. It can be acquired after
taking away all costs incurred during that specific period.
d) Cash Budget and Cash Flow Statement
The cash budget is an in-depth plan that outlines how cash will be obtained and used
throughout a specified time period. It stands for anticipated cash inflow and outflow. It is simple
to comprehend. It represents the basic minimum of cash that a business must hold in order to
cover its cash needs. It is frequently made for shorter time periods, such as daily, weekly,
monthly, half-yearly, etc. A thorough analysis or representation of how financial resources are
acquired and used over a specific time period is provided by the cash flow statement. It is a key
external statement that includes the sources of cash and illustrates cash usage. For the long
period of time it is prepared, usually once a year.
e) Accruals and Prepayments
Accrued expenses are those which is related from the current period that have not yet
been deducted from income and did not show up in the expenditure balance. This item is
recorded in the profit and loss account and is displayed on the liabilities side of the company's
balance sheet. Prepayments, on the other hand, are costs incurred within the current period but
connected to the following accounting year (Gang and et. al., 2017). As a result, the balance of
expenses reflected in the income statement is reduced by these costs. It appears on the balance
sheet of the company as an asset.
C. Define the following terms:
a) Asset: A sole proprietor or business that owns or controls economic value it does so in
the hope that it will eventually bring about a benefit. These are acquired or produced to
increase a company's worth or enhance the operation of the company, and they are
recorded on the debit side of a company's balance sheet. It can increase sales, reduce

costs, or generate cash flow. The asset is categorised into tangible, intangible, financial,
fixed, and current asset etc.
b) Liabilities: It is the sum that a person or business is required to repay. These are
eliminated over time by redistributing economic gains such as money, goods, or services.
These are disclosed on the balance sheet's credit side (Gourieroux and et.al., 2018). Debt,
creditors, security interests, deferred revenue, bonds, warranties, and unpaid bills are all
included. Its nature prevents depreciation. It is in charge of the company's cash outflows.
Liabilities include things like short-term loans, leases, and bank overdrafts.
c) Ordinary Shares: These shares, which are also referred to as common shares, are
regarded as stocks that are traded publicly. Every single share of prescribed stock entitles
its owner or holder to one vote at a meeting of stakeholders in an organisation. However,
unlike holders of preference shares, the holders of these shares are not guaranteed a
dividend. Following the distribution of dividends to preference shareholders, a dividend
will be paid to holders of ordinary shares.
d) Preference Shares: These are sometimes referred to as preferred stock. These are the
shares of an entity that receive dividend payments before paying dividend of regular
shares. Preference shareholders are entitled to dividends before equity owners in the
event of a company's liquidation (Lundstrum, 2018). In contrast to ordinary shares,
preference shares often have a fixed dividend. At the organization's annual meeting of
shareholders, their shareholders do not exercise voting rights.
e) Dividend: It is the distribution of an organization's profits to its preferred and equity
shareholders. An entity can pay a portion of its profit as a dividend to the company's
stockholders when it has a surplus. It is typically distributed quarterly and might be paid
out in cash or put toward buying more stock. Until the date they hold their investment in
the firm but before the date of the declaration of ex-dividend, stockholders of companies
that regularly pay off their dividend are entitled to collect their proportions.
f) Stock Exchange: A stock trader can purchase and sell shares on this market. It is also
known as a "bourse" or "securities exchange." Shares of stocks, bonds, and other
financial instruments are included in stock exchange (Nicoletti, 2018). Additionally, it
offers services for the issuance and redemption of securities. Stocks and bonds are
offered in an initial public offering, or IPO, on the main market, after which trading takes

place on the secondary market. An individual can invest in a variety of shares, including
penny stocks and blue chips.
g) Venture Capital: It is a form of personal equity and funding that is given by investors to
start-up enterprises and mid-cap corporations with the expectation that they will be
around in the long run. It is typically received through reputable investors, investment
firms, and other financial institutions (Phan and et.al., 2019). Although it isn't always
expressed in monetary terms, it can also be processed as a management and technical
skill. It is typically given to small businesses with the potential for significant growth.
h) Budget: The term "budget" refers to an analysis of the expected earnings and expenses
for a specific future time period. It is typically organised and periodically evaluated. It
might be made for one person, a group of people, an organisation, or a government
agency that regulates. It is a financial strategy created for a specific time frame. It
includes projected costs and expenses, cash inflows and outflows, assets, liabilities, and
sales volume and revenue from such sales (Rohde and et.al., 2018).
i) Capital Income: Capital income is defined as money that an organisation derives from
its assets other than its production process. Capital gains and dividends on stocks make
up this amount. It results through the passing of time rather than from the use of an asset.
j) Company: A legal body that represents a group of people, whether they are natural,
legal, or a combination of the two. In order to accomplish a certain and predetermined
goal, the company's members collaborate on a single goal. Members of the company have
limited liability. It is a legal construct that has a perpetual succession and a common seal
next to its name. In accordance with the corporate legislation that governs its authority, it
may be set up in various ways for taxation and financial obligation purposes (Tran,
2019).
Conclusion
From the above report it is been concluded that business finance provides the support to
business organisation which leads to in its growth and helps in attaining productivity. In the
finance it covers several terms such as cash budget, expenses, drawings, assets & liabilities,
venture capital and many more that all are important for the business.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Amstad and et.al., 2020. The Handbook of China's Financial System. Princeton University Press.
Anagol, S. and Pareek, A., 2019. Should business groups be in finance? Evidence from Indian
mutual funds. Journal of Development Economics, 139. pp.229-248.
Baber, H., 2019. Financial inclusion and FinTech: A comparative study of countries following
Islamic finance and conventional finance. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets.
Bakhadirov, M., Pashayev, Z. and Farooq, O., 2020. Effect of location on access to finance:
international evidence on the moderating role of employee training. Review of
Behavioral Finance.
Colaco, H.M., 2022. Ethical and professional standards of the CFA¬ Æ Program and finance-
related university education. In Embedding Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility and
Ethics in Business Education (pp. 133-143). Edward Elgar Publishing
Gang and et. al., 2017. Credit Card Business and Consumer Finance of China, Japan, and South
Korea. Development of Consumer Finance in East Asia, pp.43-94.
Gourieroux and et.al., 2018. Financial econometrics. Princeton University Press
Lundstrum, L.L., 2018. The Firm, the Market, and the Rising Finance Professional. Journal of
the Academy of Business Education, 19.
Nicoletti, B., 2018. Fintech and procurement finance 4.0. In Procurement Finance (pp. 155-248).
Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Phan and et.al., 2019. Segmentation of financial clients by attitudes and behavior. International
Journal of Bank Marketing.
Rohde and et.al., 2018. Competing by investments or efficiency? Exploring financial and
sporting efficiency of club ownership structures in European football. Sport Management
Review, 21(5), pp.563-581.
Tran, Q.T., 2019. Corporate cash holdings and financial crisis: new evidence from an emerging
marke. Eurasian Business Review, pp.1-15.